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BIOLOGY Form 4 Chapter 9
BIOLOGY Form 4 Chapter 9
Diagram show the human activities that may threaten the ecosystem
Name the environmental problem shown in the diagram and how it occurs
Explain ways overcome the environmental problem that you have stated 10
Drought /global warming
Criteria:
C1-increase in the carbon dioxide in atmosphere
C2-Factor which contribute to increase of carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere
C3-Increase in global temperature
C4-Factors which contribute to the increase in global temperature
1
E1-Extensive cutting down of trees increases the earth temperature
1
E2-More carbon dioxide brings about green house effect
1
E3-incraese carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere 1
E4-Carbon dioxide trap heat 1
E5-Building with glasses reflect heat 1
E6-Increase in surrounding temperature 1
E7-Increase the frequency of drought 1
Step to overcome the environmental problem 1
1
C5: reducing burning
1
C6: control deforestation
1
E1-Replacing energy of fossil fuel en energy generate form wind water
E2-Limit opens burning 1
E3-Limit deforestation 1
E4-Replacing after deforestation 1
E5-Promotes green world 1
Skill to synthesize
Q1-Ability to relate carbon dioxide content with the increase in atmospheric tempearture and 4
means to decrease the carbon dioxide content and temperature in the atmosphere
10
W\Explain C1,C3,C5,C6
No Marking scheme Marks
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(d) Diagram show a large area of forest involved in the building of a dam
Discuss the good and bad economical and environmental effect of this development
Good effect
G1-Generate hydropower electricity 1
G2-Aas reservoir / to store water /supply fresh water 1
G3-Supply water for agricultural / industries 1
G4-Place/site for recreation /tourism 1
1
G5-Reduce the flood problem at the down stream
Bad effect
1
B1-Flooded.submerged trees /habitat of the fauna and flora
1
B2-Less tree /plants to carry out photosynthesis 1
B3-Amount of CO2 n the atmosphere increase
B4-Incraese teh impact of green house effect / global warming 1
B5-Many species of fauna and flora extinct//reduce the biodiversity 1
B6-Reduce the flow of water at the downstream 1
B7-Cause the populations of aquatic life st the downstream reduce 1
1
B8-Reduce the land used for residential /agricultural
1
B9-Flooded /destroy/loss of historical building /site
1 10
(e) The world population is now growing drastically
In order to fulfill the needs of the increasing population ,area of land have to be developed into
housing areas,school,factories and highways
Give an evaluation on the statement with impacts in the environmental
E-Evaluation
1m-Impact on environment
Evluation (E)
1
E1-Bring more bad impact to the environment
Impact on environment (I)
I1-Deforestion will lead to flash flood .land slide 1
5
I2-Open burning will lead to air pollution /formation of haze 1
I3-More carbon dioxide ( from open burning ) trap heat 1
I4-Lead to green house effect /Global warming 1
Based on the diagram name the phenomenon and explain how it occurs 4
F -acid rain
1
The formation of acid rain
E1-Burning of fossil fuel coal and oil in factories/power generator station /vehicles 1
E2-Produces sulphur dioxide/nitrogen dioxide/carbon dioxide 1
E3- sulphur dioxide/nitrogen dioxide/carbon dioxide dissolve in the water vapour 1
-to to form sulphuric acid/nitric acid/carbonic acid
E5-Fall to the earth with less than 5.0 ( This called acid rain ) Any 3 E 1 4
(b) Describe the effect of the phenomenon on agriculture and aquatic ecosystem and suggest ways
to prevent this phenomenon
effect: acid rain :
On agriculture
E1-Acid rain will increase the acidity of the earth//soil become acidic leaching of minerals 1
1
E2-Not suitable for cultivation /grow of crops
1
E3-cause some minerals to become insoluble and cannot be absorbed by the plants
1
Any 2E
On aquatic ecosystem
E1-Accumulation of insoluble aluminum ion /ions in water sources //will increase the acidity of 1
water //reduce the water pH
6
E2-Kill aquatic organism /threatens aquatic life 1
The ways that can be taken:
S1-Use scrubbers ( to clean up emission from power station and industrial plants)
S2-use catalytic converters ( to clean up emission form vehicle exhausts) 1
1
1 10
No Marking scheme Marks
(a)
z
Based on the diagram explain the phenomenon and its effect and its effect to the environment
Facts (F) : Name of phenomenon
Explanation (E): Formation of phenomenon
Effects (Ef)
F-( the phenomenon ) is acid rain 1
E1-Factories /motor vechicles released large amount of oxides of nitrogen to the atmosphere 1
1
E2-and sulphur dioxide
1
E3-Oxides of nitrogen combines woth wter vopuor (in the atmosphere) to form sulphuric acid
E5-The rian falls as acid rain
1
Effect:
Ef1-May corrode buildings 1
Ef2-Aquatic lives may die due to acidic water /low pH 1
Ef3-Mineral in soil will be dissolved 1
Ef4-Soil become infertile /not suitable for agriculture 1
Ef5-Plants may die due to infertile soil/acidc soil 1
Based on the Diagram 9, explain the phenomenon and its effect to the environment.
