Wiik Haplogroup R1b PDF

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File Wiik Haplogroup R1b,

R1b SNP and STR 10.9.2012 b
Kalevi Wiik
October 2012
Haplogroup R1b
This compilation of genetic data on haplogroup R1b consists of two main parts:
PART I deals with SNP (Single Nucleotide Plolymorphism) data and
PART II with STR (Short Tandem Repeat) data. The illustrations in Part I are
called Figures (although they in, reality are, Tables, Maps and Diagrams),
while those in PART II are called sparately Tables, Maps and
Histograms. The purpose of the difference in the nomenclature of illustrations
is to assist the reader to keep the two kinds of data separate throughout the
material.
PART I
SNP data of haplogroup R1b
1. Geographic distribution of haplogroup R1b
Figure 1. Geographic area of haplogroup R1b. 7
Figure 2. Frequencies of R1b in Europe. 8
Figure 3. Frequencies of haplogroup R1b in various parts of Northern Africa. 8
Figure 4. Frequencies of R1b in Northern Europe. 9
Figure 5. Frequency of R1b in Finland. 10
2. Inventory of SNP mutations and subclades
Figure 6. ISOGG 2012 tree of haplogroup R1b. The tree contains 95 subclades. 11-13
Figure 7. A tree diagram constructed on the basis of Figure 6. 14
Figure 8. A tree of the most relevant mutations of haplogroup R1b according to
Myres et al. 2010. 15
Figure 9. The ideolized areas of subclides V88, M73, and M269 and their
phylogenetic tree. 16
Figure 10. Difference in the geographic concentrations of some R1b mutations in
various parts of Eurasia. 17
Figure 11. The family story of R1b. 18
3. Developmen of the brances of the R1b tree
Figure 12. Frequency zones of M259. 19
Figure 13. Frequency zone of M73. 19
Figure 14. M269 by Myres et al. 2010. 20
Figure 16. L23. 20
Figure 17. L23 by Myres et al. 2010. 20
Figure 18. Distribution of subclade L23 (without M412). 20
Figure 19. M412/L51. 21
Figure 21. L11. 21
Figure 22. L11 (xU106,S116). 21
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Figure 23. L11 all by Myres et al. 2010. 21

Figure 24. L11(xU106,S116) by Myres et al. 2010. 21
Figure 25. R1b mutation tree of levels ten through thirteen. 22
Figure 26. Frequency zones of U106 by Myres et al. 2010. The Atlantic
North Group. 23
Figure 27. Frequency zones of S116 by Myres et al. 2010. The Atlantic
South Group. 23
Figure 28. U106/S21. The Atlantic North Group. Eupedia. 23
Figure 29. The split of West European subclade L11 into U106/S21 and P312/S116
or Atlantic North and Atlantic South. 23
Figure 30. The center and essential distribution area of U106/S21 (Atlantic
North). 24
Figure 31. The center and essential distribution area of P312/S116 (Atlantic
South). 24
Figure 32. U152. The Hallstatt Group. 24
Figure 33. M529(xM222). The Irish group. 24
Figure 34. M529(xM222). The Irish group without M222.
Figure 35. Another distribution map of the Hallstatt subgroup U152/S28.
Eupedia. 25
Figure 36. Assumed routes of the subclades of R1b on levels two to ten. 26
Figure 37. U106 is without U198 in the Table. 26
Figure 38. Areas and suggested names of R1b mutations. 27
Figure 39. Frequency of M269. 27-28
Figure 40. Frequencies of V88, M269, and M73. 28-29
Figure 41. Frequencies of M269, U106, and U198. 29
Figure 42. Frequency of subclade M269 (earlier R1b3) of R1b in Sweden.
Figure 43. Distribution of 95 mutations in eleven European populations. 30-32
Figure 44. Statistics on the mutations occuring in the FTDNA but not in the ISOGG
tree 2012. 33
Figure 45. Combination of the preceding two Tables (ISOGG+ and ISOGG-). 34
Figure 46. The Number of subclades in various parts of Europe. 34
4. R1b trees of some European populations
Figure 47. R1b tree of France. 35-36
Figure 48. R1b tree of Ireland. 37-38
Figure 49. R1b tree of Scotland. 39-40
Figure 50. R1b tree of Wales. 41
Figure 51. R1b tree of Germany. 42-43
Figure 52. R1b tree of Hungary. 44
Figure 53. R1b tree of Poland. 45
Figure 54. R1b tree Russia. 46
Figure 55. R1b tree of Norway. 47
Figure 56. R1b tree of Sweden. 48
Figure 57. R1b tree of Finland. 49
Figure 58. Table Close relatives. 50
Figure 59. Number of identical subclades in some pairs of populations of R1b in
various areas of Europe. 51
Figure 60. Sameness percentage between pairs of populations. 52
Figure 61. Difference percentage between populations. 53
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Figure 62. R1b same subclades 47% 14. Percentage of identical subclades. Critical
percentage 47 %. 54
Figure 63. Percentage of different subclades. Critical percentage 60 %. 55
Figure 64. Five groups of related subgroups. 56
Figure 65. A map of the percentage of identical subclades. The bridge between
West-European and North-European R1b lies between Germany and
Norway, and that between Nort-European and Central-Euopean R1b
between Poland and Norway. 57
Figure 66. The Number of different subclades between pairs of populations. 58
Figure 67. The number of the subclades of R1b in various parts of Europe. 59
Figure 68. The number of levels or the depth of the phylogenetic R1b tree in various
parts of Europe. 60
PART II
STR data of Haplogroup R1b
Tables and maps of the STR modals of European R1b populations 61
Table 0. Approximate numbers of participants in the Tables. 62
Legends for the Tables 63
Panel 1: Markers 1-12 64
Introduction 64
Table Panel 1 65
Table DYS393 66
Histogram DYS393 67
Table DYS393: West vs. East 67
Histogram DYS393 West 68
Histogram DYS393 East 68
Map DYS393: second in frequency 68
Table DYS390 69
Histogram DYS390 70
Table DYS19 71
Histogram DYS19 72
Table DYS391 73
Histogram DYS391 74
Table DYS426 76
Histogram DYS426 76
Table DYS388 77
Histogram DYS388 78
Table DYS439 79
Histogram DYS439 80
Table DYS389i 81
Histogram DYS389i 82
Table DYS392 83
Histogram DYS392 84
Table DYS389ii 85
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Histogram DYS389ii 86
Map DYS389ii second in frequency 86
Panel 2: Markers 13-25
Introduction 87
Table Panel 2 88
Table DYS458 89
Table DYS449 89
Table DYS464c 89
Map 464c 89
Introduction 90
Table Panel 3 90
Table DYS456 91
Table DYS456: alleles 15 and 16. 92
Histogram DYS456 93
Map DYS456-A 94
Map DYS456-B 94
Table DYSADYa 95
Histogram DYSADYa 96
Table DYSCDYb 96
Histogram DYSADYb 97
Panel 4a: Markers 38-47
Table Panel 4a 98
Panel 4b: Markers 48-60
Table Panel 4b 99
Table DYS413a 99
Panel 4c: Markers 61-67
Table Panel 4c 100
Panel 5a: Markers 68-75
Table Panel 5a 101
Table DYS710 102
Histogram DYS710 103
Table DYS714 104
Panel 5b: Markers 76-85
Table Panel 5b 106
Table DYS549 107
Table DYS522 109
Panel 5c: Markers 86-94
Table Panel 5c 110
Table DYSYGA 111
Histogram DYSYGA 112
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Map DYSYGA 112

Table DYS712 113
Map DYS712 114
Panel 5d: 95-102
Table Panel 5d 115
Table DYS650 116
Map DYS650 117
Table DYS504 118
Map DYS504 119
Panel 5e: 103-111
Table Panel 5e 120
STR-distances between populations
Table Critical markers. 121
Table Distances 1. Mutual distances in steps between European
populations. 122
Table Distances 2. The average distances of a population from the other
nineteen European populations. 122
Map Distance zones. 123
Map Modal 1. Genetic distances in
steps from the European
Modal. 124
Map Modal 2. Three zones of the
distances from the European
Modal. 125
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PART I
In this report, oridinary text is minimized and contains only the most essential
explanations nexessary to understand the essential issues. Therefore, the presentation
is more like a compilation of data than a real study.
Haplogroup R1b is most common in Western Europe and it has been studied by many
genetists for decades. The first representative of this haplogroup of men was called
Oisin by Brian Sykes and Ruisko by Stephen Oppenheimer. I have always called
him Robert to remind the reader of letters R and b in the name of this haplogroup. (In
my nomenclature his brother is Raul with R and a in his name).
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SNP Data of Haplogroup R1b

1. Geographic distribution of R1b
The geographic distribution of haplogroup R1b is seen in Maps 1 - 5.
There are small differences between the maps because of the different data they are
based on.
Map 1 shows that R1b has worldwide three concentrations:
(1) A primary concentration in Western Europe.
(2) A secondary one in the area south of the Black Sea.
(3) A third concentration in Northern Africa.
Map 2 shows that R1b is primarily a West-European or Atlantic haplogroup with its
concentration in the British Isles and France. The frequencies are clinal with
decreasing frequencies when departing from the Atlantic coast, and the frequency
valley between the Western and Eastern concentrations runs from Eastern Finland
through Central Russia (the Moscow area) to Southern Greece; cf. the black bar in
Map 2.
Figure 1. Geographic area of haplogroup R1b.

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Figure 2. Frequencies of R1b in Europe. The black bar represents the frequency valley between the
Western and Eastern concentrations.
The African constration of R1b is situated in Nort-western Nigeria and Chad; cf. Map 3.
Figure 3. Frequencies of haplogroup R1b in various parts of Northern Africa. Source: Pericic.
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Figure 4. Frequencies of R1b in Northern Europe.

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Figure 5. Frequency of R1b in Finland. Based on the material in Lappalainen et al. 2006.
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2. Inventory of SNP mutations and subclades

Figure 1 is based on the R1b tree of ISOGG 2012 . It differs from the original ISOGG
2012 tree only in that the starred mutations and subclades have been omitted. The
most important mutations are boldfaced and underlined. The leftmost column gives
the level of the mutations and subclades in the ISOG 2012 tree (the lower the
number, the higher it is in the tree). To some extent, the level numbers refer to the
time of mutations: the older a mutation, the higher it is in the tree.
0 R M207/Page37/UTY2, P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, S4, S9

1 R1 M173/P241/Page29, M306/S1, P225, P231, P233, P234, P236, P238, P242, P245, P286, P294
2 R1a M420/L146, L62/M513, L63/M511, L145/M449.
2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a1 M73, M478.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128.
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a1 P107.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a2 L6.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a3 L217.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a4 Z18, Z19.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a4a L257/S186.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a4b L325.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a5 Z381.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a5a Z156.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a1 L1/S26.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a2 P89.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a5b Z301.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b1 M467/S29/U198/U106.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2 L48/S162.
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a L47/S170.
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a1 L44/S171, L163.
16 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a1a L46/S172.
17 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a1a1 L45, L164, L237.
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14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b Z9.
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1 Z2.
16 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a Z7.
17 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1 Z8.
18 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a Z1.
20 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a1a L148/S173.
18 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1b Z1.
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b2 Z326.
16 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b2a L188.
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2c L200.
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b1 M65.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b2 Z196.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2a M153.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b2b2 L165/S68.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3a M126.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3b M160.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c1 Z367.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b3c1a L20/S144.
15 R1b1a2a1a1b3c1a1 M228.2.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b3c1b Z34.
15 R1b1a2a1a1b3c1b1 Z35.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c2 L196.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3 Z49.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3a Z142.
15 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3a1 L562.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3d Z36.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3e Z56.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3e1 L4/S178.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3e2 S47.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3e3 Z144, Z145, Z146.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4a M37.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4b M222/Page84/USP9Y+3636.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4c DF1/L513/S215.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c1 P66.1, P66.2, P66.3.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c2 L193/S176.
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13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c3 L705.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4d L96.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4e L144/S175, L195.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4f L159.2/S169.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4g Z253.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4g1 L226/S168.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4g2 L554.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4h DF21/S192.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1 P314.2/S220.2.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1a L362.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2 Z246/S280.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a DF25/S253.
15 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a1 DF5/S191.
16 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a1a L627.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h3 L720/S299.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h4 S190.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4i L371.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b5 L238/S182.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b6 DF19.
8 R1b1a2a1b L584.
4 R1b1b M335.
4 R1b1c V88.
5 R1b1c1 M18.
5 R1b1c2 V8.
5 R1b1c3 V35.
6 R1b1c3a V7.
5 R1b1c4 V69.
Figure 6. ISOGG 2012 tree of haplogroup R1b. The tree contains 95 subclades.
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Figure 7 (preceding page). A tree diagram constructed on the basis of Figure 6.
Figure 8. A tree of the most relevant mutations of haplogroup R1b according to

Myres et al. 2010 2010. Notice that S116 = P312 and M529 = L21.
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Figure 9. The idealized areas of subclides V88, M73, and M269 and their phylogenetic tree.
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Figure 10. Difference in the geographic concentrations of some R1b mutations in

various parts of Eurasia.
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Figure 11. The family story of R1b.

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Developmen of the brances of the R1b tree

From the poin of view of the emergence of new subclades, following conclusions can
be made on the basis of the ISOGG 2012 tree:
On level two, haplogroup R1b was characterised by mutation M343. The group lived
somewhere in Western Asia and Eastern Europe. I call it the General Group.
On level three, the haplogroup experienced mutation P25.1 but remained practically
unchanged. I keep the name unchanged; I call it still the General Group.
On level four, the General Group (P25.1) experienced two essential mutations: The
southern part of the General Group was influenced by mutation V88 while the main
portion of it was under the influence of mutation P297. I call the former Southern
and the latter Northern. The R1b men of the Southern Group live today (a) in the
Near East (e.g. Lebanon) and on the Mediterranean coast and islands (e.g. Sardinia),
and (b) in Norhern Africa.
On level five, the Southern Group developed into the Mediterranian Group by
mutation M18. The geographic distribution of this group covers today, for example,
Sardinia and Lebanon. The African branch of the Southern Group developed into the
African Group that had at least three subclades: V6, V35, and V69.
On the same level (and therefore simultaneously) the Northern Group was also
split because in the Northeastern part of it occured mutation M73 and in the rest of it
mutation M269. The result was the Northeastern Group to the south of the Ural
Mountains and the Euroasian Group elsewhere.
Figure 12. Frequency zones of M269. Figure 13. Frequency zones of M73.
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Figure 14. M269 by Myres et al. 2010. Figure 15. M73 by Myres et al. 2010.
The development of the subclades of haplogroup R1b continued on the lower levels
as follows:
On levels six and seven, no essential change occured. Euroasian group M269
experienced two successive mutations L23 and L150, and the name of group M269
was changed accordingly: first (on level six) to L23 and then (on level seven) to
L150.
Figure 16. L23. Figure 17. L23 by Myres et al. 2010
Figure 18. Distribution of subclade L23 (without M412).

