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Philippine Normal University

LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)
Refresher Course

PLANE AND SOLID GEOMETRY

PART I CONTENT UPDATE

I. Basic Ideas

The undefined terms, point, line, and plane are geometric ideas and they are visually represented by a tiny dot, a thin
wire, and a smooth flat surface, respectively. Points are labeled by means of capital letters, lines by naming any two of its
points, and planes by naming at least three of its points. The subsets of a line are ray, segment, and the line itself.
A
.. B. A
. B. A
. B.
Line Ray Line
segment
AB AB AB

Space is the set of all points.

Some postulates on points, lines and planes:

An infinite number of lines may pass through a given point.
To every pair of different points there corresponds a unique positive number.
This number is called the distance between the two points.

For every two different points there is exactly one line that contains both points.
If two points of a line lie in a plane, then the line lies in the same plane.
Any three points lie in at least one plane, and any three non-collinear points lie in exactly one plane.
If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.
An infinite number of planes may pass through a given line.

Further:
Every segment has exactly one midpoint.
If a line intersects a plane not containing it, then the intersection is a point.
Given a line and a point not on the line, there is exactly one plane containing both.
Given two intersecting lines, there is exactly one plane containing both.

II. ANGLES
If two rays have a common endpoint, but do not lie on the same line, then their union is an angle. Their common end
point is called its vertex and the two rays are called its sides. The following are angles:

A point may be on the angle, in the interior or neither on the angle nor in its interior called the exterior.
P. P. P.

The unit of measure for an angle is called a degree. An angle is measured with a protractor.

Angle Measurement Postulate. To every angle there corresponds a real number between 0 and 180.

Kinds of Angles
1. Acute Angle. An acute is an angle whose measure is less than 90.

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2. Right Angle. A right angle is one that measures 90. It is usually represented by a small square at the vertex. Two lines that
intersect and form right angles are called perpendicular ( ) lines.
3. Obtuse Angle. This is an angle whose measure is more than 90 but less than 180.

Remarks: In plane Geometry, an angle is simply a set of points. This should be distinguished from the angles in trigonometry where
we speak of directed angles. When we use directed angles, we allow zero angles and straight angles. In the study of directed
angles, we seldom use the degree as a unit measure. Instead, we use the radian.

FACTS ABOUT PAIRS OF ANGLES

1. Vertical Angles. Two angles are vertical angles if and only if their sides form two pairs of opposite rays. When two lines
intersect, they form two pairs of vertical angles.
2. Complementary Angles. Two angles whose measures total 90.
3. Supplementary Angles. Two angles whose measures total 180.
4. Linear Pair. Two angles that are formed by two
opposite rays and a third common ray. Two angles,
C .
BAC and CAD, form a linear pair if only if B, A, and D
are collinear and C is not on BA . . .
A linear pair is a supplementary pair. B A D

An angle bisector is a ray in the interior of the angle dividing it into two congruent parts.

III. EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS

Equality between two numbers has the following properties
Reflexive Property: a a , for every a
Symmetric Property: If a b , then b a .
Transitive property: If a b and b c , then a c .

IV. CONGRUENCE RELATIONS

Congruence Properties between Angles (or between segments):
Reflexive Property: A A for every A .
Symmetric property: If A B , then B A .
Transitive Property: If A B and B C , then A C .
AB CD implies that AB CD and vice versa.
Similarly, A B implies that mA mB and vice versa.

Equality is used for measures while congruence is used for figures.

Some Theorems on Angles

If the angles in a linear pair are congruent, then each of them is a right angle.
If two angles are complementary, then they are both acute.
Any two right angles are congruent.
If two angles are both congruent and supplementary, then each is a right angle.
Supplements of congruent angles are congruent.
Complements of congruent angles are congruent.
Vertical angles are congruent.
Two perpendicular lines form four right angles.
The angles in a linear pair are supplementary.
The shortest segment from a point not on a line to the line is the perpendicular () segment.

