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Multiscale Hidrodinamics. Jiankai
Multiscale Hidrodinamics. Jiankai
Multiscale Hidrodinamics. Jiankai
Bioresource Technology
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biortech
h i g h l i g h t s g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t
Comprehension and
improvement
rates.
Shear rate exerted on a sludge
granule displays an optimum biogas Hydrodynamics in
upflow anaerobic
production rate. reactors
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Hydrodynamics plays a main role for the performance of an anaerobic reactor involving three phases:
Received 28 October 2013 wastewater, sludge granules and biogas bubbles. The present work was focused on an original approach
Received in revised form 14 December 2013 to investigate the hydrodynamics at different scales and then to intensify the performance of such
Accepted 19 December 2013
complex reactors. The experiments were carried out respectively in a 3D reactor at macroscale, a 2D reac-
Available online 28 December 2013
tor at mesoscale and a 1D anaerobic reactor at microscale. A Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), a micro-PIV
and a high-speed camera were employed to quantify the liquid ow elds and the relative motion
Keywords:
between sludge granules and bubbles. Shear rates exerted on sludge granules were quantied from liquid
Upow anaerobic reactor
Biogas production
ow elds. The optimal biogas production is obtained at mean shear rate varying from 28 to 48 s1,
Hydrodynamics which is controlled by two antagonistic mechanisms. The multiscale approach demonstrates pertinent
Multiscale approach mechanisms proper to each scale and allows a better understanding of such reactors.
PIV and micro-PIV 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0960-8524/$ - see front matter 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.079
2 J. Jiang et al. / Bioresource Technology 155 (2014) 17
while it is less than 1 m/h in the latter. Thus the hydrodynamics reactor walls as well as concentrated sludge granules. Thus tap
plays a crucial role in the upow anaerobic reactors. water and nitrogen were used to simulate the wastewater (liquid)
The understanding of the hydrodynamics in the upow anaero- and generated biogas, respectively in this study at both macroscale
bic reactors is still limited since the study is focused mainly on the and mesoscale.
performance of the reactors treating various wastewater and en-
ergy recovery up to now (Latif et al., 2011; Seghezzo et al., 1998;
Tauseef et al., 2013; Uemura and Harada, 2000). The impacts of 2.1. Experimental features of the 3D reactor at macroscale
some key operational parameters such as hydraulic and organic
loadings, temperature, nutrients and pH have been discussed (Chan Experiments were conducted in a transparent 3D ICA reactor
et al., 2009; Ghangrekar et al., 2005; Liu and Tay, 2002; Wu et al., made of Plexiglas with diameter 50 mm and height 1400 mm
2009). Some studies were devoted to the sludge granulation pro- (Fig. 1a). A transparent cylinder of diameter 15 mm was used as
cess and the characteristics of mature granular sludge, like the for- downcomer for liquid circulation outside. Nitrogen was introduced
mation, structure, size, rheology, metabolism of granular sludge in into the reactor through a perforated panel of 0.5 mm installed on
the anaerobic reactor (Baloch et al., 2008; Batstone and Keller, the bottom. Demineralized water was pumped by a peristaltic
2001; Bhunia and Ghangrekar, 2007; Hulshoff Pol et al., 2004; Liu pump into the reactor from the bottom. The ow rates of both
et al., 2003; Mu et al., 2006; Pevere et al., 2006; Wu et al., 2006). water and nitrogen were monitored by ow meters.