On level eight, R1b had two subclades, L51/M412 in Western Europe and L584 (=
L23(x412)) in the Kaspian-Uralic region. The two subclades were brothers to each
other and their common father was L23 and grandfather M269.
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Figure 19. M412/L51. Figure 20. M412 by Myres et al. 2010
On level nine, the dominant group L51/M412 developed into L11.
Figure 21. L11. Figure 22. L11 (xU106,S116)
Figure 23. L11 all by Myres et al. 2010. Figure 24. L11(xU106,S116) by Myres et al.
2010.
The total distribution of total subclade L11 on the left and that of L11 without the influence of U106
and S116 on the right.
On the next lower levels ten, eleven, twelve, and thirteen, the most essential
subclades of the R1b are represented by the following tree:
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Figure 25. Levels from ten to thirteen of the SNP mutations of FR1b.
On level eleven, a significant development took place as group L11, which already
had reached Western Europe split into two. The result was (a) L106 in the northern
half of Western Europe and (b) P312 (= S116) in its southern half. I call the
subclades Atlantic South and Atlantic North. Cf. Maps 26 and 27.
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Figure 26. U106/S21 by Myres et al. 2010. The Atlantic North Group.
Figure 27. S116/S312 by Myres et al. 2010.
The Atlantic South Group.
Figure 28. The Atlantic North Group U106/S21 according to Eupedia.
On level twelve subclade P312 (the Atlantic South Group) developed into U152
and L21/M529. The split is seen graphically in the following three Maps.
Figure 29 The split of West European subclade L11 into U106/S21 and P312/S116 or Atlantic
North and Atlantic South.
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Figure 30 The center and essential distribution area of U106/S21 (Atlantic North).
Figure 31 The center and essential distribution area of P312/S116
(Atlantic South).
Subgroup U106/S21 is a brother group of P312/S116 and their father is L11.
On level twelve another relevant split took place: According to ISOGG 2012 subclade P312/S166
(the Atlantic South) split into six subclades: M66, Z196, U152, M529/L21, L238, and DF19. Of
these U152 and L21 were more important than others. I call the former Hallstatt and the latter
Irish. The Hallstatt group stayed largely on the continent while the Irish one moved to the
British Isles; cf. the following Maps.
Figure 32. U152. The Hallstatt Group Figure 33. M529. The Irish Group.
Figure 34. M529(xM222). The Irish group without M222.

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Figure 35. A distribution map of the Hallstatt Group U152/S28 by Eupedia.
The maps above show the geographic regions of development M269 > L51 > L11
and the split of L11 into U106 and P312/S116.
The areas of populations M269, L51, and L11 (and most probably also those of L23
and L150 between L51 and L11) were similar if not identical. They covered entire
Western Europe. The West European area split into two when after L11 there was a
more western subclade in Iberia, France, Ireland and Sardinia, and a more eastern one
in England, Benelux, Germany, and Southern Norway.
Family story of West-European R1b men

To simplify things, there was a man called Michel (M269) who was the forefather of
all the West-European R1b men. Generations later there was a man called Leo (L11)
belonging to the same fatherline. He lived in the area of modern France and had two
sons, Ulf (U106) and Pierre (P312). Ulf moved to the area of Netherlands and Pierre
to the Basque area. Later, Ulfs male descendants spread to the coasts of the North
Sea, and those of Pierre to Iberia, France and Ireland. I call the southern West-
European group (U106) Atlantic South and the northern one Atlantic North.
In the next phase, the center of the Atlantic South subclade P312/S116 developed
into many new subgroups, the most important of them being U152 and L21/M529.
The men of subgroup U152 moved to Switzerland and formed a new group I call
Hallstatt. Subgroup L21/M529 moved to Ireland and formed a group I call Irish.
Later a new subgroup M222 of the Irish subgroup emerged in Northern Ireland. I
call this North-Irish.
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Figure 36. Assumed routes of the subclades of R1b on levels two to ten.
Population U106 n
Austria 22.70% 22
Czech Republic 13.90% 36
Denmark 16.80% 113
Eastern Europe 0.00% 44
England 20.30% 138
France 7.10% 56
Germany 18.70% 332
Ireland 5.90% 102
Italy 3.50% 284
Netherlands 35.10% 94
Poland 8.20% 110
Russia 5.40% 56
Slovenia 3.80% 105
Spain 7.70% 164
Switzerland 13.30% 90
Turkey 0.40% 523
Ukraine 9.40% 32
Figure 37. U106 without U198. Source: the 2007 articles of Myres et al. 2010 and Sims et al.
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Mutation Main area Potential name

M343 Origin: SW Asia; Eurasia+parts of Africa Euroasian-African
M18 Lebanon, Sardinia Libanon-Sardinian
V88 North Africa, Central Sahel Region North African
P297 Eurasia Eurasian
M73 Anatolia, Caucasus, Ural, Hazara East European
M269 Eurasia; center: Bashkiria+Permic Eurasian
L23* Origin: Circum-Uralic+Turkic East European
L23 Europe European
M412 Western Europe West European
L11/P301 Western Europe West European
U106* Norther Poland & Southern England Pomeranian-Devonish
U106 Eastern Rhine river basin East-Germanic?
S116*/P312*
S116/P312 Western Rhine river basin West-Germanic?
U152 Switzerland, Italy, France and Western Poland, Cenral European&Bashkirian
parts of England and Germany; north
Bashkortostan
M126 ?
M160 ?
M529* England+Ireland? English-Irish
M222 Scotland+Ireland Scottish-Irish
M65
M153 Basques&Gascons Basque-Garcon
M167/SRY2627 Basques&Catalanians Basque-Calanian
Figure 38. Areas and suggested names of R1b mutations.
Country R-M269 Sample Source

Wales 92.3% 65 Balaresque et al. (2009)
Basques, Spain 87.1% 116 Balaresque et al. (2009)
Ireland 85.4% 796 Moore et al. (2006)
Spain, Catalonia 81.3% 80 Balaresque et al. (2009)
France, Ile et Vilaine 80.5% 82 Balaresque et al. (2009)
France, Haute-Garonne 78.9% 57 Balaresque et al. (2009)
England, Cornwall 78.1% 64 Balaresque et al. (2009)
France, Loire-Atlantique 77.1% 48 Balaresque et al. (2009)
France, Finistre 76.0% 75 Balaresque et al. (2009)
Basques in France 75.4% 61 Balaresque et al. (2009)
Spain, East Andalucia 72.0% 95 Balaresque et al. (2009)
Spain, Castilla La Mancha 72.0% 63 Balaresque et al. (2009)
France, Vende 68.0% 50 Balaresque et al. (2009)
France, Baie de Somme 62.8% 43 Balaresque et al. (2009)
England, Leicestershire 62.0% 43 Balaresque et al. (2009)
Italy, North-East (Ladin) 60.8% 79 Balaresque et al. (2009)
Spain, Galicia 58.0% 88 Balaresque et al. (2009)
Spain, West Andalucia 55.0% 72 Balaresque et al. (2009)
Portugal, South 46.2% 78 Balaresque et al. (2009)
Italy, North-West 45.0% 99 Balaresque et al. (2009)
Denmark 42.9% 56 Balaresque et al. (2009)
Netherlands 42.0% 84 Balaresque et al. (2009)
Italy, North East 41.8% 67 Battaglia et al. (2008)
Bashkirs, Russia 34.4% 471 Lobov (2009)
Germany, Bavaria 32.3% 80 Balaresque et al. (2009)
Italy, West Sicily 30.3% 122 Di Gaetano et al. (2009)
Poland 22.7% 110 Myres et al. 2010 (2007)
28
Slovenia A 21.3% 75 Battaglia et al. (2008)

Slovenia B 20.6% 70 Balaresque et al. (2009)
Turkey, Central 19.1% 152 Cinniolu et al. (2004)
Albanians in Makedonia 18.8% 64 Battaglia et al. (2008)
Italy, East Sicily 18.4% 114 Di Gaetano et al. (2009)
Crete 17.0% 193 King et al. (2008)
Italy, Sardinia 17.0% 930 Contu et al. (2008)
Iran, North 15.2% 33 Regueiro et al. (2006)
Moldova 14.6% 268 Varzari (2006)
Greece 13.5% 171 King et al. (2008)
Turkey, West 13.5% 163 Cinniolu et al. (2004)
Romania 13.0% 54 Varzari (2006)
Turkey, East 12.0% 208 Cinniolu et al. (2004)
Algeria, Northwest (Oran area) 11.8% 102 Robino et al. (2008)
Russia, Roslavl 11.2% 107 Balanovsky et al. (2008)
Iraq 10.8% 139 Al-Zahery et al. (2003)
Nepal, Newar 10.60% 66 Gayden et al. (2007)
Serbia 10.0% 100 Belaresque et al. (2009)
Tunisia, Tunis 7.2% 139 Adams et al. (2008)
Algeria, Algiers, Tizi Ouzou 6.5% 46 Adams et al. (2008)
Serbs in Bosnia-Herzegovina 6.2% 81 Marjanovic et al. (2005)
Iran, South 6.0% 117 Regueiro et al. (2006)
Russia, Repievka 5.2% 96 Balanovsky et al. (2008)
UAE 3.7% 164 Cadenas et al. (2007)
Bosniaks in Bosnia-Herzegovina 3.5% 85 Marjanovic et al. (2005)
Pakistan 2.8% 176 Sengupta et al. (2006)
Russia, Belgorod 2.8% 143 Balanovsky et al. (2008)
Russia, Ostrov 2.7% 75 Balanovsky et al. (2008)
Russia, Pristen 2.2% 45 Balanovsky et al. (2008)
Croats in Bosnia-Herzegovina 2.2% 90 Marjanovic et al. (2005)
Qatar 1.4% 72 Cadenas et al. (2007)
China 0.8% 128 Sengupta et al. (2006)
India 0.5% 728 Sengupta et al. (2006)
Croatia, Osijek 0.0% 29 Battaglia et al. (2008)
Yemen 0.0% 62 Cadenas et al. (2007)
Tibet 0.0% 156 Gayden et al. (2007)
Nepal, Tamang 0.0% 45 Gayden et al. (2007)
Nepal, Kathmand 0.0% 77 Gayden et al. (2007)
Japan 0.0% 23 Sengupta et al. (2006)
Figure 39. Frequency of M269. Source: Wikipedia.
Population R-V88 R-M269 R-M73 Total% N

Northern Africa 5.2% 0.7% 0.0% 5.9% 691
Central Sahel Region 23.0% 0.0% 0.0% 23.0% 461
Western Africa 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 123
Eastern Africa 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 442
Southern Africa 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 105
Western Europeans 0.0% 57.8% 0.0% 57.8% 465
North western Europeans 0.0% 55.8% 0.0% 55.8% 43
Central Europeans 0.0% 42.9% 0.0% 42.9% 77
North Eastern Europeans 0.0% 1.4% 0.0% 1.4% 74
Russians 0.0% 6.7% 0.0% 6.7% 60
Eastern Europeans 0.0% 20.8% 0.0% 20.8% 149
Balkanians 0.2% 12.9% 0.0% 13.1% 510
Western Asians 0.3% 5.5% 0.0% 5.8% 328
Southern Asians 0.0% 1.7% 3.1% 4.8% 288
South eastern Asians 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 10
North eastern Asians 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 30
Eastern Asians 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% 156
TOTAL
Figure 40. Frequencies of V88, M269, and M73.
29
R- R-U106 R-
Population n
M269 (U198-) U198
Austria 22 27.30% 22.70% 0.00%
Central/South America 33 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Czech Republic 36 27.80% 13.90% 0.00%
Denmark 113 34.50% 16.80% 0.09%
Eastern Europe 44 4.50% 0.00% 0.00%
England 138 57.20% 20.30% 0.14%
France 56 51.80% 7.10% 0.00%
Germany 332 43.10% 18.70% 0.18%
Ireland 102 80.40% 5.90% 0.00%
Italy 284 37.30% 3.50% 0.00%
Jordan 76 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Middle-East 43 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Netherlands 94 54.30% 35.10% 0.21%
Oceania 43 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Oman 29 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Pakistan 177 3.40% 0.00% 0.00%
Palestine 47 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Poland 110 22.70% 8.20% 0.00%
Russia 56 21.40% 5.40% 0.18%
Slovenia 105 17.10% 3.80% 0.00%
Spain 164 42.30% 7.70% 0.00%
Switzerland 90 57.80% 13.30% 0.00%
Turkey 523 14.50% 0.40% 0.00%
Ukraine 32 25.00% 9.40% 0.00%
Figure 41. Frequencies of M269, U106, and U198.
Population n M269 %
Gotland 40 6=15.0%
Uppsala 55 14=25.5%
stergtland/Jnkping 41 13=31.7%
Blekinge/Kristianstad 41 9=22.0%
Skaraborg 45 17=37.8%
Vrmland 42 7=16.7%
Vsterbotten 41 6=14.6%
Sweden as a whole 305 72=23.6%
Swedish Saami 38 3=7.9%
sterbotten 40 1=2.5%
Figure 42. Frequency of subclade M269 (earlier R1b3) of R1b in Sweden. Source: Karlsson et al.
2006.
SNP-mutations and subgroups of R1b in eleven populations