Factor + Explanation:
F (Name the effect) (The phenomenon) is acid rain 1
E1 Factors / motor vehicles / factory released large amount of nitrogen oxyde 1
E2 - and sulfur dioxyde 1
1
E3 oxyde of nitrogen combine with water vapour (in atmosphere) to form nitric acid.
1
E4 sulphur dioxyde combined with water vapour (in atmosphere) to form sulphuric acid.
E5 the rain fall as the acid rain.
1
Effect:
E1: may corrode the building 1
E2: acidic water cause aquatic animal died. 1
E3: minerals in soil dissolved/washed into river. 1
E4: soil becomes infertile / not suitable for plant to growth. 1
E5: Less yield / plant become die because the infertile soil. 1
1
E6: The ecological balance of ecosystem disrupt
1 10
Aquatic ecosystem:
F3-Acid rain cause insoluble aluminum ions to accumulate in the lakes and river. An
increase in the accumulation of these ion can kill aquatic organism (such as fish/ and 1
invertebrates) 9
Health:
F3-Acid rain releases the ions of certain heavy metals such as cadmium/ lead/ mercury which 1
may contaminate / harm the supply of drinking water
F5-Increased acidity in the aquatic ecosystem also kills phytoplankton (which changes the 1
food chain)
F6- Photosynthetic tissue is destroyed. Plant leaves turn yellow and fall off. The root are 1
damaged and cannot absorb minerals
Building
1
F7-Metal railing and bridge corrode
1
F-Limestone/stonework/marble monument are corroded due to chemical weathering
Water pollution
No Marking scheme Marks
10
(a)
Diagram shows huamn activities which are carried out near a river
Explain one type of pollution that occurs at site Q
F1-water pollution 1
E1-Effluent /phosphate /any suitable pollutant are released from the factory release into 1
the river
F2-Thermal pollution 1
1
E2-Hot water form teh factory is released into the river which reduce dissolves oxygen
2
in the river
(b) The farmer at site P spray a large amount of pesticide in their agriculture activity
Diagram show a food chain at site R
Explain why the tissue in the food contain a higher level of pesticide molecule compared to the
algae
P1-Algae absorbs the contaminated water /chemicals 1
P2-The tadpoles feeds on the algae 1
P3-The chemical in the algae will accumulate in the tadpole body tissue 1
P4-The fish feeds on the tadpole 1
P5-Will cause the chemical (accumulated) in the body tissue of the tadpole 1
P6-The fish will have a higher concentration of chemical in their body tissues 1
4
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No Marking scheme Marks
(c) (d) Explain the impact of human activities at site Q on humans
Eutrophication
No Marking scheme Marks
(a) Diagram show the changes that occurs in a lake due to the human activities
Based in the diagram ,explain how the activities cause the changes in a lake
1
F-The condition of river is the result of eutrophication
1
P1-Farmers use fertilizer that usually contains nitrates/phosphate
P2-Fertilizer/animal waste/silage which contain nitrate /phosphate may washed out in water 1
when they are supplied with extra nitrate/(phosphate)
1
P4-( they may grow sa much ) that they completely cover the water 1
P5-Block out the light intensity for plants growing beneath them 1
P6-Photosyntehsis rate reduced 1
P8-Plant on the top of water and beneath water eventually die 1
P9-Their remains are good source of food becteria//bacteria decomposed the dead plant rapidly 1
//bacteria breed rapidly
P10-The large population of bacteria repires, using up oxygen , si there is very little oxygen left 1
for other living organism
P11-BOD increase 1
P12-Those fosh /aquatic animal which need oxygen move to other areas or die any 10 P 12
1 10
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(b)
P5-The higher/increase in organic substances in the river will increase the population f bacteria
1
decomposition //more aquatic organism die //less oxygen dissolved in the river water (at R)
/resulting the BOD to increase
impact 3: Destruction of food chain
1
P1-Accumulation of chemical in human
1
P2-Through food chains/taking fresh water food 1
P3-Caner /mutation /disease 1
When sewage is released into the pond gradually, the number and the size of aquatic animals 4
increase but when more sewage into the pond all the aquatic animals die
(c) Explain how this affect the pond ecosystem and the balanced of nature
sewage released gradually
E1-Sewage has nitrate and phosphate salts which encourages algae growth 1
1
E2-Algae is the main produce of food for aquatic organism will increase Sewage content
increase
1
E3-Aquatic animal will get enough food encouraging their growth and reproduction
1
E4-The size and numbers o aquatic organism will thus increase
Sewage content increase
E5-Sewage increase will cause algae to grow and reproduce rapidly 1