Examples:
1. Estimate the measure of an angle if it is three times the measure of its supplement.
Solution: x = 3(180 x)
4x = 3(180)
x = 135

2. On the edge of a half-plane, take points, M, K, A such that A is between M and K. Take ray AT so that m TAK = 35. In the

same half-plane take ray AV such that

m MAV = 85. What is the measure of TAV? ( Ans. 60)
3. If mA = 64, find the measures of the angles that are complementary and supplementary to A.
Solutions:
The measures of two complementary angles must add to 90, so the measure of the
complement of A is given by 90 - 64 = 26.
The measures of two supplementary angles must add to 180, so the measure of the
supplement of A is given by 180 - 64 = 116.

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4. In the figure, 1 is complementary to 2, and m3 = 141. Find the measure of each numbered angle in the figure.

3 1 2 4
5 6 7 8

Solutions:
Since 3 and m6 are vertical angles, then these angles are congruent. Thus, if m3 = 141, therefore, m6 = 141 .

1 and 3 form linear pair and therefore they are supplementary.

Thus, m1 = 39.
1 and 5 are vertical angles and vertical angles are congruent.
Thus, m5 = 39.
Since 1 is complementary to 2, then m2 = 51.
Since 2 and 8 are vertical angles, then m8 = 51.
Now, m4 = m7 = 129. Why? ____________________________________

5. In the figure below, the measures of angles 1, 2, and 3 are in the ratio 1:2:3, respectively. Find the measure of each angle.

Solution:
Adding the terms of the ratio 1,2, and 3 gives 6.

1/6 of 90 = 15; 2/6 of 90 = 30; and 3/6 of 90 = 45 12

Thus, the measures of the angles are 15, 30 and 45.
3

6. Find the measure of an angle whose measure is 40 more than the measure of its supplement.

Solution: A B
Let x = the measure of the supplement of the angle
x + 40 = the measure of the angle H C
x + (x + 40) = 140
2x = 140 F G
x = 70 and x + 40 = 100
Thus, the measure of the angle is 110.
E D
IV. PARALLEL LINES
Facts about parallel lines:
1. Parallel lines are coplanar lines that do not intersect
2. Skew lines are noncoplanar and nonintersecting lines.
Examples:
a.) In the parallelepiped above, name all the lines that contain the edges parallel to AB .
b.) Name all the lines containing the edges that are skew to EF .
Solutions:
a.) The lines parallel to AB are FG , HC and ED
b.) The lines that are skew to EF are AB , HC , BG and CD .

3. A transversal is a line that intersects two coplanar lines at two different points.

Angles formed by Transversals

a.) Alternate Interior Angles b.) Alternate Exterior Angles

1 2 1 2
4 3
4 3
5 6
5 6 8 7
8 7

4 and 6; 3 and 5 are 1 and 7; 2 and 8

alternate interior angles are alternate exterior angles

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c.) Same-side Interior angles d.) Corresponding angles

1 2 1 2
4 3 4 3

5 6 5 6
8 7 8 7

4 and 5; 3 and 6 are angles 1 and 5; 2 and 6; 4 and 8; 3

on the same side of the transversal and 7 are corresponding angles

PRINCIPLES ON PARALLEL LINES

Principle 1: Parallel lines postulates: Through a given point P, not on a line l, exactly one
line maybe drawn parallel to line l. .
P

Angles Relationships for Parallel Lines that are Cut by a Transversal

Principle 2: If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate interior angles are
congruent.

Principle 3: If parallel lines are cut buy a transversal, then the corresponding angles are
congruent.

Principle 4: If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate exterior angles are congruent.

Principle 5: If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the same-side interior angles are supplementary.

Principles on Proving Lines to be Parallel

Principle 6: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of alternate interior angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel.

Principle 7: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of corresponding angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel.

Principle 8: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of alternate exterior angles are congruent, then two lines are parallel.

Principle 9: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of same-side interior angles are supplementary then two lines are
parallel.

Principle 10: Lines are parallel if they are parallel to the same line.

Examples:
A. Use the given information to decide which lines are parallel. Justify your answers with a principle for parallel lines.