A summary of the SNP-mutations and subgroups is seen in Figure 43.
Legend of the Table:
Leftmost column = mutations.
Level = level of the phylogenetic tree of FTDNA Project. Questionmarks in this
column indicate that the mutation is listed in the results of the FTDNA Project of
indivual areas but not in the overall FTDNA tree. These mutations are usually new
that have not yet been accepted by ISOGG 2012.
+ = number of plusses.
30
No. Level Mutation Fra Ire Sco Wal Ger Hun Pol Rus Nor Swe Fin +
1 2 M434 + + + + + + + + + + + 11
2 3 P25 + + + + + + + + + + + 11
3 4 L320 + + + + + + + + + + + 11
4 5 M73 + - - - - + + - - - - 3
5 5 M269 + + + + + + + + + + + 11
6 6 L23 + + + + + + + + + - - 9
7 7 L150 + + + + + + + + + - - 9
8 8 L51 + + + + + + + - + + + 10
9 9 L11 + + + + + + + - + + + 10
10 10 U106 + + + + + + + - + + + 10
11 11 P107 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
12 11 L6 - + + - - - - - - - - 2
13 11 L217 - - - - - - + - - - - 1
14 11 Z18 + + - + + - - + + + + 8
15 12 L257 + + + - - - + + + - - 6
16 12 L325 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
17 11 Z381 + + + + + - - - - - - 5
18 12 Z156 + + + - + - - - - - - 4
19 13 L1 + + + - + + + - - - - 6
20 13 P89 - - + - + - - - - - - 2
21 12 Z301 - + - + - - + - - - - 3
22 13 U106 + + + - + - + + - - - 6
23 13 L48 + + + + + + + - + - - 8
24 14 L47 + + + + - - + - - - - 5
25 15 L44 - - - + + + + - - - - 4
26 16 L46 - - - - + - - - - - - 1
27 17 L45 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
28 14 Z9 - + + - + - + - + + + 7
29 15 Z2 - + + - - - - - - - - 2
30 16 Z7 - + - - + - + - - - - 3
31 17 Z8 + + + + + - + - - - + 7
32 18 Z1 + + + - + - - - - - - 4
33 Z12 + + - - + - - - - - - 3
34 20 L148 + - - - + - - - + - - 3
35 15 Z326 - - - - + - + - - - - 2
36 16 L188 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
37 14 L200 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
38 10 P312 + + + + + - + - + + + 9
39 11 M65 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
40 11 L196 + + + + + + + - - - - 7
31
41 12 M153 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
42 12 L176 + + + + + + + + + - - 9
43 13 SRY + + + - + + + + + + + 10
44 13 L165 - + + - - - - - - - - 2
45 11 U152 + + + + + + + + + - - 9
46 12 M126 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
47 12 M160 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
48 12 L2 + + + + + + + + + + + 11
49 13 Z367 - - + - + - - - - - - 2
50 14 L20 + + + - - - - - - - - 2
51 15 M228 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
52 14 Z34 - - + - - - - - - - - 1
53 15 Z35 - - + - - - - - - - - 1
54 13 L196 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
55 13 Z49 + - + - - + + - - - - 4
56 14 Z142 + - + - + + - - - - - 4
57 15 L562 - - + - - - - - - - - 1
58 12 Z36 + - + - - + + - - - - 4
59 12 Z56 + + - - + - - - - - - 3
60 13 L4 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
61 13 S47 + - - - + - - - - + - 3
62 13 Z144 + + - - + - - - - - - 3
63 11 L21 + + - + + + + - + + + 9
64 12 M37 - + + - - - - - - - - 2
65 12 M222 + + + + + - - + - - - 6
66 12 M513 - + + + + - - - - - - 4
67 13 P66 - + - - - - - - - - - 1
68 13 L193 + + + - + - - - - - - 4
69 13 L705 + + - + - - - - - - - 3
70 12 L96 + + - - - - - - - - - 2
71 12 L144 - + - + - - - - - - - 2
72 12 L159 + + + - + - - + + - - 6
73 12 Z253 + + + - + - - + + - - 6
74 13 L226 + + + - - - - - - - - 3
75 13 L554 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
76 12 DF21 + + + + - - - + - - - 5
77 13 P314 + + + - + - - + + - - 6
78 14 L362 - + + - - - - - - - - 2
79 13 Z246 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
80 14 DF25 - + - - - - - - - - - 1
81 15 DF5 + + + + - - - + - - - 5
82 16 L627 - + - - - - - - - - - 1
32
83 13 L720 - - + - - - - - - - - 1
84 13 S190 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
85 12 L371 - + + + - - - - - - - 3
86 11 L238 - - - - + - - - + - - 2
87 11 DF19 + + + - + - + - + - - 6
88 8 L584 - - - - - - + - - - - 1
89 4 M335 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
90 4 V88 - + + - - - + - - - - 3
91 5 M18 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
92 5 V8 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
93 5 V35 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
94 6 V7 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
95 5 V69 - - - - - - - - - - - 0
Tot 46 56 52 29 45 22 34 19 25 14 14
Figure 43. Distribution of 95 mutations in eleven European populations.
33
Level Mutation Fra Ire Sco Wal Ger Hun Pol Rus Nor Swe Fin
? Z245 + + + + + - - - - - -
? Z248 + + + + - - - + - - -
? DF23 + + + + - - - - - - -
? L69 + + + - - - - - - - -
? Z5 + + - - - - + - - - -
? P238 + + - - - - - - - - -
? Z11 + + - - - - - - - - -
? L744 - + + + - - - - - - -
? M9 - + + - - - - - - - -
? P241 - + + - - - - - - - -
? P245 - + + - - - - - - - -
? P27 - + + - - - - - - - -
? L457 - + - - - - - - + - -
? L552 + - - - - - - - - - -
? L553 + - - - - - - - - - -
? L628 + - - - - - - - - - -
? M306 + - - - - - - - - - -
? P224 + - - - - - - - - - -
? P227 + - - - - - - - - - -
? P229 + - - - - - - - - - -
? P232 + - - - - - - - - - -
? P280 + - - - - - - - - - -
? P285 + - - - - - - - - - -
? L344 - - - + - - - - - - -
? L346 - - - + - - - - - - -
? L564 - - - + - - - - - - -
? L319.1 - + - - - - - - - - -
? L625 - + - - - - - - - - -
? L626 - + - - - - - - - - -
? L706.2 - + - + - - - - - - -
? P459 - + - - - - - - - - -
? L557 - - + - - - - - - - -
? L561 - - + - - - - - - - -
? L567 - - + - - - - - - - -
? L58 - - + - - - - - - - -
? L643 - - + - - - - - - - -
? L644 - - + - - - - - - - -
? L405 - - - - + - - - - - -
? Z209 - - - - + - - - - - -
? L583 - - - - - - + - - - -
Tot 16 18 15 8 3 0 2 1 1 0 0
Fra Ire Sco Wal Ger Hun Pol Rus Nor Swe Fin
Figure 44. Statistics on the mutations occuring in the FTDNA but not in the ISOGG tree 2012. The
levels of these are unknown because the mutations are not listed in the ISOGG tree 2012. The
number of these subclades is 40.
34
Sum of the two Tables (ISOGG+ and ISOGG-)

ISOGG+ 46 56 52 29 46 22 34 19 25 14 14
ISOGG- 16 18 15 8 3 0 2 1 1 0 0
Total 62 74 67 37 49 22 36 20 26 14 14
Figure 45. Combination of the preceding two Tables (ISOGG+ and ISOGG-).
Figure 46. The number of R1b subclades in various parts of Europe.

35
R1b trees of some European populations

The following Tables consist of SNP mutations and subclades of eleven European
populations arranged in the form of phylogenetic trees: (1) France, (2) Ireland, (3)
Scotland, (4) Wales, (5) Germany, (6) Hungary, (7) Poland, (8) Russia, (9) Norway,
(10) Sweden, and (11) Finland. They are based on the material of ISOGG 2012.
(1) R1b tree of France

2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a1 M73, M478.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17. I
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a4 Z18, Z19.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a4a L257/S186.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a5 Z381.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a5a Z156.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a1 L1/S26.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b1 M467/S29/U198.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2 L48/S162.
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a L47/S170.
19 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a1 Z12.
20 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a1a L148/S173.
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b3c1a L20/S144.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c2 L196.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3 Z49.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3a Z142.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3d Z36.
36
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3e Z56.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3e2 S47.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3e3 Z144, Z145, Z146.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4c DF1/L513/S215.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c2 L193/S176.I
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c3 L705.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4d L96.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4f L159.2/S169.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4g Z253.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4g1 L226/S168.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4h DF21/S192.I
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1 P314.2/S220.2.I
15 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a1 DF5/S191.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b6 DF19.I
Figure 47. The R1b tree of France.
37
(2) R1b tree of Ireland

2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a2 L6.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a4 Z18, Z19.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a4a L257/S186.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a5 Z381.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a5a Z156.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a1 L1/S26.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a5b Z301.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b1 M467/S29/U198.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2 L48/S162
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a L47/S170.
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1 Z2.
19 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a1 Z12.
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b2b2 L165/S68.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b3c1a L20/S144.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c2 L196.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3e Z56.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3e3 Z144, Z145, Z146.
38
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.

12 R1b1a2a1a1b4a (M37).
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4c DF1/L513/S215.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c1 P66_1, P66_2, P66_3.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c2 L193/S176.I
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c3 L705.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4e L144/S175, L195.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4f L159.2/S169.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4g Z253.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4g1 L226/S168.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4h DF21/S192.I
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1 P314.2/S220.2.I
14 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1a L362.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a DF25/S253.
15 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a1 DF5/S191.
16 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a1a L627.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4i L371.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b6 DF19.
4 R1b1c V88.
55 mutations
Figure 48. The R1b tree of Ireland.
39
(3) R1b tree of Scotland

White lines = Sco+, Ire -. = typically Scottish.
2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a2 L6.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a4a L257/S186.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a5 Z381.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a5a Z156.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a1 L1/S26.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a2 P89.2.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b1 M467/S29/U198.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2 L48/S162
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a L47/S170.
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1 Z2.
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b2b2 L165/S68.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c1 Z367.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b3c1a L20/S144.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b3c1b Z34.
15 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3a1 L562.
15 R1b1a2a1a1b3c1b1 Z35.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c2 L196.
40
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3 Z49.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3a Z142.
15 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3a1 L562.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3d Z36.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4a M37.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4c DF1/L513/S215.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c2 L193/S176.I
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4f L159.2/S169.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4g Z253.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4g1 L226/S168.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4h DF21/S192.I
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1 P314.2/S220.2.I
14 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1a L362.
15 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a1 DF5/S191.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h3 L720/S299.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4i L371.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b6 DF19.
4 R1b1c V88.
Figure 49. The R1b tree of Scotland.
41
(4) R1b tree of Wales

2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a4 Z18, Z19.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a5 Z381.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a5b Z301.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2 L48/S162
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a L47/S170.
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a1 L44/S171, L163.
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c2 L196.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4c DF1/L513/S215.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c3 L705.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4e L144/S175, L195.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4h DF21/S192.I
15 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a1 DF5/S191.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4i L371.
In additon mutations not included in ISOGG 2012:
Z245
Z248
DF23
L744/745/746
L344
L346
L564
L706.2
Figure 50. The R1b tree of Wales.
42
(5) R1b tree of Germany

2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a4 Z18, Z19.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a5 Z381.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a5a Z156.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a1 L1/S26.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a2 P89.2.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b1 M467/S29/U198.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2 L48/S162
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a1 L44/S171, L163.
16 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a1a (L46/S172).
19 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a1 Z12.
20 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a1a L148/S173.
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b2 Z326.
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116..
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c1 Z367.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c2 L196.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3a Z142.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3e Z56.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3e2 S47.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3e3 Z144, Z145, Z146.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4c DF1/L513/S215.
43
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c2 L193/S176.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4f L159.2/S169.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4g Z253.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1 P314.2/S220.2.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b5 L238/S182.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b6 DF19.
Figure 51. The R1b tree of Germany (actually the German-speaking area).
44
(6) R1b tree of Hungary

2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a1 M73, M478.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a1 L1/S26.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2 L48/S162
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a1 L44/S171, L163.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b2 Z196.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3 Z49.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3a Z142.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3d Z36.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.
Figure 52. The R1b tree of Hungary.
45
(7) R1b tree of Poland

2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a1 M73, M478.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a3 L217.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a4a L257/S186.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a1 L1/S26.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a5b Z301.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b1 M467/S29/U198.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2 L48/S162
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a L47/S170.
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a1 L44/S171, L163.
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b2 (Z326).
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c2 L196.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3 Z49.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3d Z36.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b6 DF19.
8 R1b1a2a1b (L584). S (6kpl??),
4 R1b1c V88.
Figure 53. The R1b tree of Poland.
46
(8) R1b tree Russia

2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a4 Z18, Z19.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a4a L257/S186.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b1 M467/S29/U198.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4f L159.2/S169.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4g Z253.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4h DF21/S192.I
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1 P314.2/S220.2.
15 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a1 DF5/S191.
Russia: 20 subclades.
Figure 54. The R1b tree of Russia.
47
(9) R1b tree of Norway

2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a4 Z18, Z19.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a4a L257/S186.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2 L48/S162
20 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a1a L148/S173.
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4f L159.2/S169.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4g Z253.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1 P314.2/S220.2.I
11 R1b1a2a1a1b5 L238/S182.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b6 DF19.
Figure 55. The R1b tree of Norway.
48
(10) R1b tree of Sweden

2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a4 Z18, Z19.
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3e2 S47.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.
Figure 56. The R1b tree of Sweden.
49
(11) R1b tree of Finland

2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a4 Z18, Z19.
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.
Figure 57. The R1b tree of Finland.
50
xxxxx 44+17 38+23 25+27 37+15 20+30 25+32 20+28 23+27 14+35 12+38 Fra
xxxxx 48+17 30+26 36+25 16+45 27+35 20+35 23+34 14+42 14+42 Ire
xxxxx 24+35 23+33 17+41 26+33 18+37 21+37 12+44 12+43 Sco
xxxxx 22+27 16+18 20+23 14+21 16+22 12+20 13+17 Wal
xxxxx 18+31 23+31 16+33 23+23 15+30 14+31 Ger
xxxxx 14+15 11+20 15+17 11+15 10+16 Hun
xxxxx 13+29 19+21 13+23 13+22 Pol
xxxxx 16+13 9+17 8+17 Rus
xxxxx 19+8 13+13 Nor
xxxxx 13+2 Swe
xxxxx Fin
Figure 58. Table Close relatives (9-11). Number of identical mutations + Number of different
mutations.
Close relatives: Fra+Ire, Fra+Sco, Fra+Ger, Ire+Sco, Ire+Wal, Ire+Ger, (Nor+Ger), Nor+Rus,
Nor+Swe, (Nor+Fin), Swe+Fin.
The two figures connected by a plus denote the number of same and different subclades of R1b.
For example, 44+17 in the leftmost slot shows that France and Ireland have 44 idendital subclades
and 17 different ones. If the number of identical subgroups is bigger than or equal to the number of
different subgroups, I call the two populations closely related. But if the number of different
subclades if bigger than that of identical ones, I call them remote. The closely related
populations are green in the Table. See also the Map showing their approximate locations.
51
Figure 59. Number of identical subclades in some pairs of populations of R1b in various areas of
Europe. The subclades of R1b form three areas that can be called close relatives:
(1) Western Europe (the British Isles, France and Germany),
(2) Northern Europe (Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia), and
(3) Central Europe (Poland and Hungary).
52
xxxxx 72% 62% 48% 71% 40% 44% 42% 46% 29% 30% Fra
xxxxx 74% 54% 59% 26% 44% 36% 40% 25% 25% Ire
xxxxx 41% 41% 29% 44% 32% 36% 33% 22% Sco
xxxxx 45% 47% 47% 40% 42% 38% 43% Wal
xxxxx 37% 43% 33% 50% 33% 32% Ger
xxxxx 48% 35% 36% 42% 38% Hun
xxxxx 31% 48% 36% 37% Pol
xxxxx 55% 35% 32% Rus
xxxxx 70% 50% Nor
xxxxx 67% Swe
xxxxx Fin
Figure 60. Sameness percentage between pairs of populations.
53
xxxxx 28% 38% 52% 29% 60% 56% 58% 54% 71% 70% Fra
xxxxx 26% 46% 41% 74% 56% 64% 60% 75% 75% Ire
xxxxx 59% 59% 71% 56% 68% 64% 67% 78% Sco
xxxxx 55% 53% 53% 60% 58% 62% 57% Wal
xxxxx 63% 57% 67% 50% 67% 68% Ger
xxxxx 52% 65% 64% 58% 62% Hun
xxxxx 69% 52% 64% 63% Pol
xxxxx 45% 65% 68% Rus
xxxxx 30% 50% Nor
xxxxx 33% Swe
xxxxx Fin
Figure 61. Difference percentage between populations. Red = far from each other (different
subclades 60% or more).
54
Figure 62. Percentage of identical subclades. Critical percentage 47 %.