E6-Algae will cover the pond surface this prevent sunlight from reaching aquatic plants at the 1
bottom of pond
E7-The submerged aquatic pl ants will die as they cannot photosynthesis 1
E8-The decomposition by bacteria will take place using oxygen 1
1 13
E9-The dissolve oxygen level will drop
E10-Aquatic animal will die to lack of oxygen in water 1 10
Based on diagram, describe the effect of this activity to the pond, Explain the effect of this
condition on the aquatic organism in pond 10
Condition of the pond is the result of eutrophication
P1-Caused by nitrate form the factories leach into the pond P2-(caused by ) leaching of
1
nitrate/phosphate form palm oil estate
P3-Excess nutrient encourages the rapid growth of algae/algae bloom
1
P4-Algae grow water than their consumes , so many die 9 without being consumed form 1
organic matter)
P5-Algae covered the surface of pond 1
P6-restrict the penetration of light into water cause the rate of photosynthesis in aquatic plants 1
reduced /aquatic plant die
F2-Water pollution caused by sewage /domestic waste/human faces/garbage from rubbish 1
dumps form residential area
P6-Pond contains a lot of organic matter 1
P7-The decaying organic matter 1
P7-The decaying organic matter is broken down by decomposing microorganism /aerobic 1
bacteria
P8-Incrasing in the BOD result in a depletion of oxygen // reduction in the amount of dissolve 1
oxygen in the pond
F3-Imvalance to the aquatic food web 1
P9-( the low level of oxygen dissolve) kills aquatic organism like fresh water shrimps/mayfly
1
nymphs
P1o-If grow and release toxic gases / hydrogen sulphide/kill fish/tubifex worms /sludge worm
1 10
appear 14
Type of fertilizers used: Compost, lead nitrate salt, potassium nitrate, magnesium ,nitrate
and phosphate
Based on the detail above, explain the effect on the lake if their planning is not
managed properly.
F1 - the leaching of chemical fertilizer/phosphate/nitrate from agriculture area to the lake
1
E1 - Increase the fertility of the lake 1
E2 - Encourages eutrophication (encourage algal growth) 1
F2 - The growth alga prevent the light from reaching the base of the lake 1
E3 This reduces and prevents photosynthesis by aquatic plant. 1
E4 Reduce the oxygen release 1
E5 Aquatic plants and animals die due to lack oxygen. 1
1
F3 decomposition of dead plants, animals and organic matter by saprophytic bacteria accurse
1
E6 This will decrease the dissolved oxygen content
1
F5 BOD increase the water polluted
E7 This cause the aquatic animals die. 1 10
(d) Diagram 8.2 shows a section of a river that flows through rural and urban areas
People live in residential area complained that the river water has turned green and many
Fishes die.
Explain the phenomenon 15
F1 : Eutrophication occur
1
P1 : Farmers use fertilizers that usually contains nitrates/phosphate
1
Explain how the phenomenon happens and its effect on the environment
C: causes of the phenomenon 1
E: Effect of the phenomenon 1
F1-this s phenomenon is called green house effect 1
1
C1-combustion of fossil fuel from vehicles/factories/forest burning/coal fire power station
1
C2-excessive deforestation
C3-Increase carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere caused by industries
1
C4-Pollutant/CFC/methane 1
E1-Carbon dioxide traps heat /infra red light /long wave radiation 1
E2-Increase in global/ world atmospheric temperature/ cause a rise in earth temperature/global
1
warming
1 10
E3-melting of polar ice/rise in the sea levels
(h) Suggests measure needed to be taken to overcome the phenomenon
P1-use alternative source of energy to reduce the usage of fossil fuel energy generated from 1
wind /water solar
19
P2-Restrict open burning/forest burning /use incinerator 1
P3-Reduce deforestation for farming/other development projects 1
P4-Selective harvesting /logging/cut matured tree only 1
1
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P11-The world comply with the Montreal protocol to reduce the use of CFCs ( to cut the use of 1
CFCs in half of CFC in half by the year 1997) Any 10 11
Name this phenomenon and discuss the effect of the phenomenon on human and ecosystem
The phenomenon is known as thinning/depletion of the ozone layer
1
P1-More ultraviolet ray reaches the earth surface
1
P2-Ultra-violet ray will deteriorate/weaken thee humans body immune system
1
P3-An increase in the number of people suffering from skin cancer/melanoma/cataract
1
P4-High ultraviolet rays destroy phytoplankton 1
P5-break the food chain of marine life/the aquatic ecosystem 1
P6-The number of stomata/chlorophyll of leaves will be reduced 1
P7-Rate of photosynthesis decreases 1
P8-Changes in climatic pattern F with any 5P 1 6
1
F1-replanting trees in areas that have been logged//reforestation