1. 6 9
1 2
2. 4 8 a
3. m3 + m8 = 180 4 3
4. m5 + m7 = 180
12
b
5
5. 10 11 9 8 6 7
6. 2 10 c
10 11
Solutions: d e

1. d e by Congruent Corresponding Angles (Principle 7)

2. a c by Alternate Interior Angles Postulate (Principle 6)

3. ac by Same-Side Interior Angles are Supplementary (Principle 9)

4. b c by Same-Side Interior Angles are Supplementary (Principle 9)

5. d e by Congruent Corresponding Angles (Principle 7)

6. a c by Congruent Alternate Exterior Angle (Principle 8)

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B. In the figure at the right, find the value of x given st cut by a transversal l

1. m 2 = 2x, m3 = 4x l

2. m1 = 2x, m6 = 136 1 s
2
3. m1 = 3x, m5 = 60
3 5 t
4. m1 = 6x, m3 = 120 4 6
Solutions:

1. Since st, then 2 is supplementary to 3, (by Principle 5)

Thus, 2x + 4x = 180
6x = 180
x = 30

2. Since st, then 1 6 (Principle 4)

Thus, 2x = 136
x = 68

3. Since st, then 2 5 (Principle 2)

Thus, 2 = 60
But 1and 2 are supplementary (Def. of linear pair)
Therefore, from the given 1 = 3x and 2 = 60
Then 3x + 60 = 180
3x = 120
x = 40

10. Since st, then 1 3 (Principle 3)

Thus, 6x = 120
x = 20

V. TRIANGLES

A triangle is the union of the segments determined by three non-collinear points.

Triangles may be classified according to the congruence or noncongruence of their sides.

1. Scalene triangle. A scalene triangle is a triangle having no congruent sides.

2. Isosceles triangle. An isosceles triangle is a triangle having at least two congruent sides
3. Equilateral triangle. An equilateral triangle is a triangle having three congruent sides.

Scalene Isosceles Equilateral

Triangles may also be classified according to the kinds of angles they have.
1. Right triangle. A triangle having one right angle.
2. Obtuse triangle. A triangle having one obtuse angle.
3. Acute triangle. A triangle having three acute angles.

Right Acute
Obtuse
Some Theorems about Triangles

1. Isosceles Triangle Theorem. If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite these sides are congruent.
Conversely, if two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite them are congruent
2. Every equilateral triangle is equiangular and conversely.
3. The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180.

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Special Lines in a Triangle

1. Angle bisector of a triangle. An angle bisector of a triangle is a segment or ray that bisects an
angle and extends to the opposite side.

2. Median of a triangle. A median of a triangle is a segment from a vertex to the midpoint of the
opposite side.

3. Perpendicular bisector of a side. A perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle is a line that bisects
and is perpendicular to a side.

4. Altitude to a side of a triangle. An altitude of a triangle is segment from a vertex

perpendicular to the opposite side.

5. Altitude of obtuse triangle. In an obtuse triangle, the two altitudes fall outside the triangle.
6. The altitudes to the congruent sides of an isosceles triangle are congruent.
7. The altitudes of an equilateral triangle are congruent.

Theorems on Right Triangles

1. In a 30-60-90 triangle,
a. the hypotenuse is twice as long as the shorter leg (the leg
opposite the 30 angle), and 60 2a
a
b. the longer leg is 3 times as long as the shorter leg.
30

a 3

2. In a 45-45-90 triangle, the hypotenuse is 2 times as long as either

leg.
45

a a 2

45
a
3. Pythagorean Theorem
In a right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs. a c

b
a 2 + b 2 = c2

4. Angles Outside the Triangle 2

The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of
the remote interior angles.
1 3 4
m4 = m1 + m2
5. Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem
The measure of the exterior angle of a triangle is greater than the 2
measure of either remote interior angle.

1 3 4
m4 > m1
m4 > m2
6. Triangle Inequality Theorem

The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than a c
the length of the third side.

b
a+b>c

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Examples:

1. Find the lengths of the unknown sides in the

adjoining figure
a c
a b c
a. 3 ____ ____
b. ____ ____ 6 2
b
a=b

Solutions:
By Theorem 1, a) b = 3 and c = 3 2 b) a = 6 and b = 6

2. Find the lengths of the unknown sides in the

adjoining figure 60 c
a
a b c
4 3 30
a. ____ ____
b
b. ____ ____ 10

Solutions:
By Theorem 2, a) a = 4 and c = 8 b) a = 5 and b = 5 3 .