55
Figure 63. Percentage of different subclades. Critical percentage 60 %.

No red line:
a) between Ir+Sc+Wa+Fr+Ge+Po
b) between No+Sw+Fi
c) between Po+Hu
d) between No+Ru
e) between No+Ge+Po
56
Figure 64. Five groups of related subgroups.

57
Figure 65. Map of the percentage of identical subclades.

The bridge between West-European and North-European R1b lies between Germany and
Norway, and that between Nort-European and Central-Euopean R1b between Poland and Norway.
According to this, R1b may have moved mainly from Germany and Poland to Scandinavia.
58
The following Tables contain information about the number of different subclades. For example,
the first line Fra 7 16 Ire shows that there are 7+16 = 23 different subclades between France and
Ireland and that 7 of these occur in France and 16 in Ireland. I call the populations with higher
number of different subclades (in this case Ireland) more varied and the the other one (in this case
France) less varied.
Fra 7 16 Ire Ire 7 10 Sco Sco 32 3 Wal
Fra 10 13 Sco Ire 25 1 Wal Sco 20 13 Ger
Fra 23 4 Wal Ire 16 9 Ger Sco 36 5 Hun
Fra 11 4 Ger Ire 39 6 Hun Sco 26 7 Pol
Fra 28 2 Hun Ire 28 7 Pol Sco 35 2 Rus
Fra 23 9 Pol Ire 35 0 Rus Sco 34 3 Nor
Fra 28 0 Rus Ire 32 2 Nor Sco 42 2 Swe
Fra 25 2 Nor Ire 41 1 Swe Sco 41 2 Fin
Fra 34 1 Swe Ire 42 0 Fin
Fra 36 2 Fin
Wal 7 20 Ger Ger 27 4 Hun Hun 1 14 Pol

Wal 13 5 Hun Ger 20 11 Pol Hun 11 9 Rus
Wal 9 14 Pol Ger 29 4 Rus Hun 7 10 Nor
Wal 15 6 Rus Ger 22 1 Nor Hun 11 4 Swe
Wal 13 9 Nor Ger 30 0 Swe Hun 12 4 Fin
Wal 17 3 Swe Ger 31 0 Fin
Wal 16 1 Fin
Pol 21 8 Rus Rus 4 9 Nor Nor 7 1 Swe

Pol 15 6 Nor Rus 11 6 Swe Nor 12 1 Fin
Pol 21 2 Swe Rus 12 5 Fin
Pol 21 1 Fin
Swe 1 1 Fin
Figure 66. The Number of different subclades between pairs of populations.
59
Figure 67. The number of the subclades of R1b in various parts of Europe.
In respect to the number of the subclades of Haplogroup R1b, Europe seems to be

divided into three zones: (A) In the Western zone (Ireland, Scotland, and France) the
number of R1b subclades is 50-60. (B) In the Central zone (Wales, Benelux,
Germany, and Poland) it is 34-44. (C) In the Eastern zone (Norway, Sweden, Finland,
Russia, and Hungary) it is 15-28. The number of subclades refelect the total
frequency of R1b: the higher the total frequency of R1b the larger the number of
subclades.
60
Figure 68. The number of levels or the depth of the phylogenetic R1b tree in various parts of
Europe. The number of levels in the phylogenetic tree varies from thirteen to twenty. (A) The
number of levels is highest in Norway, Benelux, and France. (B) Next comes Ireland, Scotland,
Wales, Poland, and Germany. (C) The lowest number of levels is in Sweden, Finland, Russia, and
Hungary.
61
Tables and maps of the STR modals of European R1b

populations
In the second part of this presentation I deal with haplogroup R1b from the point of
view of the haplotypes based on the Short Tandem Repeat (STR) information given in
the FTDNA tables of Family Tree DNA Project (FTDNA) as they were in May 2012.
My material consists of twenty-five European populations. The main question is:
What conclusions are possible about the genetic relationships and origins of the
European populations?
My primary concern are the Modal Types of STR types of twenty-five populations,
and I deal with these in two types of Tables. In one type I present the modal values
for one hundred and eleven loci or markers in the populations; in the other type I give
the frequencies of occurrence for the alleles of the markers of the modal types of
each population. In many cases I make the relevant facts of the Tables graphic by
using histograms and maps with geographic distributions.
Unfortunately, the material is not completely reliable in all respects:
(1) All the cliants (informants) of the various national FTDNA projects do not
necessarily represent only the members of that nation (population), because some
people may have ordered their DNA-analysis from a national project that is not (from
the genetic poin of view) their own. In my results, for example, the informants
classified as Polish, are those that have ordered their Y-chromosome analysis from
the Polish DNA Project regardless of the given home place of their forfather.
(2) In some cases, the information on individual populations is based on so few
indivuduals that the figures are statistically unreliable. The too restricted material is
particularly evident in cases of Panel 5 (markers 69-111) for which the cliants of
FTDND Project have often saved money and ordered only more restricted and
cheaper panels like Panel 1 (markers 1-12) and Panel 2 (markers 13-25) without a
more detailed analysis of Panel 3 (markers 26-37), Panel 4 (markers 38-67) and
particularly Panel 5 (markers 68-111).
(3) The results are somewhat biased also because the intrest in various populations in
geneaological study (searching of ones genetic roots) varies considerably. Another
facter influencing the sizes of populations is, regrettably, the amount of money the
representatives of various populations have had available for this purpose. The
representation of wealthier people is higher than that of less wealthy ones.
I go through the material in the order of FTDNA Panels 1 5.

62
Panel> 1 (1-12) 2 (13-25) 3(26-37) 4(38-67) 5(68-111)

DYS> 393-389ii 458-464d 460-438 531-565 710-435
1 France 1042 750 668 345 50
2 Benelux 164 135 128 89 15
3 Ireland 3019 2453 2231 1343 294
4 Scotland 2791 2532 2401 1267 276
5 Wales 325 294 270 169 32
6 Germany 1206 993 944 539 54
7 Poland 233 208 197 113 16
8 Basques 125 81 77 44 3
9 Spain 210 153 142 75 6
10 Portugal 115 65 56 31 4
11 Flanders-Fle 86 58 52 30 4
12 Switzerland 66 59 56 33 7
13 Italy 194 143 129 62 6
14 Czech 80 46 40 20 5
15 Slovakia 17 13 11 7 1
16 Hungary 56 51 51 6 1
17 Romania 16 9 6 6 2
18 Lithuania 20 19 17 11 3
19 Latvia 10 9 8 4 1
20 Ukraine 16 16 14 9 2
21 Russia 36 32 30 21 4
22 Denmark 97 71 65 43 7
23 Sweden 59 53 49 37 6
24 Norway 95 74 74 50 2
25 Finland 85 78 75 58 3
Table 0. Approximate numbers of participants in the Tables. The FTDNA Project contains five
Panels, and each Panel consists of a different number of markers. For example, the number of
markers in Panel 1 is twelve and that of Panel 5 is 68-111. The number of participants (men who
have had their DNA tested by the FTDNA laboratory) varies in the Panels because people have
ordered different numbers of markers to be analysed. The number of participants is quite low for
some populations particularly in Panels 4 and 5. This should be kept in mind when reading the
Tables.
63
Legends for the Tables

The Tables are of two types: Panel Tables amd Frequency Tables; see, for example, Table
Panel 1 and Table 1-393 below. The former consist of the alleles of the modal types of populations
or countries; the latter of the frequencies of the alleles of some critical loci of the Y-chromosome.
In the Panel Tables,
(1) The critical loci are shown as brown cells.
(2) The Modal (the most frequent) values of all the populations or a European Model are marked
green in the upper part of each Panel Table,
(3) Red colour, underlining and boldface of the figures in the Panel Tables shows that the value
deviates from the modal value.
(4) Black shows that the value is identical with the modal value.
(5) Two or more figures in one cell designate that the frequencies of these alleles are equal.
In the Frequency Tables,
(1) The most frequent alleles are marked red.
(2) The ones second in frequency are marked green.
(3) All other alleles are marked black.
Germany in the Tables refers to the German language area, not to the German State.
64
(1) Panel 1: Markers 1-12

Introduction
If only markers 1 to 12 are considered, the modal types of European R1b-men form a homogeneous
group. The modals of the twenty five populations are identical; cf. Table 1. It is, therefore, useless
to try, for example, to explain the genetic relations and migrations of European R1b-populations on
the basis of the alleles of the modal types based on the twelve-marker panel. The panel can be
used, of course, for family studies, but for a study of the relationships of popultions it is too
restricted. The modal values of the twenty-five populations included in this study are as follows:
No> 1 2 3 4 5-6 7 8 9 10 11 12
DYS> 393 390 19 391 385a,b 426 388 439 389i 392 389ii
Allele 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29
Also the frequencies of the alleles of the twelve markers in the modals of the twenty-five
populations are similar; cf. Tables 1-393, 1-390, 1-19, 1-391, 1-426, 1-388, 1-439, 1-389i, 1-392,
and 1- 389ii, and the histograms of the equivalent Figures 1-393, 1-390, 1-19, 1-391, 1-426, 1-388,
1-439, 1-389i, 1-392, and 1- 389ii. The only exceptions in this respect are Romania and Latvia:
DYS390 has equally frequent alleles 23 an 24 in Romania and DYS392 has equally frequent alleles
13 and 14 in Latvia. Both populations are, however, represented by a very low number of
informants (16 in Romania and 10 in Latvia).
65
Panel 1 (1-12)
No> 1 2 3 4 5-6 7 8 9 10 11 12
DYS> 393 390 19 391 385a,b 426 388 439 389i 392 389ii Total
0 Modal 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29
1 France 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 1042
2 Benelux 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 164
3 Ireland 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 3019
4 Scotland 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 2791
5 Wales 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 325
6 Germany 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 1206
7 Poland 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 233
8 Basques 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 125
9 Spain 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 210
10 Portugal 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 115
11 Flanders-Fl 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 86
12 Switzerland 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 66
13 Italy 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 194
14 Czech 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 80
15 Slovakia 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 17
16 Hungary 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 56
17 Romania 13 23,24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 16
18 Lithuania 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 20
19 Latvia 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13,14 29 10
20 Ukraine 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 16
21 Russia 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 36
22 Denmark 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 97
23 Sweden 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 59
24 Norway 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 95
25 Finland 13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29 85
Table Panel 1. Alleles of the markers of Panel 1 in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.
66
Marker 1: DYS393
DYS393 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total
1 France 1 1 60 907 71 2 1042
0.1% 0.1% 6.0% 87.0% 6.8% 0.2% 100.2%
2 Benelux - - 4 152 8 - 164
- - 2.4% 92.7% 4.9% - 100.0%
3 Ireland - 1 90 3290 132 8 3521
- 0.0% 2.6% 93.4 3.7% 0.2% 99.9%
4 Scotland - - 99 2564 122 6 2791
- - 3.5% 91.9% 4.4% 0.2% 100.0%
5 Wales - 1 7 300 16 1 325
- 0.3% 2.2% 92.3% 4.9% 0.3% 100.0%
6 Germany 62 1062 82 - 1206
5.1% 88.1% 6.8% 100.0%
7 Poland - - 53 168 11 1 233
- - 22.8% 72.1% 4.7% 0.4% 100.0
8 Basque - - 5 113 11 - 129
- - 3.9% 87.6% 8.5% - 100.0%
9 Spain - - 11 183 14 2 208
- - 5.3% 88.0% 6.7% 1.0% 100.0%
10 Portugal - - 3 106 6 - 115
- - 2.6% 92.2% 5.2% - 100.0%
11 Flanders - - 5 80 1 - 86
- - 5.8% 93.0% 1.2% - 100.0%
12 Switzerland - - 2 61 3 - 66
- - 3.0% 92.4% 4.5% - 99.9%
13 Italy - 1 39 145 12 1 194
- 0.5% 20.1% 74.7% 6.2% 0.5% 100.0%
14 Czech - - 15 56 9 - 80
- - 18.8% 70.0% 11.3% - 100.1%
15 Slovakia - - 3 14 - - 17
- - 17.6% 82.4% - - 100.0%
16 Hungary - - 11 39 5 1 56
- - 19.6% 69.6% 8.9% 1.8% 99.9%
17 Romania - - 2 13 1 - 16
- - 12.5% 81.2% 6.3% - 100.0%
18 Lithuania - - 3 17 - - 20
- - 15.0% 85.0% - - 100.0%
19 Latvia - - 1 9 - - 10
- - 10.0% 90.0% - - 100.0%
20 Ukraine - - 3 14 - - 17
- - 17.6% 82.4% - - 100.0%
21 Russia - - 13 23 - - 36
- - 36.1% 63.9% - - 100.0%
22 Denmark 1 - 4 87 5 - 97
1.0% - 4.1% 90.0% 5.2% - 100.3%
23 Sweden - - 2 56 1 - 59
- - 3.4% 94.9% 1.7% - 100.0%
24 Norway - - 6 85 4 - 95
- - 6.3% 89.5% 4.2% - 100.0%
25 Finland - - 1 84 - - 85
- - 1.2% 98.9% - - 100.1%
Total 0.0% 0.0% 9.9% 85.7% 4.2% 0.2% 100.0%
Table 1-393. Frequencies of the alleles of DYS393 in twenty-five European populations.
67
Histogram DYS393.
West
DYS393 12 13 14 Total
France 6.0% 87.0% 6.8% 1042
Benelux 2.4% 92.7% 4.9% 164
Ireland 2.6% 93.4% 3.7% 3521
Scotland 3.5% 91.9% 4.4% 2791
Wales 2.2% 92.3% 4.9% 325
Germany 5.1% 88.1% 6.8% 1206
Basque 3.9% 87.6% 8.5% 129
Spain 5.3% 88.0% 6.7% 208
Portugal 2.6% 92.2% 5.2% 115
Switzerland 3.0% 92.4% 4.5% 66
Denmark 4.1% 90.0% 5.2% 97
West total 3.7% 90.5% 5.6%
East
DYS393 12 13 14 Total
Poland 22.8% 72.1% 4.7% 233
Flanders 5.8% 93.0% 1.2% 86
Italy 20.1% 74.7% 6.2% 194
Czech 18.8% 70.0% 11.3% 80
Slovakia 17.6% 82.4% - 17
Hungary 19.6% 69.6% 8.9% 56
Romania 12.5% 81.2% 6.3% 16
Lithuania 15.0% 85.0% - 20
Latvia 10.0% 90.0% - 10
Ukraine 17.6% 82.4% - 17
Russia 36.1% 63.9% - 36
Sweden 3.4% 94.9% 1.7% 59
Norway 6.3% 89.5% 4.2% 95
Finland 1.2% 98.9% - 85
East total 14.8% 82.0% 3.2%
Table West and East of DYS393. Red = most frequent allele; blue and green = second in frequency.
68
Histogram DYS393 West. Histogram DYS393 East.
Map DYS393 second in frequency.