From experimental data, there are only a few studies on the hydro-
dynamic characteristics of upow anaerobic reactor by establishing
a global model or adopting Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 2.2. Experimental features of the 2D reactor at mesoscale
simulation (Ren et al., 2009; Vesvikar and Al-Dahhan, 2005; Wu,
2010; Wu and Chen, 2008). The hydrodynamics in UASB could be To be able to observe interactions never observed so far be-
described by the consecutive CSTR (continuous stirred tank reactor) tween bubble and granular sludge and calculate shear rate exerted
model including either equal-sized CSTRs or increasing-size CSTRs on granules, a transparent 2D reactor made of Plexiglas with a
(Costello et al., 1991a,b; Ren et al., 2009). It seems that the hydro- 30 10 mm cross section and 250 mm height was employed to
dynamic behavior is basically dispersion-controlled. Other kinds mimic the reaction zone of ICA reactor (Fig. 1b). Both a sintered
of reactors were also studied like EGSB, fermentative hydrogen bio- metal distributor and a sieve distributor were equipped succes-
reactor (Chu et al., 2011; Zheng et al., 2012). However, to our best sively in the bottom of the reactor to inject nitrogen with various
knowledge, accurate measurements of the local hydrodynamics in diameters of bubbles. Liquid entered into the reactor from the bot-
upow anaerobic reactor are scarce. Thus, it is essential to gain tom. The liquid ow rate was 75 mL/min during the experiments
the hydrodynamic understanding for improving the reactor perfor- and the supercial liquid velocity was 4.17 103 m/s (i.e. 15 m/
mance and the biogas production. h), the typical value for full-scale reactors. And nitrogen ow rate
The upow anaerobic reactors based on sludge granules are typ- was varied to change the liquid circulation intensity.
ical three-phase (gasliquidsolid) reactors, with really complex
hydrodynamics inside. For example, ICA reactor has two reaction
stages (namely, the 1st stage and 2nd stage), settling stage, riser, 2.3. Experimental features of the 1D reactor at microscale
downcomer and gas/liquid separator. Internal circulation is nor-
mally caused by the different densities in the riser and downcomer. Experiments under anaerobic conditions were conducted in a
Most biogas is produced in the 1st stage, then, biogas is trapped in 1D transparent microreactor made of Plexiglas: width height:
the rst section of gas-hoods and rises through the riser section to a 2 2 mm (Fig. 1c). A single granule of various sizes (equivalent
gasliquid separator placed on top of the reactor including liquid to diameter from 1.05 to 1.57 mm) was set up by a small grid. The
be recycled. The denser liquid after being degassed goes back synthetic substrate of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of
through the downcomer to the rst stage. The biogas thus drives 3000 mg/L was prepared in a reservoir of 15 L for each experiment,
an internal circulation ow, which results in good mixing in the where the composition of the synthetic substrate was same as de-
bottom section and enhances mass transfer between granules and scribed in previous work (Zhang et al., 2012). It was designed to
wastewater. As a key conception parameter in ICA reactors, liquid supply sufcient substrate for maintaining a constant value of
circulation velocity and its major effects have to be studied (Hu, COD at the inlet, and pumped into the microreactor. The tempera-
2011). Biomass retention takes place in the 2nd stage. ture was controlled at 30 C by a thermobath. The sludge granules
The present study aims at studying the hydrodynamic charac- used in our experiments were selected under the batch conditions
teristics in upow reactors of ICA type by means of an original mul- with the same feeding solution used in the experiments for their
tiscale approach. Especially, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), proven methanogenic efciency. The experiments ran under vari-
micro-PIV and high-speed digital camera were employed for the ous liquid supercial velocities (05.21 103 m/s) in order to ob-
rst time to quantify the hydrodynamics at three different scales: tain different hydrodynamic conditions, zero liquid velocity
rstly, in a 3D macroscale reactor; secondly, the liquid ow and corresponding to stagnant batch condition.