3. A pole is braced up by wires tied to its top portion from pegs on the ground
each 6 ft from the foot of the pole. If a wire is 16 ft long, how tall is the pole?
Solution:
c 2 a 2 b2
16 2 6 2 b 2
b 2 16 2 6 2
b 2 256 36
b 2 220 14.83

4. Find the measures of the labeled angles in the marked figure at the right.
Solutions:
mx 60; my 120; mz 30; mw 30

TRIANGLE CONGRUENCE POSTULATES

Given two triangles. There are four ways to show that they are congruent using only three pairs of corresponding congruent
parts:

SAS Congruence Postulate. If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent respectively to the
corresponding two sides and the included angle of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

ASA Congruence Postulate. If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent respectively to the
corresponding two angles and the included side of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

SSS Congruence Postulate. If the three sides of one triangle are congruent respectively to the corresponding three sides
of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

SAA Congruence Theorem.. If a side and two angles adjacent angles of one triangle are congruent respectively to the
corresponding side and two adjacent angles of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

Corresponding Parts Principle. If two triangles are congruent by SAS, ASA, SSS, or SAA, then their remaining corresponding parts are
also congruent

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Examples:

Each pair of marked triangles are congruent by the indicated congruence postulate.

60 60

32 32
ASA SAS

65

95
95
65
SAA SSS

Triangle Congruence for Right Triangles

From the triangle congruence postulates, any two right triangles may be congruent by any of the following principles:

LL Congruence. Two right triangles are congruent if the two legs of one are congruent, respectively, to the
corresponding two legs of the other. (By SAS)

LA Congruence. Two right triangles are congruent if a leg and an adjacent acute angle of one are congruent,
respectively, to the corresponding leg and an adjacent acute angle of the other. (By ASA; by SAA if the acute
angles are not adjacent)

HL Congruence. Two right triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse and a leg of one are congruent,
respectively, to the corresponding hypotenuse and a leg of the other. (By Transitivity)

40

40

First Minimum Theorem

The shortest segment joining a point to a line is the perpendicular segment.

Thus, the distance between a line and an external point is the length of the perpendicular segment from the point to the line.

Similar Triangles

Two triangles are said to be similar if

a. their corresponding angles are congruent, and
b. their corresponding sides are proportional.

Examples of similar triangles:

Similarity Postulates:
1. AA Similarity. If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two corresponding angles of another triangle, then the
triangles are similar.
2. SAS Similarity. If an angle of one triangle is congruent to a corresponding angle of another triangle and the sides that
include these angles are proportional, then the triangles are similar.
3. SSS Similarity. If all the three sides of one triangle are proportional to the lengths of the corresponding sides of another
triangle, then the triangles are similar.

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4. Midsegment Theorem for Triangles. A
A segment whose endpoints are the midpoints of two sides
of a triangle is
D E
a. parallel to the third side, and
b. half the length of the third side. B C
1
and DE 2 BC
DE // BC

5. Side-Splitting Theorem
A
If a line parallel to a side of a triangle intersects the other two sides in distinct
points, then it cuts off segments which are proportional to these sides.
D E

B C
AB AC

AD AE

6. Similarity in a right triangle. The altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle forms two triangles that are each
similar to the original triangle and to each other.
7. Given a right triangle and the altitude to the hypotenuse. (a) The altitude to the hypotenuse is the geometric
mean of the segments into which it separates the hypotenuse. (b) Each leg is the geometric mean of the
hypotenuse and the segment adjacent to the leg.

Thus, in the marked adjoining figure, C

ABC ACD CBD. Thus,

AD CD

CD BD A B
D
Hence, CD AD BD
2
Finally,

AD AC BD BC
Moreover, .
AC AB BC BA

Hence, AC AD DC . And BC BD BA
2 2

Examples:

1. Two angles of ABC have measures, 45 and 15, while two angles of DEF have measures 120 and 45. Are the
triangles similar? By what Similarity theorem or definition?

Solution: YES, by the AAA Similarity Theorem_

2. One angle of PQR measures 40 and the sides that include the angle measures 5 each. Another triangle has an
angle that measures 70 and the sides that include these angle measures 8 each. Are the triangles similar?
Solution: YES, by the SAS Similarity Theorem
3. Given the figure as marked. Find PS.
Solution:
S
x
Q 15 9

x 12 PS 12
15 9
PS (15)(12) 9 20
T
P R
4. In the marked figure at the right, C
AD = 8 and DB = 18. Find CD.

