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Pipeflow PRINSIP PDF
Pipeflow PRINSIP PDF
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Trans-Alaskan pipeline amazing facts
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-
Alaska_Pipeline_System
800 miles from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez!
Single 48 inch diameter pipe (1.22m)
11 pump stations with 4 pumps each
Oil emerges at 180F and travels at 120F
15 billion barrels of oil has been pumped
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Heat exchangers on vertical support members
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Pipes on sliders where pipeline crosses Denali Fault.
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Zig-zag configuration of pipeline allows movement. Pipes
connected with shoes that allow pipe movement.
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Definitions
Mass of flow rate (M) = mass of fluid flowing past a section per
unit time
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***** Principle of Continuity
Then -
Principle
Or M1 = M2
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Or 1*A1*v1 = 2*A2*v2
Or A1*v1 = A2*v2
Or Q 1 = Q2
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Example Problem 6.4:
V1 = 8 m/s
Water at 70C : = 9.59kN/m3 ; = 978 kg/m3
Find:
V2
Volume flow rate - Q
Weight flow rate - W
Mass flow rate - M
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A = D2/4
A1 = 0.001963 m2
A2 = 0.007854 m2
To find V2,
A1*V1 = A2*V2
= 2.0 m/s
= Q = 0.0157 m3/s
= W = 0.151 kN/s
M = 15.36 kg/s
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Conservation of Energy Bernoullis Equation
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Types of Energy Three forms of energy:
PE = w*z
2. Kinetic energy
KE = w*v2/2g
FE = wp/
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If you consider these three forms of energies
The total energy at any point for fluid flow in a pipe can be
given as
E = FE + PE + KE
E = wp/ + wz + wv2/2g
E1 = E2
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Each term of the equation refers to a form of energy in the
fluid per unit weight
p/ pressure head
z elevation head
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Bernoullis Equation accounts for the changes elevation,
velocity, and pressure head between two points in the system.
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Key conditions for Bernoullis equation
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Procedure for application of Bernoullis Equation:
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Problem 6.9
Section 1:
D1 = 25 mm
p1 = 345 kPa
v1 = 3.0 m/s
Section 2:
D2 = 50 mm
Z2-z1 = 2.0 m (pt. 2 is 2m above pt.1)
g = 9.81 m/s2
v2 = ???
Compute p2.?????????
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First, we need to find out V2.
A1*V1 = A2*V2
A1 = 491 mm2
A2 = 1963 mm2
Therefore
V2 = (A1*V1)/A2
= (491*3.0)/(1963)
= 0.75 m/s
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p2/ = 33.59
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Applying Bernoullis Equation to tank with a siphon and
nozzle.
Key Observations:
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When two points are inside a pipe of the same diameter, the
velocity head terms for the two points cancel each other.
[e.g., points B, C, D]
When the two points are the same elevation, the elevation
head terms can be cancelled [e.g., points A, B, D].
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Problem 6.10:
First, lets calculate the volume flow rate Q for the problem
pA = 0 = pF
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vA = 0
zA = zF + vF2 / 2g
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vF = [(zA - zF)*2g]1/2
vF = [(3.0)*2*9.81]1/2
vF = 7.67 m/s
QF = AF * vF
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Now lets find the pressures at the various points.
what is vB ?
vB = Q/AB
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vB = 3.77 x 10-3/0.001257
= 3.0 m/s
Therefore pressure at B
pB = -4.50 kPa
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Set up the equation Points A & C
= -1.2 m
what is vC ?????????
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vC = Q/Ac
= ????
Pressure at C
pC = -16.27 kPa
Any guesses????????????????
And
WHY????
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pD =
= 3.0 m
what is vE ?????????
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vE = 3.0 m/s
pressure at E
pE = [ (zA - zE) vE2 / 2g]
pE = 24.93 kPa
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Important take-home points from this problem
The velocity of the siphon and the flow rate out of the
siphon depends on the elevation difference between free
surface of fluid and level of siphon.
The velocity of flow is the same at all points if the pipe size
does not change (B, C, D, E)
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Pressure at D and B are the same since the elevation and
velocity heads for these two locations are the same (the
other two terms in the Bernoullis equation)
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Torricellis Theorum (year - 1645):
v2 = [2gh] 1/2
VELOCITY at ORIFICE dependent of fluid elevation!
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Velocity will change as h changes!
Velocity and flow rate will decrease with time as the tank
drains! why because the value of h decreases!
Problem 6.13:
for h = 3.0 m
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therefore Q = Av = 0.001963 * 7.67 = 0.0151 m3/s
h v A Q
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9.000 0.016
8.000 0.014
7.000
0.012
6.000
0.010
discharge Q
velocity (v)
5.000
v
0.008
Q
4.000
0.006
3.000
0.004
2.000
1.000 0.002
0.000 0.000
0 1 2 3 4
h (m)
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Another case of Torricellis theorem
Under the situation given above, the jet should rise to level h!!!
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Example 6.14:
p1 =????????
p1/ + z1 = z2 + v22 / 2g
v22 / 2g = p1/ + h
z2 + v22 / 2g = z3
or v22 / 2g = z3 - z2
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p1/ + h = 40
p1/ = 40-h
p1 = 62.4 * (40-6)
= 2121 lb/ft2
Or 14.73 psig
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Torricellis experiment time take for head to fall from h1
to h2
2( At / A j )
t 2 t1 = (h1/ 2
1 h
1/ 2
2 )
2g
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Considering a 2 m diameter tank with a 50 mm nozzle
h v A Q time
m m/s m2 m3/s s
3 7.672 0.001963 0.015
2.5 7.004 0.001963 0.014 109
2 6.264 0.001963 0.012 121
1.5 5.425 0.001963 0.011 137
1 4.429 0.001963 0.009 162
0.5 3.132 0.001963 0.006 212
0 0.000 0.001963 0.000 511
600
500
400
time (s)
300 v
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4
h (m)
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Venturimeter
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Determine velocity of flow at A, and the volume flow rate.
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we know the pressure difference between A and B
because of the manometer
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(pA - pB) = (0.46 1.18) + g (1.18)
= 0.78 m
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NOW put all terms back into the original equation!
vA = 1.24 m/s
Q = vA * A = 0.0877 m3/s
We are DONE!
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ASSIGNMENT # 5:
1. 6.41M
2. 6.60M
3. 6.65M
4. 6.72M
5. 6.78M
6. 6.87E
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