The most frequent allele of DYS393 is 13 in all parts of Europe, and its frequency
range varies from about 70% to about 98 %; cf. Table 1-393. The allele second in
frequency shows, however, some correlation with geography: Allele DYS393=12
has higher values (15-36 %) in Eastern Europe (Poland, Czech, Slovakia, Hungary,
Romania, Lithuania, Latvia, the Ukraine, and Russia), as well as Italy. And its values
are considerably lower (1-6 %) elsewhere. Conversely, allele DYS393=14 has
slightly higher values in Western Europe (average 5.6%) than Eastern Europe
(average 3.2%); cf. Tables 393 West and DYS 393 East. As seen graphically in
Histograms DYS393 West and DYS393 East, the differences in this respect are
small. In summary, the DYS393 differences are geographically regular but
genetically small.
69
Marker 2: DYS390
DYS390 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Total
1 France - 1 7 195 671 157 11 - 1042
- 0.1% 0.7% 18.7% 64.4% 15.1% 1.1% - 100.1%
2 Benelux - - 3 59 88 12 2 - 164
- - 1.8% 36.0% 53.7% 7.3% 1.2% - 100.0%
3 Ireland - 2 38 285 2068 1047 67 7 3514
- 0.0% 1.1% 8.1% 58.9% 29.8% 1.9% 0.2% 100.0%
4 Scotland - 1 31 449 1763 518 29 - 2791
- 0.0% 1.1% 16.1% 63.2% 18.6% 1.0% - 100.0%
5 Wales - 1 1 49 220 52 2 - 325
- 0.3% 0.3% 15.1% 67.7% 16.0% 0.6% - 100.0%
6 Germany - - 14 216 760 203 13 - 1206
- 1.2% 17.9% 63.0% 16.8% 1.1% 100.0%
7 Poland - 1 6 70 128 26 2 - 233
- 0.4% 2.3% 30.0% 54.9% 11.2% 0.9% - 99.7%
8 Basques - - 1 21 92 15 - - 129
- - 0.8% 16.3% 71.3% 11.6% - - 100.0%
9 Spain - - 4 26 145 33 1 1 210
- - 1.9% 12.4% 69.0% 15.7% 0.5% 0.5% 100.0%
10 Portugal - - 1 20 80 14 - - 115
- 0.9% 17.4% 69.6% 12.2% - - 100.1%
11 Flanders - - - 20 60 5 1 - 86
- - - 23.3% 69.8% 5.8% 1.2% - 100.1%
12 Switzerland - - - 19 44 3 - - 66
- - 28.8% 66.7% 4.5% - - 100.0%
13 Italy - 1 2 25 137 25 4 - 194
- 0.5% 1.0% 12.9% 70.6% 12.9% 2.1% - 100.0%
14 Czech - - 1 19 45 14 1 - 80
- - 1.3% 23.8% 56.3% 17.5% 1.3% - 100.2%
15 Slovakia - - - 2 11 4 - - 17
- - - 11.8% 64.7% 23.5% - - 100.0%
16 Hungary - - 1 14 37 4 - - 56
- - 1.8% 25.0% 66.1% 7.1% - - 100.0%
17 Romania - - - 8 8 - - - 16
- - - 50.0% 50.0% - - - 100.0%
18 Lithuania - - - 3 14 3 - - 20
- - - 15.0% 70.0% 15.0% - - 100.0%
19 Latvia - - - 1 8 1 - - 10
- - - 10.0% 80.0% 10.0% - - 100.0%
20 Ukraine - - - 3 10 3 - - 16
- - - 18.8% 62.5% 18.8% - - 100.1%
21 Russia 1 1 1 7 22 3 - - 36
2.7% 2.7% 2.7% 19.4% 61.1% 8.3% - - 99.9%
22 Denmark - - 4 27 62 4 - - 97
- - 4.1% 28.4% 63.9% 4.1% - - 100.0%
23 Sweden - - - 11 43 5 - - 59
- - - 18.6% 72.9% 8.5% - - 100.0%
24 Norway - - 1 23 61 10 - - 95
- - 1.1% 24.2% 64.2% 10.5% - - 100.0%
25 Finland - - - 26 43 16 - - 85
- - - 30.6% 50.6% 18.8% - - 100.0%
Total 0.1% 0.2% 1.0% 21.1% 64.2% 12.8% 0.5% 0.0% 99.9%
Table 1-390. Frequencies of alleles at DYS390 in twenty-five European populations.
70
Histogram DYS390.
71
Marker 3: DYS19
DYS19 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 Total
1 France - 1 32 907 90 12 - 1042
- 0.1% 3.0% 87.0% 8.6% 1.2% - 99.9%
2 Benelux - - 3 144 14 2 1 164
- - 1.8% 87.8% 8.5% 1.2% 0.6% 99.9%
3 Ireland - 5 30 3199 274 10 1 3519
- 0.1% 0.9% 90.9% 7.8% 0.3% 0.0% 100.0%
4 Scotland - 2 24 2530 226 7 1 2791
- 0.1% 0.9% 90.6% 8.1% 0.3% 0.0% 100.0%
5 Wales - - 4 289 28 1 3 325
- - 1.2% 88.9% 8.6% 0.3% 0.9% 99.9%
6 Germany - 2 10 976 187 26 5 1206
- 0.1% 3.1% 87.0%% 8.6% 1.2% - 100.0%
7 Poland - - 5 207 19 2 - 233
- - 2.1% 88.8% 8.2% 0.8% - 99.9%
8 Basque - - 2 122 5 - - 129
- - 1.6% 94.6% 3.9% - - 100.1%
9 Spain - - 3 167 28 9 2 209
- - 1.4% 79.9% 13.4% 4.3% 1.0 100.0%
10 Portugal - 1 1 91 22 - - 115
- 0.9% 0.9% 79.1% 19.1% - - 100.0%
11 Flanders - - 2 75 8 1 - 86
- - 2.3% 87.2% 9.3% 1.2% - 100.0%
12 Switzerland - - 1 57 8 - - 66
- - 1.5% 86.4% 12.1% - - 100.0%
13 Italy 1 - 10 153 26 4 - 194
0.5% - 5.1% 78.9% 13.4% 2.1% - 100.0%
14 Czech - - 1 67 8 2 2 80
- - 1.3% 83.8% 10.0% 2.5% 2.5% 100.1%
15 Slovakia - - 1 12 4 - - 17
- - 5.9% 70.6% 23.5% - - 100.0%
16 Hungary - - 2 49 4 1 - 56
- - 3.6% 87.5% 7.1% 1.8% - 100.0%
17 Romania - - 1 12 2 1 - 16
- - 6.3% 75.0% 12.3% 6.3% - 99.9%
18 Lithuania - - 2 17 1 - - 20
- - 10.0% 85.0% 5.0% - - 100.0%
19 Latvia - - - 9 1 - - 10
- - - 90.0% 10.0% - - 100.0%
20 Ukraine - - - 15 1 - - 16
- - - 93.8% 6.3% - - 100.1%
21 Russia - - - 31 4 - 1 36
- - - 86.1% 11.1% - 2.8% 100.0%
22 Denmark - - 4 79 12 2 - 97
- - 4.1% 81.4% 12.3% 2.1% - 99.9%
23 Sweden - - 2 52 5 - - 59
- - 3.4% 88.1% 8.5% - - 100.0%
24 Norway - - - 79 12 3 1 95
- - 83.2% 12.7% 3.2% 1.1% 100.2%
25 Finland - - - 76 8 1 - 85
- - 89.4% 9,4% 1.2% - 100.0%
Total 0.0% 0.1% 2.4% 85.6% 10.3% 1.2% 0.4% 100.0%
72
Histogram DYS19.
73
(4) Marker 4: 391
DYS391 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total
1 France - - 1 309 691 50 1 1042
- - 0.1% 29.7% 66.3% 4.8% 0.1% 100.0%
2 Benelux - - 2 44 110 8 - 164
- - 1.2% 26.8% 67.1% 4.9% - 100.0%
3 Ireland 1 1 14 1018 2374 108 7 3523
0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 28.9% 67.4% 3.1% 0.2% 100.0%
4 Scotland - 3 3 996 1700 86 3 2791
- 0.1% 0.1% 35.7% 60.9% 3.1% 0.1% 100.0%
5 Wales - - - 78 234 10 2 324
- - - 24.1% 72.2% 3.1% 0.6% 100.0%
6 Germany - - 1 389 779 35 2 1206
- - 0.1% 32.2% 64.6% 2.9% 0.2% 100.0%
7 Poland - - - 90 134 8 1 233
- - - 38.6% 57.5% 3.4% 0.4% 99.9%
8 Basque - - - 47 82 - - 129
- - - 36.4% 63.6% - - 100.0%
9 Spain - - - 65 139 5 1 210
- - - 31.0% 66.2% 2.4% 0.5% 100.1%
10 Portugal - - - 30 81 3 1 115
- - - 26.1% 70.4% 2.6% 0.9% 100.0%
11 Flanders - - - 25 58 2 1 86
- - - 29.1% 67.4% 2.3% 1.2% 100.0%
12 Switzerland - - - 19 44 3 - 66
- - - 28.8% 66.7% 4.5% - 100.0%
13 Italy - - - 70 122 2 - 194
- - - 36.1% 62.9% 1.0% - 100.0%
14 Czech - - - 24 55 1 - 80
- - - 30.0% 68.8% 1.3% - 100.1%
15 Slovakia 3 13 1 17
17.6% 76.5% 5.9% 100.0%
16 Hungary - - 1 16 37 2 - 56
- - 1.8% 28.6% 66.1% 3.6% - 100.1%
17 Romania - - - 5 10 - 1 16
- - - 31.3% 62.5% - 6.3% 100.1%
18 Lithuania - - - 6 13 1 - 20
- - - 30.0% 65.0% 5.0% - 100.0%
19 Latvia - - - - 10 - - 10
- - - 100.0% - - 100.0%
20 Ukraine - - - 4 9 3 - 16
- - - 25.0% 56.3% 18.8% - 100.1%
21 Russia - - - 13 21 2 - 36
- - - 36.1% 58.3% 5.6% - 100.0%
22 Denmark - - - 37 57 2 1 97
- - - 38.1% 58.8% 2.1% 1.0% 100.0%
23 Sweden - - - 12 47 - - 59
- - - 20.3% 79.7% - - 100.0%
24 Norway - - 1 32 60 2 - 95
- - 1.1% 33.7% 63.2% 2.1% - 100.1%
25 Finland - - - 20 58 7 - 85
- - - 23.5% 68.2% 8.2% - 99.9%
Total 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 28.7% 67.1% 3.6% 0.5% 100.1%
74
Histogram DYS391.
75
DYS426 10 11 12 13 14 Total
1 France 1 9 1013 19 - 1042
0.1% 0.9% 97.2% 1.8% - 100.0%
2 Benelux - 3 160 1 - 164
- 1.8% 97.6% 0.6% - 100.0%
3 Ireland - 18 3456 45 - 3519
- 0.5% 98.2% 1.3% - 100.0%
4 Scotland 1 16 2732 42 - 2791
0.0% 0.6% 97.9% 1.5% - 100.0%
5 Wales - 3 318 3 1 324
- 0.9% 98.1% 0.9% 0.3% 100.2%
6 Germany - 3 1150 53 - 1206
- 0.2% 95.4% 4.4% - 100.0%
7 Poland - 25 206 2 - 233
- 10.7% 88.4% 0.9% - 100.0%
8 Basque - 1 125 3 - 129
- 0.8% 96.9% 2.3% - 100.0%
9 Spain - 3 203 4 - 210
- 1.5% 96.7% 1.9% - 100.1%
10 Portugal - 1 111 3 - 115
- 0.9% 96.5% 2.6% - 100.0%
11 Flanders - - 83 3 - 86
- - 96.5% 3.5% - 100.0%
12 Switzerland - - 62 4 - 66
- - 93.9% 6.1% - 10.0%
13 Italy - 14 173 7 - 194
- 7.2% 89.2% 3.6% - 100.0%
14 Czech - - 80 - - 80
- - 100.0% - - 100.0%
15 Slovakia - - 17 - - 17
- - 100.0% - - 100.0%
16 Hungary 1 3 48 4 - 56
1.8% 5.4% 85.7% 7.1% - 100.0%
17 Romania - 2 14 - - 16
- 12.5% 87.5% - - 100.0%
18 Lithuania - 2 18 - - 20
- 10.0% 90.0% - - 100.0%
19 Latvia - - 7 3 - 10
- - 70.0% 30.0% - 100.0%
20 Ukraine - 1 15 - - 16
- 6.3% 93.8% - - 100.1%
21 Russia - 1 35 - - 36
- 2.8% 97.2% - - 100.0%
22 Denmark - - 96 1 - 97
- - 99.0% 1.0% - 100.0%
23 Sweden - - 57 2 - 59
- - 96.6% 3.4% - 100.0%
24 Norway - - 94 1 - 95
- - 98.9% 1.1% - 100.0%
25 Finland - - 83 2 - 85
- - 97.6% 2.4% - 100.0%
Total 0.1% 2.5% 94.4% 3.4% 0.0% 100.4%
76
Histogram DYS426.
77
DYS388 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 France 1 5 1 1011 21 3 - 1042
0.1% 0.5% 0.1% 97.0% 2.0% 0.3% - 100.0%
2 Benelux - 1 - 160 3 - - 164
- 0.6% - 97.6% 1.8% - - 100.0%
3 Ireland - 1 3 3430 79 6 - 3519
- 0.0% 0.1% 97.5% 2.2% 0.2% - 100.0%
4 Scotland - - 3 2745 31 11 1 2791
- - 0.1% 98.4% 1.1% 0.4% 0.0% 100.0%
5 Wales - 1 - 319 4 1 - 325
- 0.3% - 98.2% 1.2% 0.3% - 100.0%
6 Germany - 6 5 1172 14 8 1 1206
- 0.5% 0.4% 97.2% 1.2% 0.7% 0.1% 100.1%
7 Poland - 1 5 221 4 2 - 233
- 0.4% 2.1% 94.8% 1.7% 0.9% - 99.9%
8 Basque - - 3 125 1 - - 129
- - 2.3% 96.9% 0.8% - - 100.0%
9 Spain - - - 205 2 3 - 210
- - - 97.6% 1.0% 1.4% - 100.0%
10 Portugal - - - 115 - - - 115
- - - 100.0% - - - 100.0%
11 Flanders - 1 - 85 - - 86
- 1.1% - 98.8% - - 99.9%
12 Switzerland - - - 65 1 - - 66
- - - 98.5% 1.5% - - 100.0%
13 Italy - - - 192 2 - - 194
- - - 99.0% 1.0% - - 100.0%
14 Czech - - - 80 - - - 80
- - - 100.0% - - - 100.0%
15 Slovakia - - - 17 - - - 17
- - - 100.0% - - -
16 Hungary - 1 - 55 - - - 56
- 1.8% - 98.2% - - - 100.0%
17 Romania - - - 16 - - - 16
- - - 100.0% - - - 100.0%
18 Lithuania - - 1 19 - - - 20
- - 5.0% 95.0% - - - 100.0%
19 Latvia - - 2 7 1 - - 10
- - 20.0% 70.0% 10.0% - - 100.0%
20 Ukraine - - 1 14 1 - - 16
- - 6.3% 87.5% 6.3% - - 100.1%
21 Russia - - - 33 3 - - 36
- - - 91.7% 8.3% - - 100.0%
22 Denmark - - - 95 2 - - 97
- - - 97.9% 2.1% - - 100.0%
23 Sweden - - - 56 1 2 - 59
- - - 94.9% 1.7% 3.4% - 100.0%
24 Norway - 2 - 92 1 - - 95
- 2.1% - 96.8% 1.1% - - 100.0%
25 Finland - - - 85 - - - 85
- - - 100.0% - - - 100.0%
Total 0.0 0.3 1.5 96.1 1.7 0.3 0.0 99.9%
78
Histogram DYS388.
79
DYS439 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Total
1 France - - 14 210 616 180 30 1 - 1051
- - 1.3% 20.0% 58.6% 17.1% 2.9% 0.1% - 100.0%
2 Benelux - - - 31 108 21 4 - - 164
- - - 18.9% 65.9% 12.8% 2.4% - - 100.0%
3 Ireland 1 2 16 801 2089 517 79 8 - 3513
0.0% 0.1% 0.5% 22.8% 59.5% 14.7% 2.2% 0.2% - 100.0%
4 Scotland - 3 12 548 1767 398 44 3 1 2775
- 0.1% 0.4% 19.7% 63.7% 14.3% 1.6% 0.1% 0.0% 99.9%
5 Wales - - 4 49 217 49 5 1 - 325
- - 1.2% 15.1% 66.8% 15.1% 1.5% 0.3% - 100.1%
6 Germany - - 43 276 653 207 23 - - 1202
- - 3.6% 23.0% 54.3% 17.2% 1.9% - - 100.0%
7 Poland - - 1 72 110 41 3 3 - 230
- - 0.4% 31.3% 47.8% 17.8% 1.3% 1.3% - 99.9%
8 Basque - - 1 31 74 20 3 - - 129
- - 0.8% 24.0% 57.4% 15.5% 2.3% - - 100.0%
9 Spain - - 8 43 121 33 4 - - 209
- - 3.8% 20.6% 57.9% 15.8% 1.9% - - 100.0%
10 Portugal - - 1 21 63 27 3 - - 115
- - 0.9% 18.3% 54.8% 23.5% 2.6% - - 100.1%
11 Flanders - - - 18 49 15 4 - - 86
- - - 20.9% 57.0% 17.4% 4.7% - - 100.0%
12 Switzerland - - 1 14 45 5 1 - - 66
- - 1.5% 21.2% 68.2% 7.6% 1.5% - - 100.0%
13 Italy - - 2 32 117 38 4 - 1 194
- - 1.0% 16.5% 60.3% 19.6% 2.1% - 0.5% 100.0%
14 Czech - - 1 20 45 18 - 1 - 85
- - 1.2% 23.5% 52.9% 21.2% - 1.2% - 100.0%
15 Slovakia - - - 3 9 5 - - - 17
- - - 17.6% 52.9% 29.4% - - - 99.9%
16 Hungary - - 1 11 30 12 1 - - 55
- - 1.8% 20.0% 54.5% 21.8% 1.8% - - 99.9%
17 Romania - - - 2 12 1 1 - - 16
- - - 12.3% 75.0% 6.3% 6.3% - - 99.9%
18 Lithuania - - - 8 9 3 - - - 20
- - - 40.0% 45.0% 15.0% - - - 100.0%
19 Latvia - - - 5 3 2 - - - 10
- - - 50.0% 30.0% 20.0% - - - 100.0%
20 Ukraine - - - 4 10 2 - - - 16
- - - 25.0% 62.5% 12.5% - - - 100.0%
21 Russia - - 1 2 24 9 - - - 36
- - 2.8% 5.6% 66.7% 25.0% - - 100.1%
22 Denmark - - 1 19 62 11 3 - - 97
- - 1.0% 19.6% 63.9% 11.3% 3.1% - - 99.9%
23 Sweden - - 1 23 28 7 - - - 59
- - 1.7% 40.0% 47.5% 11.9% - - - 100.1%
24 Norway - - 3 31 49 12 - - - 95
- - 3.2% 32.6% 51.6% 12.6% - - - 100.0%
25 Finland - - 1 26 50 6 1 - - 84
- - 1.2% 31.0% 59.5% 7.1% 1.2% - - 100.0%
Total 0.0% 0.0% 1.1% 23.6% 57.4% 16.1% 1.7% 0.1% 0.0% 100.0%
Table 1-439. Frequencies of alleles at DYS439 in twenty-five European populations. The most
perspicuous distinctive feature between the populations is perhaps the high frequency of allele 13 in
Russia.
80
Histogram DYS439.
81
DYS389i 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Total
1 France 4 - - 73 821 138 6 - 1042
0.4% - - 7.0% 78.8% 13.2% 0.6% - 100.0%
2 Benelux - - - 14 128 22 - - 164
- - - 8.5% 78.0% 13.4% - - 99.9%
3 Ireland - - 1 125 2871 508 14 - 3519
- - 0 .0% 3.5% 81.6% 14.4% 0.4% - 99.9%
4 Scotland - 1 2 150 2271 353 14 - 2791
- 0.0% 0.1% 5.4% 81.4% 12,6% 0.5% - 100.0%
5 Wales - - - 16 260 48 1 - 325
- - - 4.9% 80.0% 14.8% 0.3% - 100.0%
6 Germany - - 2 60 992 146 6 - 1206
- - 0.2% 5.0% 82.3% 12.1% 0.5% - 100.1%
7 Poland - - - 23 172 38 - - 233
- - - 9.9% 73.8% 16.3% - - 100.0%
8 Basque - - - 9 84 36 - - 129
- - - 7.0% 65.1% 27.9% - - 100.0%
9 Spain - - - 10 149 50 1 - 210
- - - 4.8% 71.0% 23.8% 0.5% - 100.1%
10 Portugal - - - 11 90 14 - - 115
- - - 9.6% 78.3% 12.2% - - 100.1%
11 Flanders - - - 10 62 14 - - 86
- - - 11.6% 72.1% 16.3% - - 100.0%
12 Switzerland - - - 7 50 9 - - 66
- - - 10.6% 75.8% 13.6% - - 100.0%
13 Italy - - - 16 146 30 1 2 194
- - - 8.2% 75.3% 15.5% 0.5% 1.0% 100.0%
14 Czech - - - 3 65 10 2 - 80
- - - 3.8% 81.3% 12.5% 2.5% - 100.1%
15 Slovakia - - - - 14 3 - - 17
- - - - 82.4% 17.6% - - 100.0%
16 Hungary - - - 8 40 8 - - 56
- - - 14.3% 71.4% 14.3% - - 100.0%
17 Romania - - - 2 12 2 - - 16
- - - 12.5% 75.0% 12.5% - - 100.0%
18 Lithuania - - - 3 11 6 - - 20
- - - 15.0% 55.0% 30.0% - - 100.0%
19 Latvia - - - - 10 - - - 10
- - - - 100.0% - - - 100.0%
20 Ukraine - - - - 14 2 - - 16
- - - - 87.5% 12.5% - - 100.0%
21 Russia - - 1 7 23 5 - - 36
- - 2.8% 19.4% 63.9% 13.9% - - 100.0%
22 Denmark - - - 4 78 15 - - 97
- - - 4.1% 80.4% 15.5% - - 100.0%
23 Sweden - - - 5 47 7 - - 59
- - - 8.5% 79.7% 11.9% - - 100.1%
24 Norway - - - 6 79 10 - - 95
- - - 6.3% 83.2% 10.6% - - 100.1%
25 Finland - - - 7 72 6 - - 85
8.2% 84.7% 7.1% 100.0%
Total 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 7.5% 77.5% 14.6% 0.2% 0.0% 99.9%
Table 1-389i. Frequencies of alleles at DYS389i in twenty-five European populations.
82
Histogram DYS389i.
83
DYS392 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Total
1 France - 2 1 7 11 954 61 5 1 1042
- 0.2% 0.1% 0.7% 1.0% 91.6% 5.9% 0.5% 0.1% 100.1%
2 Benelux - - - 2 3 152 7 - - 164
- - - 1.2% 1.8% 92.7% 4.3% - - 100.0%
3 Ireland - 1 - 11 36 2543 895 30 2 3518
- 0.0% - 0.3% 1.0% 72.3% 25.4% 0.9% 0.1% 100.0%
4 Scotland 1 - 2 11 25 2374 351 25 2 2791
0.0% - 0.1% 0.4% 0.9% 85.1% 12.5% 0.9% 0.1% 100.0%
5 Wales - - - 5 2 273 32 13 - 325
- - - 1.5% 0.6% 84.0% 9.8% 4.0% - 99.9%
6 Germany - - 2 70 34 1002 80 16 2 1206
- - 0.2% 5.8% 2.8% 83.1% 6.6% 1.3% 0.2% 100.0%
7 Poland - 1 3 1 - 202 21 5 - 233
- 0.4% 1.3% 0.4% - 86.7% 9.0% 2.1% - 99.9%
8 Basque - - - - 1 118 9 1 - 129
- - - - 0.8% 91.5% 7.0% 0.8% - 100.1%
9 Spain - - - 8 1 185 14 2 - 210
- - - 3.8% 0.5% 88.1% 6.7% 1.0% - 100.1%
10 Portugal - - - - 6 102 6 1 - 115
- - - - 5.2% 88.7% 5.2% 0.9% - 100.0%
11 Flanders - - - - 1 79 6 - - 86
- - - 1.2% 91.9% 7.0% - - 100.1%
12 Switzerland - - - - 3 56 6 1 - 66
- - - - 4.5% 84.9% 9.1% 1.5% - 100.0%
13 Italy - - - - 4 166 22 2 - 194
- - - - 2.1% 85.6% 11.3% 1.0% - 100.0%
14 Czech - - - 3 - 72 5 - - 80
- - - 3.8% - 90.0% 6.3% - - 100.1%
15 Slovakia - - - - 1 15 1 - - 17
- - - - 5.9% 88.2% 5.9% - - 100.0%
16 Hungary - - 1 2 - 48 5 - - 56
- - 1.8% 3.6% 85.7% 8.9% - - 100.0%
17 Romania - - - - 1 11 3 1 - 16
- - - - 6.3% 68.8% 18.8% 6.3% - 100.2%
18 Lithuania - - - - - 15 5 - - 20
- - - - - 75.0% 25.0% - - 100.0%
19 Latvia - - - - - 5 5 - - 10
- - - - - 50.0% 50.0% - - 100.0%
20 Ukraine - - - - - 12 4 - - 16
- - - - - 75.0% 25.0% - - 100.0%
21 Russia - - - 1 - 29 5 1 - 36
- - - 2.8% - 80.6% 13.9% 2.8% - 100.1%
22 Denmark - - - - 1 92 4 - - 97
- - - - 1.0% 94.8% 4.1% - - 99.9%
23 Sweden - - - - - 56 3 - - 59
- - - - - 94.9% 5.1% - - 100.0%
24 Norway - - - 3 3 82 7 - - 95
- - - 3.2% 3.2% 86.3% 7.4% - - 100.1%
25 Finland - - - 1 1 78 5 - - 85
- - - 1.2% 1.2% 91.8% 5.9% - - 100.1%
Total 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 1.1% 1.6% 84.3% 11.8% 1.0% 0.0% 99.9%
84
Histogram DYS392.
85
DYS389ii 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Total
1 France 6 3 5 113 658 205 45 7 - 1042
0.6% 0.3% 0.5% 10.8% 63.1% 19.7% 4.3% 0.7% - 100.0%
2 Benelux - - 1 16 107 35 4 1 - 164
- - 0.6% 9.8% 65.2% 21.3% 2.4% 0.6% - 99.9%
3 Ireland 1 3 17 251 2317 780 137 7 1 3514
0.0% 0.1% 0.5% 7.1% 65.9% 22.2% 3.9% 0.2% 0.0% 99.9%
4 Scotland 1 - 8 199 1681 751 141 10 - 2791
0.0% - 0.3% 7.1% 60.2% 26.9% 5.1% 0.4% - 100.0%
5 Wales - - 2 18 213 86 6 - - 325
- - 0.6% 5.5% 65.5% 26.5% 1.8% - - 99.9%
6 Germany - 2 4 78 468 183 34 6 - 775
- 0.3% 0.5% 10.1% 60.4% 23.6% 4.4% 0.8% 100.1%
7 Poland - - 5 40 107 72 9 - - 233
- - 2.1% 17.2% 45.9% 30.9% 3.9% - - 100.0%
8 Basque - - - 11 68 42 8 - - 129
- - - 8.5% 52.7% 32.6% 6.2% - - 100.0%
9 Spain - - 1 16 123 50 19 1 - 210
- - 0.5% 7.6% 58.6% 23.8% 9.0% 0,5% - 100.0%
10 Portugal - 1 1 15 68 28 2 - - 115
- 0.9% 0.9% 13.0% 59.1% 24.3% 1.7% - - 99.9%
11 Flanders - - 1 14 49 21 1 - - 86
- - 1.2% 16.3% 57.0% 24.4% 1.2% - - 100.1%
12 Switzerland - - 2 9 32 18 4 1 - 66
- - 3.0% 13.6% 48.5% 27.3% 6.1% 1.5% - 100.0%
13 Italy - - 2 18 130 41 3 - - 194
- - 1.0% 9.3% 67.0% 21.1% 1.5% - - 100.0%
14 Czech - - - 10 37 26 7 - - 80
- - 12.5% 46.3% 32.5% 8.8% - - 100.1%
15 Slovenia - - - 2 11 4 - - - 17
- - - 11.8% 64.7% 23.5% - - - 100.0%
16 Hungary - - - 8 28 19 1 - - 56
- - - 14.3% 50.0% 33.9% 1.8% - - 100.0%
17 Romania - - 1 2 12 1 - - - 16
- - 6.3% 12.3% 75.0% 6.3% - - - 99.9%
18 Lithuania - - - 6 9 3 2 - - 20
- - - 30.0% 45.0% 15.0% 10.0% - - 100.0%
19 Latvia - - - - 10 - - - - 10
- - - - 100.0% - - - - 100.0%
20 Ukraine - - - 4 9 3 - - - 16
- - - 25.0% 56.3% 18.8% - - - 100.1%
21 Russia - - 1 12 13 8 2 - - 36
- - 2.8% 33.3% 36.1% 22.2% 5.6% - - 100.0%
22 Denmark - - 1 6 64 21 5 - - 97
- - 1.0% 6.2% 66.0% 21.6% 5.2% - - 100.0%
23 Sweden - - - 6 41 10 2 - - 59
- - - 10.2% 69.5% 16.9% 3.4% - - 100.0%
24 Norway - - 1 8 66 20 - - - 95
- - 1.1% 8.4% 69.5% 21.1% - - - 100.1%
25 Finland - - - 10 59 14 2 - - 85
- - - 11.8% 69.4% 16.5% 2.4% - - 100.1%
Total 0.0% 0.1% 0.9% 12.5% 60.7% 22.1% 3.5% 0.2% 0.0% 100.0%
Table 1-389ii. Frequencies of alleles at DYS389ii.
86
Histogram DYS389ii.
Map DYS389ii second in frequency. The allele second in frequency is 28 in Eastern Europe
(Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, amd Romania) and 30 elsewhere. The most frequent allele is 29 in all
European populations.
87
(2) Panel 2: Markers 13-25