Solution:
(CD)2 AD BD
(CD)2 8 18 A B
CD = 12 D
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QUADRILATERALS

A quadrilateral is a four-sided figure.

If all four angles of a quadrilateral are right angles, then the quadrilateral is a rectangle.
If all four angles of a quadrilateral are right angles, and all four sides are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a
square.
If both pairs of opposite sides are parallel, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
If one and only one pair of opposite sides are parallel, then the quadrilateral is a trapezoid.

THEOREMS ON QUADRILATERALS

1. Each diagonal separates a parallelogram into two congruent triangles.

2. In a parallelogram, any two opposite sides are congruent.
Corollary: If two lines are parallel, then all points of each line are equidistant from the other line.

Recall: The distance between a line and an external point is the length of the perpendicular segment from the point to
the line.

The distance between any two parallel lines is the distance from any point of one to the other.
3. In a parallelogram, any two opposite angles are congruent.
4. In a parallelogram, any two consecutive angles are supplementary.
5. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

Application:
6. The segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half as long.
7. A rhombus is a parallelogram all of whose sides are congruent.
8. A rectangle is a parallelogram all of whose angles are congruent.
9. A square is a rectangle all of whose sides are congruent.
10. If a parallelogram has one right angle, then it is a rectangle.
11. In a rhombus, the diagonals are perpendicular to each other.
12. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other and are perpendicular, then
the quadrilateral is a rhombus.

CIRCLES

Definition
Let P be a point in a given plane, and r be a positive number. The circle with center
P and radius is the set of all points of the plane whose distance from P is r.

Definition
Let P be a point, and let r be a positive number. The sphere with center P and radius
r is the set of all points of space whose distance from P is r.

Basic Terms on Circles and Spheres

Two or more spheres or two or more circles with the same center are called concentric.
A chord of a circle is a segment whose endpoints lie on the circle.
A line which intersects a circle in two points is called a secant of the
circle.
A chord of a sphere is a segment whose endpoints lie on the
sphere.
A diameter of a circle or sphere is a chord containing the
center.

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A radius of a circle or a sphere is a segment from the center to a point of the sphere.
The interior of a circle is the set of all points of the plane whose
distance from the center is less than the radius.
The exterior of a circle is the set of all points of the plane whose
distance from the center is greater than the radius.
Definition

A tangent to a circle is a line (in the same plane) which intersects the circle in
one and only one point. This point is called the point of tangency.

Theorems Circles and Spheres

1. The intersection of a sphere with a plane through its center is a circle with the same center and the same radius.
2. The intersection of a sphere with a plane through its center is called a great circle of the sphere.
3. A line perpendicular to a radius at its outer end is tangent to the circle.
4. Every tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of tangency.
5. The perpendicular from the center of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
6. The segment from the center of a circle to the midpoint of a chord which is not a diameter is perpendicular to
the chord.
7. In the plane of a circle, the perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the center.
8. In the same circle or in congruent circles, chords equidistant from the center are congruent.
9. In the same circle or in congruent circles, any two congruent chords are equidistant from the center.
10. If the line and the circle are coplanar, and line intersects the interior of the circle, then it intersects the circle in
two and only two points.

Definition

Two circles are tangent if they are tangent to the same line at the same point. If two tangent circles are coplanar,
and their centers are on the same side of their common tangent, then their internally tangent. If two tangent circles
if two tangents are coplanar, and their canters are on opposite sides of their common
tangent, then their externally tangent

ARCS OF CIRCLES

In the adjoining circle at the right, P is the center. The set of points (darkened) on the circle in the interior of
APB is the minor arc AB . The remaining set of points on the circle is the major arc AB . A and B are the endpoints
of the arcs.

Definition

A central angle of a circle is an angle whose vertex is the center of the circle.

In the figure, APB is a central angle.

Definition

Let C be a circle, and let A and B be the endpoints of a diameter. A semicircle is

the union of A, B, and the points of C that lie in a given half-plane with AB as
edge. The points A and B are the end points of the semicircle.