shear rate elds in the reaction zone and downcomer in a 2D meso- Besides the hydrodynamic characterization, the biogas produc-
scale reactor; and nally, the detailed liquid ow and shear rate tion was monitored as well in this microreactor. The size of biogas
elds around single granules in a 1D microscale reactor. These ad- microbubbles was determined using a quantitative image analysis
vanced techniques allow quantifying various phenomena at differ- program in Matlab and the shape of produced microbubbles was
ent scales including the role of bubbles size on the shear rate and fairly spherical due to their small size (typically, diameter
the optimal ow conditions for the biogas production in such up- <0.36 mm). To quantify the biogas production rate, during a certain
ow anaerobic reactors. time interval (typically 1520 min), the recordings of all the biogas
microbubbles successively formed were performed. The volume of
all the microbubbles recorded during the interval was employed to
2. Methods evaluate the biogas production rate at this moment. Eight such
samples were consecutively recorded for each granule during
It is still impossible to study the uid ows in a real anaerobic 3 days, e.g. for a given liquid velocity to check the repeatability
reactor due to total opacity induced by biolm developing on the of the measured biogas production rate.
J. Jiang et al. / Bioresource Technology 155 (2014) 17 3
Fig. 1. Schematic presentation of (a) 3D macroreactor; (b) 2D mesoreactor and (c) 1D microreactor.
2.4. Liquid ow and shear rate elds in our case, a second laser pulse was used to record another image.
Both images were then recorded on a computer for further
Instantaneous velocity elds in the 3D and 2D reactor was ob- analyzing.
tained with a PIV system (Dantec Dynamics, Denmark), which The shear rate elds are calculated as follows from the original
was composed of two pulsed Nd-YAG Lasers (New Wave Research, database of ow elds acquired by PIV or micro-PIV devices:
USA), two CCD cameras, a control unity (FlowMap 1500) and a
computer. Water was inseminated with silvered glass micro-
c_ x j u1xduy 2x j
spheres of average diameter 15 lm and density 1400 kg/m3 as c_ y j u1ydux 2y j 1
seeding particles to trace the liquid. The sedimentation velocity q
of the seeding particles was around 30 lm/s. Compared to the li- c_ c_ 2x c_ 2y
quid velocity used in this study (4200 lm/s), the errors in liquid
velocities measurements did not exceed 1%. The laser beams where u1 and u2 are two arbitrary adjoining vectors in ow elds
crossed a cylindrical lens rstly to produce laser sheet with strong separated by a distance d; ux and uy are x axis component and y axis
light intensity and low thickness (2.0 103 m maximum). They component of liquid velocity u; and c_x ; c_y are the axis projections of
were focused and superposed on one measuring window crossing the shear rate c_ .
the vertical symmetry axis of the dispersed phase. The camera
placed perpendicular to the laser sheet took successively images 2.5. Collisions between bubbles and sludge granules
at the maximum intensity of the laser pulse. Then these raw suc-
cessive image pairs were analyzed by the FlowMap software (Dan- A high-speed digital camera (Optronis GMBH, Germany) was
tec Dynamics, Denmark) to produce ow elds. The error of PIV employed to visualize collisions between bubbles and sludge gran-
was less than 5% via the experimental calibration of the velocity ules in the 3D and 2D reactors. In this part of experiments, 200
in an empty cylinder. frames per second (fps) and an exposure time of 1/500 s were used.
For the 1D microreactor, a micro-PIV system (Dantec Dynamics, An evident contrast demanded by the image analysis was insured
Denmark) was used to measure the instantaneous liquid velocity by strong LED backlight with emitting surface of 100 100 mm
ow eld by adding the carrier uid with calibrated Latex seeding (Stemmer Imaging, United Kingdom).