Introduction
Panel 2 (markers 13-25) has very little variation between the modals of the twenty-five populations.
The most frequent alleles or the modal values for European populations are as follows:
No> 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
DYS> 458 459a 459b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464a 464b 464c 464d
Modal 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17
There are, however, three seeming exceptions:
Slovakia and Hungary have exceptionally 16, in stead of 17, as the most frequent allele for
DYS458. As seen in Table 2-458, allele 16 is, however, only slightly more frequent than 17 in these
two populations (averagewise 41 % vs. 31 %); cf. Table S,H.
In Finland, the most frequent allele of DYS449 is 28, while it is allele 29 in all the other European
populations. The differenc between the frequencies of 28 and 29 is, however, negligible (32,1% vs.
31.4%) in the Finnish population; cf. Table 2-449.
The East-European populations, Poland, Slovakia, and Russia, are exceptional in that the most
frequent allele for DYS464c is 16, not 17 as in all other populations; cf. Table DYS 464c and Map
DYS464c. Allele 16 has the frequency of about 43 47 % (average 45.0 %) while the frequency of
17 is about 34 - 40 % (average 37.6 %). However, the difference is so small that it can hardly be
relevant (although it is geographically regular).
88
Panel 2 (13-25)
No> 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
DYS> 458 459a 459b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464a 464b 464c 464d Total
0 Modal 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17
1 France 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 1042
2 Benelux 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 135
3 Ireland 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 2453
4 Scotland 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 2532
5 Wales 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 294
6 Germany 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 993
7 Poland 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 16 17 208
8 Basques 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 81
9 Spain 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 153
10 Portugal 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 115
11 Flanders-Fl 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 58
12 Switzerland 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 59
13 Italy 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 143
14 Czech 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 46
15 Slovakia 16 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 16 17 13
16 Hungary 16 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 51
17 Romania 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 9
18 Lithuania 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 19
19 Latvia 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 10
20 Ukraine 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 16
21 Russia 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 16 17 32
22 Denmark 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 71
23 Sweden 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 53
24 Norway 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 74
25 Finland 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 28 15 15 17 17 78
Table Panel 2. Alleles of the markers of Panel 2 in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.
89
(13) Marker 13: DYS458