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Definition

1. The degree measure of an arc is the measure of the corresponding central angle.
2. The degree measure of a semicircle is 180.

INSCRIBED ANGLES AND INTERCEPTED ARCS

Definition

An angle is inscribed in an arc if

1. The sides of the angle contain the end points of the arc and
2. The vertex of the angle is a point, but not an end point, of the arc.

Definition

An angle intercepts an arc if

1. The end points of the arc lie on the angle,
2. All other points of the arc are in the interior of the angle, and
3. Each side of the angle contains an end point of the arc.

Theorems on Inscribed Angles and Intercepted Arcs

1. The measure of an inscribed angle is half the measure of the intercepted arc.
2. An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.
3. Every two angles inscribed in the same arc are congruent.
Definitions

A triangle is inscribed in a circle if the vertices of the triangle lie on the circle. If each side of the triangle is
tangent to the circle, then the quadrilateral is circumscribed about the circle.

SOLIDS AND THEIR VOLUMES

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Theorems

1. The volume of the prism is the product of the altitude and the area of the base.
2. The volume of a triangular pyramid is one-third the product of its altitude and its base area.
3. The volume of a pyramid is one-third the product of its altitude and its base area.
4. The volume of a circular cylinder is the product of its altitude
and the area of its base.
5. The volume of a circular cone is one-third the product of its
altitude and the area of its base.

TRANSFORMATIONS

Starting point

These triangles are congruent.

If you cut out DEF and place it onto ABC , they should have the same size and shape. The movement may be a slide, a flip,
or a turn.
Look at the kite at the right. If we fold the kite over BD , there is a one-
to-one correspondence between the points of the kite. A C, points along AB
and CB correspond, and points along AD and CD correspond.

Transformation

A transformation is a one-to-one correspondence between points in the

'
plane such that each point P is associated with a unique point P , called the image of P .
Transformations that preserve the size and shape of geometric figures are called isometries (iso means same and metry
means measure) or rigid motions.
Types of isometries: translation, rotation and reflection.

Translation
Translation is a transformation that acts like a slide.

Example:

Describe a transformation that will move ABC to

coincide with A B C
' ' '

Solution:
Slide the triangle so that A moves to A. Since B and C are
the same distance and direction from B and C, respectively, as A is from point A, point B is the image of B and point C is the image
' ' '
of C. Thus, ABC moves to A B C . Trace ABC and slide it using the arrow from A to A.
To define translation, we need the concept of directed line segment. Informally, a line segment AB can be directed in two
ways: (1) pointing from A to B denoted as AB or (2) pointing from B to A denoted as BA .
Further, two line segments are said to be equivalent if they are parallel, have the same length and point in the same
direction.

Definition

Translation
Suppose that A and B are points in the plane. The translation associated with
directed line segment AB , denoted TAB , is the transformation that maps each
' '
point P to the point P such that PP is equivalent to AB .

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' ' '
Directed segment PP is equivalent to AB so that PP AB and P P = AB. Thus quadrilateral
'
P P BA is a parallelogram, since it has a pair of opposite sides that are parallel and congruent. We can imagine that P is slid
by the translation TAB in the direction from A to B for a distance equal to AB.

Rotation

This is an isometry that corresponds to turning the plane around a fixed point.
Example
Describe a transformation that will move ABC to coincide with A B C .
' ' '

Solution:
We can turn ABC 180 around point P, the midpoint of segment BB to coincide with A B C .
' ' ' '

To define rotation, we need the concept of a directed angle. An angle ABC is said to be a directed angle if it satisfies
the following properties:

1. If mABC 0 , then the measure of the directed angle is 0.

2. If ABC is a straight angle, then the measure of the directed angle is 180.
3. In the adjoining figure,
a) Let BA be turned about B through the smallest possible angle so that the
image of ray BA coincides with BC .

b) If the direction of the turn is counterclockwise, the measure of the directed angle is the positive number
mABC . If the direction is clockwise, the measure is the negative number mABC . The directed angle
ABC is denoted by ABC .

For the directed angle by ABC , ray BA is called the initial side and ray BC is called the terminal side.