particles (Merck, France) of diameter 0.88 lm and density 1056 kg/
m3 and visualizing the ow through a 5 objective mounted on an 3. Results and discussions
inverted microscope with a numerical aperture of 0.12 (Dietrich
et al., 2008). The concentration of the seeding particles in the solu- 3.1. 3D reactor at macroscale
tion was prepared to ensure approximately ve particles in each
interrogation area. The ow was illuminated by a laser. By shadow- In industrial ICA reactors, the internal circulation is a key
graph of the seeding particles, images of the ow were taken by a parameter to obtain the optimal hydrodynamic conditions. On
double image digital camera through the microscope. The duration one hand, ow rate of the liquid circulation, up to several times
of the laser pulse was 0.01 ls. After exposure, the image eld was higher than that of the inuent, can dilute toxic substances con-
transferred to the storage on the digital camera, so that a second centration thereby to improve the capacity of resistance to shock
image eld could be recorded by the camera. After a specied time loadings. On the other hand, the alkalinity in the circulation keeps
delay, ranging from 10 to 300 ls depending on the liquid velocities pH stable without the addition of alkali. Thus, main factors
4 J. Jiang et al. / Bioresource Technology 155 (2014) 17
affecting the internal circulation were extensively investigated by viscosity, Pa s. The range of the corresponding Reynolds number
the PIV technique in a lab-scale 3D macroscale reactor. gathered in Table 1 shows the maximum is 455, much less than
Three phases, gas bubbles, liquid and sludge granules, contrib- the threshold of 2100 for the laminar ow regime in an empty tube.
ute to the internal circulation through complex interactions in an Due to these detailed ow elds and velocity proles obtained
anaerobic reactor. Since the liquid circulation was mainly driven by the PIV, it is easy to compute local shear rates by deriving ow
by gas bubbles, the circulation velocity increased with the super- elds as well as to estimate a mean shear rate in the downcomer.
cial gas velocity as shown in Fig. 2a. It is worth noting that the Certainly, the shear rate is not homogeneous across the pipe sec-
velocity in the presence of sludge granules was signicantly lower tion due to the velocity prole. The local shear rate in the center
than that without granules. This indicates that effects of suspended of the downcomer was zero due to the symmetry of the velocity
sludge cannot be ignored. In fact, the presence of granules in- prole while the maximum located close to the walls. As expected,
creases the viscosity of the mixture and induces then higher energy a linear relationship between the mean shear rate and the mean li-
consumption. And the circulation velocity decreased slightly with quid circulation velocity does exist: the shear is to some extent
the increase of inuent liquid ow rate in spite of the presence intensied by the circulation.
or absence of granular sludge. Fig. 2b shows clearly that the circu-
lation velocity was inversely correlated to the inuent liquid ow
rate and the presence of granules increased the slope. The relative
3.2. 2D reactor at mesoscale
importance of the three phases was ordered as gas > solid > liquid
for the liquid circulation velocity under experimental conditions.
Similar experiments were carried out in the 2D reactor at meso-
The liquid and gas velocities are key hydrodynamic parameters
scale with the PIV technique. Fig. 4a shows that mean shear rate in
for reactors at macroscale. But they are not sufcient yet to de-
the main section increases continuously with the supercial gas
scribe the complex hydrodynamic conditions because they can nei-
velocity. Implicitly, this augmentation could be attributed to the
ther reect interactions among three phases nor local ow
size of bubbles generated: higher liquid velocities as well as mean
parameters such as the shear on the sludge granule. Even the glo-
shear rate are induced by more and bigger bubbles.
bal pattern like dead zones isnt directly involved in the velocities
In order to demonstrate the effect of bubbles size on the mean
of gas and liquid. The PIV technique provides then a powerful tool
shear rate in the liquid, two different gas distributors were em-
to investigate the local hydrodynamic conditions in the reactors.
ployed to generate different sizes of bubbles with the same super-
Within the reactor, it is inevitable to meet both general and local
cial gas velocity: a sintered distributor and a sieve distributor. By
circulations because the average liquid ascension velocity is smal-
means of the PIV measurements, Fig. 4b illustrates the computed
ler than local liquid velocity generated by bubbles. It can be ex-
results with bubbles of various sizes generated by both the gas dis-
pected that the supercial gas velocity is dominant for the shear
tributors. Clearly, there is again a close relationship between the
rate with respect to the supercial liquid velocity. The mean shear
mean shear rate in liquid and mean bubble diameter whatever
rate in industrial ICA reactors was roughly estimated about 30
the kind of distributors and supercial gas velocity. Due to the
40 s1, and was attributed to the high supercial gas velocity
low supercial liquid velocity in upow reactors, these results con-
(Pereboom and Vereijken, 1994).