DYS458 16 17 18 19 20 n
Slovakia 6 4 1 2 - 13
46.2% 30.8% 7.7% 15.4% - 100.1%
Hungary 18 16 15 - 2 51
35.3% 31.4% 29.4% - 3.9% 100.0%
Table. Alleles of DYS458 in Slovakia and Hungary. In the rest of Europe, the most common allele
of DYS449 is 17.
Marker 21: DYS449

DYS449 28 29 30 31 32 n
Finland 25 24 22 6 1 78
32.1% 30.8% 28.2% 7.7% 1.3% 100.1%
Table. Alleles of DYS458 in Finland. In the rest of Europe, the most common allele of DYS449 is
29.
Marker 24: DYS464c

DYS464c 14 15 16 17 18 n
Poland 3 28 84 80 5 200
1.5% 14.0% 42.0% 40.0% 2.5% 100.0%
Slovakia - 2 6 5 - 13
- 15.4% 46.1% 38.5% - 100.0%
Russia - 6 15 11 - 32
- 18.8% 46.9% 34.3% - 100.0%
Table. Alleles of DYS464c in Slovakia, Poland, and Russia. In the rest of Europe, the most
common allele of DYS464c is 17. Allele 17 is seen to be quite common also in these three areas.
Map DYS464c. The alleles of DYS464c.
The differences between Panel 2 markers of the twenty-five populations are so small
that they hardly can be relevant. In other words, there is hardly any use in comparing
the European populations on the basis of the alleles of Panel 2.
90

Introduction
Panel 3 (26-37)
No> 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
DYS> 460 YGAT4 YCAIIa YCAIIb 456 607 576 570 CDYa CDYb 442 438 Total
0 Modal 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 36 38 12 12
1 France 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 37 38 12 12 668
2 Benelux 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 36 37,38 12 12 128
3 Ireland 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 37 38 12 12 2231
4 Scotland 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 37 38 12 12 2401
5 Wales 11 11 19 23 15 15 18 17 36 38 12 12 270
6 Germ 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 36 38 12 12 944
7 Poland 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 36 39 12 12 197
8 Basques 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 36 37 12 12 77
9 Spain 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 36 38 12 12 153
10 Portugal 11 11 19 23 15 15 18 17 35,36 38 12 12 56
11 Fland-Fl 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 36 39 12 12 52
12 Switzerl 11 11 19 23 15 15 18 17 37 38 12 12 56
13 Italy 11 11 19 23 15 15 18 17 36 38 12 12 129
14 Czech 11 11 19 23 15 15 18 17 36,37 38 12 12 40
15 Slovakia 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 35 38 12 12 17
16 Hungary 11 11 19 23 15,16 15 18 17 36,37 38 12 12 51
17 Romania 12 11 19 23 16 15 18 18 36 39 12 12 9
18 Lithuan 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 35 39 12 12 17
19 Latvia 11 11 19 23 15 15 18 17 35 36,38 12 12 7
20 Ukraine 11 11 19 23 15 15 18 17 37 38 12 12 14
21 Russia 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 35,36,37 39 12 12 30
22 Denm 11 11 19 23 15,16 15 18 17 37 37 12 12 65
23 Sweden 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 37 37 12 12 49
24 Norway 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 36 38 12 12 74
25 Finland 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 36 38,39 12 12 75
Table 3. Alleles of the markers of Panel 3 in the modal types of twenty-five European populations.
As seen in Table 3 (markers 26-37), there are particularly three markers in Panel 3 that show
variation between populations: DYS456, CDYa, and CDYb.
If only the modals of populations are considered, Europe is uniform in respect to all
the alleles of 37 marker panel. The four seeming exceptions in the Table (Slovakian
DYS492 = 13, Ukrainian DYS423a = 22, Ukrainian DYS534 = 16, and Romanian
DYS534 = 16) can be explained as results of too restricted material (in many cases
less than ten R1b-men).
91
DYS456 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Total
1 Fra - - 1 14 270 300 75 7 - 1 668
- - 0.1% 0.2% 40.4% 44.9% 11.2% 1.0% - 0.1%
2 Ben - - - 3 44 53 24 4 - - 128
- - - 2.3% 34.4% 41.4% 18.8% 3.1% - -
3 Ire - 1 1 26 950 1006 674 92 10 1 2761
- 0.0% 0.0% 0.9% 34.4% 36.4% 24.4% 3.3% 0.3% 0.0%
4 Sco - - - 37 876 866 454 66 4 - 2303
- - - 1.6% 38.0% 37.6% 19.7% 2.9% 0.2% - 100.0%
5 Wal - - - 19 101 98 40 12 - - 270
- - - 7.0% 37.4% 36.3% 14.8% 4.4% - -
6 Ger - - 1 15 376 402 129 23 2 - 948
- - 0.1% 1.6% 39.7% 42.4% 13.6% 2.4% 0.2% -
7 Pol - - - 8 66 93 28 2 - - 197
- - - 4.1% 33.5% 47.2% 14.2% 1.0% - -
8 Bas 1 - - 1 33 36 6 1 - - 77
1.3% - - 1.3% 42.9% 46.8% 7.8% 1.3% - -
9 Spa - - - 2 59 61 18 2 - - 142
- - - 1.4% 41.5% 43.0% 12.7% 1.4% - -
10 Por - - - - 35 15 4 2 - - 56
- - - - 62.5% 26.8% 7.1% 3.6% - -
11 Fla - - - - 22 25 4 1 - - 52
- - - - 42.3% 48.1% 7.7% 1.9% - -
12 Swi - - - - 31 18 7 - - - 56
- - - - 57.1% 32.1% 12.5% - - -
13 Ita - - - 3 61 51 9 3 2 - 129
- - - 2.4% 47.2% 39.5% 7.0% 2.4% 1.6% -
14 Cze - - - 1 17 16 5 1 - - 40
- - - 2.5% 42.5% 40.0% 12.5% 2.5% - -
15 Slo - - - - 3 13 - 1 - - 17
- - - - 17.6% 76.5% - 5.9% - -
16 Hun - - - 1 22 22 7 - - - 52
- - - 1.9% 42.3% 42.3% 13.5% - - -
17 Rom - - - 1 4 4 - - - - 9
- - - 11.1% 44.4% 44.4% - - - -
18 Lit - - - - 7 8 2 - - - 17
- - - - 41.2% 47.1% 11.8% - - -
19 Lat - - - - 6 2 1 - - - 9
- - - - 66.7% 22.2% 11.1% - - -
20 Ukr - - - - 6 5 4 - - - 14
- - - - 42.9% 35.7% 28.6% - - -
21 Rus - - - 1 12 14 2 1 - - 30
- - - 3.3% 40.0% 46.7% 6.7% 3.3% - -
22 Den - - - 1 27 27 11 1 - - 67
- - - 1.5% 40.3% 40.3% 16.4% 1.5% - -
23 Swe - - - 2 14 29 4 - - - 49
- - - 4.1% 28.6% 59.2% 8.2% - - -
24 Nor - - - 1 23 38 9 3 - - 75
- - - 1.3% 30.7% 50.7% 12.0% 4.0% - -
25 Fin - - - - 29 34 9 3 - - 75
- - - - 38.7% 45.3% 12.0% 4.0% - -
0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 1.9% 41.1% 43.0% 12.2% 2.0% 0.1% 0.0% 100.4%
DYS456 is typically a marker that has similar frequencies for alleles 15 and 16.
92
Average frequencies of alleles 15 and 16 in the three zones of Map DYS456.

DYS456 15 16
Ben 34.4% 41.4%
Ger 39.7% 42.4%
Pol 33.5% 47.2%
Fla 42.3% 48.1%
Slo 17.6% 76.5%
Lit 41.2% 47.1%
Rus 40.0% 46.7%
Swe 28.6% 59.2%
Nor 30.7% 50.7%
Fin 38.7% 45.3%
C-NW 34.7% 50.5%
DYS456 15 16
Fra 40.4% 44.9%
Ire 34.4% 36.4%
Sco 38.0% 37.6%
Wal 37.4% 36.3%
Bas 42.9% 46.8%
Spa 41.5% 43.0%
Cze 42.5% 40.0%
Hun 42.3% 42.3%
Rom 44.4% 44.4%
Den 40.3% 40.3%
Intermed 40.4% 41.2%
DYS456 15 16
Por 62.5% 26.8%
Swi 57.1% 32.1%
Ita 47.2% 39.5%
Lat 66.7% 22.2%
Ukr 42.9% 35.7%
South 55.3% 31.3%
Table DYS456: alleles 15 and 16.
93
Histogram DYS456.
94
(3-a) Marker DYS456 is typically bifurgative in that it has two alleles, 15 and 16, that are almost
equally common; cf. Table 3-456 and Histogram DYS456. The average frequencies of 16 and 15
are 48.0 % vs. 41.1 %. The geographic distribution of the populations based on the frequencies of
alleles 16 and 15 are seen also in the following Map. The populations with 16 as the most frequent
allele (red in the Map) and those with 15 as the most frequent (blue) are dispersed over entire
Europe without much geographic regularity. This means that marker DYS456 can hardly be used as
a relevant criterion when classifying populations.
Map DYS456-A. Map DYS456-B.