Definition

Rotation
The rotation with center O and angle with measure a, denoted R O,a , is the
transformation that maps each point P other than O to the point P ' such that
The measure of directed angle POP is a, and
'
1.
2. OP OP '

Point O is mapped to itself by R O,a .

Reflection
This isometry corresponds to flipping the plane over a fixed line.

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Example:
Describe a transformation that will move ABC to coincide with A B C
' ' '

Solution:
Flip ABC over the perpendicular bisector of AA .
'

Then point A moves to point A ' , point B to B ' , and C to C' . Hence, ABC moves to coincide with A 'B'C'

Reflection

A transformation that flips the plane over a fixed line is called a reflection.

Definition

Suppose that a line l is a line in the plane. The reflection in line l, denoted by M t , is the
transformation that maps points as follows:
1. Each point P not on line l is mapped to the point P ' such that l is the
'
perpendicular bisector of segment PP .
2. Each point Q on line l is mapped to itself.

Examples of transformations

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PART III ENHANCING TEST TAKING SKILLS

1. Which of the following set of points may be bisected?

A. Line AB B. Line segment AB C. Ray AB D. All of these

2. Town A to Town C is 45 km. If Town B is midway between the first two towns, how far away is Town A from
Town B and why?
A. 45 km., the distances are the same.
B 45 km., the distances are equal.
C. 22. 5 km., by definition of midpoint.
D. 27.5, by definition of congruence.

3. Three trees are noncollinear. What is the shape of the lot that they determine?
A. circular B. triangular C. rectangular D. pentagonal

4. A plane is determined by
i. a line and a point.
ii. two intersecting lines.
iii. any three points.
iv. a line and a point not on it.

A. ii only B. iv only C. ii and iii D. ii and iv

5. Two angles that are complementary

i. are each acute.
ii. are congruent.
iii. have equal measures.
iv. have measures that add up to 90.

A. i only B. iv only C. i and iv D. ii and iv

6. Find the measure of an angle if the measure of its supplement is 39 more than twice the measure of its
complement.
A. 38 B. 39 C. 60 D. 120

7. The sum of the measures of an acute angle and an obtuse angle is 140. The sum of twice the supplement of the
obtuse angle and three times the complement of the acute angle is 340. Find the measures of the angles.

A. 130, 10 B. 120, 20 C. 110, 30 D. 10, 40

8. If ABC is equilateral, then it is

A. scalene B. right C. isosceles D. equilateral

9. In the adjoining figure, AF = BG, A B, and AE = C

BD. To prove that FAE GBD, what congruence
postulate should be applied?
F G

A D E B
A. SSS B. SAS C. ASA D. SAA

10. In the adjoining figure, if a = 40 and b = 38, then d

must be equal to b

A. 40 B. 38 C. 78 a D. 102c
d
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11. Which of the following statements does not belong to the group?
A. The diagonals of a trapezoid are congruent.
B The diagonals of a parallelogram are congruent.
C. The diagonals of a square are perpendicular to each other.
D. The diagonals of a rectangle are perpendicular to each other.

12. In the adjoining figure, the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. What

is the value of x?

A. 86 B. 75 C. 60 D. 50

13. Which of the following could be the lengths of the sides of a triangle?
A. 1, 3, 5 B. 9, 4, 7 C. 3, 8, 12 D. 15, 7, 6

14. What is mC in the figure at the right? E

D
30
65

45
60
A C
A. 45 B. 50 C. 65 D.B 70

15. Which of the following statements is true about parallel lines?

A. They form a right angle.

B. They do not intersect at all.
C. They are skew.
D. None of these.

Find the value of x to make the two lines cut by a transversal

parallel.

A. 7.33 B. 13.6 C. 11 D. 10

16. One of the angles of a parallelogram is 50. What are the measures of the remaining angles of the parallelogram?

17. Given CAB with midpoints R, P, Q, respectively. What figure is formed by quadrilateral CRPQ>
A. square B. rectangle C. parallelogram D. rhombus

18. Which of the following statements is true.

A. Every rectangle is a trapezoid.
B. Every rhombus is a squarer.
C. Every square is a parallelogram.
D. Every rectangle is a square

19. In a circle, a central angle measures 70. What is the measure of the intercepted arc?
A. 140 B. 70 C. 90 D. 140

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