rm that the relative motion between gas bubbles and liquid is the
The circulation liquid velocity in the downcomer was also mea-
dominant parameter affecting the shear rates exerted on sludge
sured by the PIV in the present work and resulting instantaneous
granules. In addition, smaller bubbles whose diameter was less
liquid ow elds are shown in Fig. 3b. The ow regime is typically
than 1 mm display few effects on the velocity eld or the shear
laminar as the velocity prole in the half-pipe section integrated
rate. Four bubbles of diameter 0.82, 0.85, 0.86, 0.88 mm, respec-
from the detailed ow elds is perfectly parabolic under various
tively in mid of the reactor have in fact no signicant impact on
conditions (Fig. 3a). Moreover, it is interesting to consider a liquid
the shear rate which is almost below to 5 s1 everywhere. In con-
Reynolds number in the downcomer dened as follows:
trary, bigger bubbles having a diameter more than 2 mm affect
qL u d substantially local liquid ow elds and the shear rates due to in-
Re 2 tense buoyancy. It is worth noting that the complex coupling be-
lL
tween a local liquid ow eld around a bubble and the wake left
where qL is the liquid density, kg m3; u
the liquid mean velocity, by preceding ones induces additional difculties for detailed
m/s; d, diameter of the downcomer, m; lL, the liquid dynamical quantication.
Fig. 2. Circulation velocity in the 3D macroreactor. (a) In function of supercial gas velocity with different inuent liquid ow rates in the presence of granular sludge
(10 g SS/L), (b) in function of inuent liquid ow rate with different supercial gas velocities without or with granular sludge (10 g SS/L).
J. Jiang et al. / Bioresource Technology 155 (2014) 17 5
Fig. 3. (a) Liquid velocity prole of in a half-pipe section and (b) instantaneous liquid ow elds in the downcomer of the 3D macroreactor.
Fig. 4. Variation of the mean shear rate in the main section of the 2D reactor at mesoscale. (a) In function of the supercial gas velocity, (b) in function of the mean bubble
diameter under a gas velocity of 9.61 104 m/s with a sintered distributor and a sieve distributor, respectively. (c) Instantaneous shear rate eld with cross symbols
representing sludge granules position at supercial gas velocity of 2.99 104 m/s in the 2D reactor.
Fig. 5. (a) Flow elds around a granule of 1.36 mm producing biogas obtained by the micro-PIV. (b) Relationship between the rate of biogas production and the mean shear
rate exerted by the liquid on the granules of different diameter.
J. Jiang et al. / Bioresource Technology 155 (2014) 17 7
optimal range for both the wastewater treatment and biogas Ghangrekar, M.M., Asolekar, S.R., Joshi, S.G., 2005. Characteristics of sludge
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Hulshoff Pol, L.W., de Castro Lopes, S.I., Lettinga, G., Lens, P.N.L., 2004. Anaerobic
sludge granulation. Water Res. 38 (6), 13761389.
The multiphase hydrodynamics was investigated in the upow Kassam, Z.A., Yerushalmi, L., Guiot, S.R., 2003. A market study on the anaerobic
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Latif, M.A., Ghufran, R., Wahid, Z.A., Ahmad, A., 2011. Integrated application of
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Pevere, A., Guibaud, G., van Hullebusch, E., Lens, P., Baudu, M., 2006. Viscosity
The nancial assistance provided by China Scholarship Council evolution of anaerobic granular sludge. Biochem. Eng. J. 27 (3), 315322.
Ren, T.-T., Mu, Y., Ni, B.-J., Yu, H.-Q., 2009. Hydrodynamics of upow anaerobic
and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR PROMET) to the sludge blanket reactors. AIChE J. 55 (2), 516528.
French group, and by the Natural Science Foundation of China Seghezzo, L., Zeeman, G., van Lier, J.B., Hamelers, H.V.M., Lettinga, G., 1998. A
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