E1-To keep the ecosystem in their natural state (which provides aesthetic value for
1
humans)//preserve natural resource for outdoor/recreational; activities//eco-tourism //reduce
stress//promotes healthy life style
E2-To maintain soil fertility
1
E3-T prevent food / soil erosion/landslide/(muddy) float/(flash) flood
1
E4-To avoid species extinction //to prevent extinction of flora and fauna/organism /species 1
E5-As an economic resource//source of raw material for construction industry/piling. 1
Furniture/boats/houses /production of charcoal/tannin /food / other suitable example //provide
foods to human // resources for study /education /research
F2-Selecive logging E5-To maintain a balanced ecosystem / to allow maximum interaction 1
among teh living organism /biotic and abiotic factors
E6-To maintain major sources of human biotic and abiotic factors 1
E7-Ti sustain n food web /food chain in the ecosystem 1
E8-To prevent disruption of natural cycle of water /carbon balance oxygen between CO2 in the 1
atmosphere.//provide O 2 reduce CO2
E9-to decrease the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere// to reduce the green house effect 1
global warming
E10-to maintain the biodiversity of the forest // maintaining /increasing biodiversity 1
/complexity/veriety of organism /species /flora and fauna
E11-To avoid lost of wildlife/ potential resources E12-To avoid loss of water areas //provide 1
natural water catchment area
1
E13-Maintaining (normal) weather (pattern) by minimize climatic changes drought / harsh
climate / maintain temperature
1 22
E14-As a site for breeding feeding of flora and fauna serving as valuable nursery area for
organism 9
Based on th above information ,Explain how recycle practice able to preserve the balance of
environment 10
The tree
F1-Less tree will be chopped/felled
P1-More CO2 absorbed by the trees for photosynthesis
1
P2-Avoid the increasing o CO2 in the atmosphere 1
P3-Reudce the impact of green house effect/. Global warming
P4-Less habitat of fauna and flora will be destroyed 1
P5-Reduce /avoid the extinction of fauna and flora 1
P6-To maintain /preserve the biodiversity 1
the oil .fuel //save energy
F2-Reudce the burning of oil /fuel 1
P7-More fuel energy can be preserved for future 1
1
P-Less green gases /acidic gases released
1
P9-Reduce/avoid the impact of green house effect /acid rain
1
The landfill will be opened F3-Less land fill will be opened
P10-Landfill cause leaching /.ground water pollution 1
P11-Less disease /health problem caused by the improper managed landfill 1
The Water
F4-Less used water/effluent/ untreated seawage released into river 1 23
P12-Reduce .avoid the impact of water pollution /avoid the extinction of aquatic organisms 1
any 10
10
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Explain why the ecosystem in diagram 8.2 has to be preserved and conserved 10
F-Ot provides human with necessities of life 1
1
P-Is a resource for food /timber to build shelter/ as a fuel/fibers for clothing
1
F-Many plant species are original sources of pharmaceutical drugs/medicines
P-New commodities, for example, new crop plants or medicinal material could be in the forest 1
F-Allow for biological control to maintain stable population 1
P-Regulate climatic conditions biogeochemical cycles, prevent flooding 1
Natural ecosystem and species in the wild are beautiful 1
P-there is much pleasure to be derived form unspoilt natural environment 1
F-Ecotourism 1
1 10
P-Could provide income for some countries
Discuss the good and the bad social, economic and environmental effects of this development.
Good Effect (G) Explanation (P)
G1: Provides job opportunity P1: Improve economic status
24
G2: Provides infrastructure basic needs P2: Build up schools/ clinics to upgrade quality/ better
opportunity in education
G3: Provides better living condition/ P3: Have good sanitation system/ hygienic water
convenient place for settlement supply/ better electric supply
G4: Convenient transport system P4: Faster transportation/ save time to move from one
place to another
Open burning
A - can cause hazard 1
E - it will decrease the distance of vision can increases the health problem related w ith lung 1
and respiratory tract
P - So it can be reduce by avoid the open burning or burn the garbage in the specific place( in 1
close area)/incinerator
Farming and A agriculture
1
A Farmer used chemical fertilizer it can cause the eutrophication
1
E - can cause extinction of flora and f fauna
1
P - Use organic fertilizer or increase the fertility of the soil
OR
A_use pesticide to kill the pest, it can caused air pollution and water pollution 1
E-can cause extinction of flora and fauna 1
P-use biological control to control the population of pest 1 10
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