95
DYS 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Total
ADYa
1 Fra - - 1 2 12 39 107 197 215 74 17 4 - 668
- - 0.1% 0.3% 1.8% 5.8% 16.0% 29.5% 32.2% 11.1% 2.5% 0.6% - 99.9%
2 Ben - - - 1 2 7 15 47 37 16 1 2 - 128
- - - 0.8% 1.6% 5.5% 11.7% 36.7% 28.9% 12.5% 0.9% 1.6% - 100.2%
3 Ire - - 1 5 30 85 344 768 782 523 177 46 1 2763
- - 0.0% 0.2% 1.1% 3.0% 12.5% 27.8% 28.3% 18.9% 6.4% 1.7% 0.0% 99.9%
4 Sco 1 - - 10 15 102 344 681 714 364 120 33 3 2387
0.0% - - 0.4% 0.6% 4.3% 14.4% 28.5% 29.9% 15.2% 5.0% 1.4% 0.1% 99.8%
5 Wal - 1 - 1 1 9 54 77 71 42 10 4 - 270
- 0.4% - 0.4% 0.4% 3.3% 20.0% 28.5% 26.3% 15.6% 3.7% 1.5% - 100.1%
6 Ger - 2 - 2 26 86 188 260 229 121 20 6 - 940
- 0.2% - 0.2% 2.8% 9.1% 20.0% 27.7% 24.4% 12.9% 2.1% 0.6% - 100.0%
7 Pol - - 1 4 5 11 29 58 44 38 5 1 - 196
- - 0.5% 2.0% 2.6% 5.6% 14.8% 29.6% 22.4% 19.4% 2.6% 0.5% - 100.0%
8 Bas - - - 1 3 5 20 23 18 7 - - - 77
- - - 1.3% 3.9% 6.5% 26.0% 29.9% 23.4% 9.1% - - - 100.1%
9 Spa - - - 1 2 18 39 47 24 10 - 1 - 142
- - - 0.7% 1.4% 12.7% 27.5% 33.1% 16.9% 7.0% 0.7% - 100.0%
10 Por - - - - 2 5 14 14 13 6 2 - - 56
- - - - 3.6% 8.9% 25.0% 25.0% 23.2% 10.7% 3.6% - - 100.0%
11 Fla - - - 1 - 1 9 18 12 10 - 1 - 52
- - - 1.9% - 1.9% 17.3% 34.6% 23.1% 19.2% - 1.9% - 99.9%
12 Swi - - - 1 - 3 7 16 23 5 1 - - 56
- - - 1.8% - 5.4% 12.5% 28.6% 41.1% 8.9% 1.9% - - 100.2%
13 Ita - - - - 3 7 30 38 29 16 3 1 - 127
- - - 2.4% 5.5% 23.6% 29.9% 22.8% 12.6% 2.4% 0.8% - 100.0%
14 Cze - - - - 1 - 11 13 13 2 - - - 40
- - - - 2.5% - 27.5% 32.5% 32.5% 5.0% - - - 100.0%
15 Slo - - - - - 2 3 2 2 2 - - - 11
- - - - - 18.2% 27.3% 18.2% 18.2% 18.2% - - - 100.1%
16 Hun - - - - 3 1 8 16 16 5 2 1 - 52
- - - - 5.8% 1.9% 15.4% 30.8% 30.8% 9.6% 3.8% 1.9% - 100.0%
17 Rom - - - 1 - - 1 4 1 2 - - - 9
- - - 11.1% - - 11.1% 44.4% 11.1% 22.2% - - - 99.9%
18 Lit - - - - - 1 5 2 4 4 1 - - 17
- - - - - 5.9% 29.4% 11.8% 23.5% 23.5% 5.9% - - 100.0%
19 Lat - - - - - 1 5 1 - - - - - 7
- - - - - 14.3% 71.4% 14.3% - - - - - 100.0%
20 Ukr - - - - - - 2 3 6 2 - 1 - 14
- - - - - - 14.3% 21.4% 42.9% 14.3% - 7.1% - 100.0%
21 Rus - - - - - 1 8 8 8 3 2 - - 30
- - - - - 3.3% 26.7% 26.7% 26.7% 10.0% 6.7% - - 100.1%
22 Den - - - - - 8 14 17 20 5 1 - - 67
- - - - - 11.9% 20.9% 25.4% 29.9% 7.5% 1.5% - - 100.1%
23 Swe - - - - - 1 5 15 22 4 2 - - 49
- - - - - 2.0% 10.2% 30.6% 45.0% 8.2% 4.1% - - 100.1%
24 Nor - - - - - 1 8 32 23 8 2 - - 74
- - - - - 1.4% 10.7% 43.2% 31.1% 10.8% 2.7% - - 99.9%
25 Fin - - - - - 7 15 20 19 11 2 1 - 75
- - - - - 9.3% 20.0% 26.7% 25.3% 14.7% 2.7% 1.3% - 100.0%
Tot 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 1.2% 5.8% 21.0% 28.6% 26.4% 12.7% 2.3% 0.9% 0.0% 99.7%
Table 3-ADYa. Frequencies of the alleles at DYSADYa in twenty-five European populations.

96
Histogram ADYa.
DYS 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Total
ADYb
1 Fra - - 3 11 63 143 203 146 65 32 3 - - 669
- - 0.4% 1.6% 9.4% 21.4% 30.3% 21.8% 9.7% 4.8% 0.4% - - 99.8%
2 Ben - - 1 1 12 32 32 27 14 10 2 - - 131
- - 0.8% 0.8% 9.2% 24.4% 24.4% 20.6% 10.7% 7.6% 1.5% - - 100.0%
3 Ire 1 1 1 32 196 486 793 697 375 111 17 4 2 2716
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.2% 7.2% 17.9% 29.2% 25.7% 13.8% 4.1% 0.6% 0.1% 0.1% 99.9%
4 Sco - - 6 19 175 536 762 527 244 91 13 6 1 2380
- - 0.3% 0.8% 7.4% 22.5% 32.0% 22.1% 10.3% 3.8% 0.5% 0.3% 0.0% 100.0%
5 Wal - - - 6 27 49 93 52 33 8 2 - - 270
- - - 2.2% 10.0% 18.1% 34.4 % 19.3% 12.2% 3.0% 0.7% - - 99.9%
6 Ger - - 2 15 78 204 293 217 84 31 6 3 - 933
- - 0.2% 1.6% 8.4% 21.9% 31.4% 23.3% 9.0% 3.3% 0.6% 0.3% - 100.0%
7 Pol - 1 2 2 13 49 55 57 18 2 - - - 199
- 0.5% 1.0% 1.0% 6.5% 24.6% 27.6% 28.6% 9.0% 1.0% - - - 99.8%
8 Bas - 1 - - 10 25 24 13 2 1 1 - - 77
- 1.3% - - 13.0% 32.5% 31.2% 16.9% 2.6% 1.3% 1.3% - - 100.1%
9 Spa - - - 8 22 34 46 26 4 1 1 - - 142
- - - 5.6% 15.5% 23.9% 32.4% 18.3% 2.8% 0.7% 0.7% - - 99.9%
10 Por - - 1 2 6 13 21 5 7 1 - - - 56
- - 1.8% 3.8% 10.7% 23.2% 37.5% 8.9% 12.5% 1.8% - - - 100.2%
11 Fla - - - 1 4 10 14 16 4 3 - - - 52
- - - 1.9% 7.7% 19.2% 26.9% 30.8% 7.7% 5.8% - - - 100.0%
12 Swi - - - 2 5 10 16 12 6 3 1 1 - 56
- - - 3.4% 8.9% 17.9% 28.6% 21.4% 10.7% 5.4% 1.8% 1.8% - 99.9%
13 Ita - - 1 1 14 32 41 21 13 2 - - 46=1 126
- - 0.8% 0.8% 11.1% 25.4% 32.5% 16.7% 10.3% 1.6% - - 0.8% 99.9%
14 Cze - - 1 3 - 9 17 7 2 1 - - - 40
- - 2.5% 7.5% - 22.5% 42.5% 17.5% 5.9% 2.5% - - - 99.9%
15 Slo - - - - 1 3 5 2 - - - - - 11
- - - - 9.1% 27.3% 45.5% 18.2% - - - - - 100.1%
16 Hun - - 1 - 2 11 17 11 8 3 - - - 52
- - 1.9% - 3.8% 21.2% 32.7% 21.2% 15.4% 5.8% - - - 100.0%
17 Rom - - - - 1 2 2 3 1 - - - - 9
- - - - 11.1% 22.2% 22.2% 33.3% 11.1% - - - - 99.9%
18 Lit - - - - 1 5 4 6 1 - - - - 17
- - - - 5.9% 29.4% 23.5% 35.3% 5.9% - - - - 100.0%
19 Lat - - - - 2 1 2 - 1 1 - - - 7
- - - - 28.6% 14.3% 28.6% 14.3% 14.3% - - - 100.1%
20 Ukr - - - - 1 2 9 1 1 - - - - 14
- - - - 7.1% 14.3% 64.3% 7.1% 7.1% - - - - 99.9%
21 Rus - - - 1 3 6 4 12 2 1 1 - - 30
- - - 3.3% 10.0% 20.0% 13.3% 40.0% 6.7% 3.3% 3.3% - - 99.9%
22 Den - - - 1 7 20 19 9 7 1 - 1 - 65
- - - 1.5% 10.8% 30.8% 29.2% 13.8% 10.8% 1.5% - 1.5% - 99.9%
23 Swe - - - - 1 17 15 11 3 1 - - - 49
- - - - 2.0% 34.7% 30.6% 22.4% 6.1% 2.0% - - - 99.8%
24 Nor - - - 1 8 20 21 13 7 4 - - - 74
- - - 1.4% 10.8% 27.0% 28.4% 17.6% 9.5% 5.4% - - - 100.1%
25 Fin - - - - 11 11 19 19 10 3 2 - - 75
- - - - 14.7% 14.7% 25.3% 25.3% 13.3% 4.0% 2.7% - - 100.0%
Total 0.0% 0.1% 0.4% 1.5% 9.2% 22.9% 31.4% 21.0% 9.1% 3.3% 0.6% 0.2% 0.0% 99.7%
Table 3-ADYb. Frequencies of the alleles at DYSADYb in twenty-five European populations.

97
Histogram ADYb.
Markers ADYa and ADYb are typically tripartite with three markers more frequent
than others. The three markers are 35, 36, and 37 for ADYa and 37, 38, and 39 for
ADYb; cf. Tables 3-ADYa and 3-ADYb and Histograms ADYa and ADYb.
98
Panel 4a (38-47)
No> 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
DYS> 531 578 395Sa 395Sb 590 537 641 472 406S 511 Total
0 Modal 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10
1 France 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 345
2 Benelux 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 89
3 Ireland 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 1343
4 Scotland 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 1267
5 Wales 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 169
6 Germ 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 539
7 Poland 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 16
8 Basques 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 44
9 Spain 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 75
10 Portugal 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 31
11 Fland-Fl 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 30
12 Switzerl 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 33
13 Italy 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 62
14 Czech 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 20
15 Slovakia 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 7
16 Hungary 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 6
17 Romania 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 6
18 Lithuan 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 11
19 Latvia 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 4
20 Ukraine 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 9
21 Russia 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 21
22 Denm 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 43
23 Sweden 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 37
24 Norway 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 50
25 Finland 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 58
Table Panel 4a. Alleles of the markers of Panel 4a in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.
99
Panel 4b (48-60)
No> 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
DYS> 425 413a 423b 557 594 436 490 534 450 444 481 520 446 Total
0 Modal 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13
1 France 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 345
2 Benelux 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 89
3 Ireland 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 1343
4 Scotland 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 1267
5 Wales 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 169
6 Germ 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 539
7 Poland 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 16
8 Basques 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 44
9 Spain 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 75
10 Portugal 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 31
11 Fland-Fl 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 30
12 Switzerl 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 33
13 Italy 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 62
14 Czech 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 20
15 Slovakia 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 7
16 Hungary 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 6
17 Romania 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 6
18 Lithuan 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 11
19 Latvia 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 4
20 Ukraine 12 22,23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 9
21 Russia 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 21
22 Denm 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 43
23 Sweden 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 43
24 Norway 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 37
25 Finland 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 12 22 20 13 50
Table Panel 4b. Alleles of the markers of Panel 4b in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.
DYS413a 21 22 23 24 n
Ukraine 2 3 3 1 9
22.2% 33.3% 33.3% 11.1% 99.9%
Table 4b-413a. Alleles of DYS413 in the Ukraine. In the rest of Europe, the most common allele of
DYS413a is 23.
100
Panel 4c (61-67)
No> 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
DYS> 617 568 487 572 640 492 565 Total
0 Modal 12 11 13 11 11 12 12
1 France 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 345
2 Benelux 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 89
3 Ireland 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 1343
4 Scotland 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 1267
5 Wales 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 169
6 Germ 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 539
7 Poland 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 16
8 Basques 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 44
9 Spain 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 75
10 Portugal 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 31
11 Fland-Fl 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 30
12 Switzerl 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 33
13 Italy 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 62
14 Czech 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 20
15 Slovakia 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 7
16 Hungary 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 6
17 Romania 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 6
18 Lithuan 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 11
19 Latvia 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 4
20 Ukraine 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 9
21 Russia 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 21
22 Denm 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 43
23 Sweden 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 37
24 Norway 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 50
25 Finland 12 11 13 11 11 12 12 58
Table Panel 4c. Alleles of the markers of Panel 4c in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.
101
Panel 5a (68-75)
No> 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
DYS> 710 485 632 495 540 714 716 717 Total
0 Mod 35 15 9 16 12 25 26 19
1 Fra 35 15 9 16 12 25 26 19 50
2 Ben 35 15 9 16 12 25,27 26 19 15
3 Ire 35 15 9 16 12 25 26 19 271
4 Sco 35 15 9 16 12 26 26 19 278
5 Wal 35 15 9 16 12 25 26 19 32
6 Ger 34,35 15 9 16 12 26 26 19 54
7 Pol 34 15 9 16 12 26 26 19 16
8 Bas 34 15 9 16 12 23,25,26 26 19 3
9 Spa 34,35 15 9 16 12 25 26 19 6
10 Por 35 15 9 16 12 26 26 19 4
11 Fla-F 34,35 15 9 16 12 25-28 26 19 4
12 Switzerl 35 15 9 16 12 25,26 26 19 7
13 Italy 35 15 9 16 12 25,27 26 19 5
14 Czech 35 15 9 16 12 27 26 19 2
15 Slovakia 36 15 9 16 12 25 26 19 1
16 Hungary 36 14 9 16 12 26 26 19 1
17 Romania 34 15 9 16 12 25 26 19 3
18 Lithuan 34 15 9 16 12 26 26 19 3
19 Latvia 32 15 9 16 12 25 26 19 1
20 Ukraine 34 15 9 16 12 25,27 26 19 2
21 Russia 34 15 9 16 12 26 26 19 4
22 Denm 35 15 9 16 12 26 26 19 7
23 Sweden 34 15 9 16 12 26 26 19 6
24 Norway 34,36 15 9 16 11,12 24,26 26 19,21 2
25 Finland 35 15 9 15,16,17 12 26 26 19 3
Table Panel 5a. Alleles of the markers of Panel 5a in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.
102
DYS710 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Total
1 Fr - 1 2 5 9 11 6 2 1 - 37
- 2.7% 5.4% 13.5% 24.3% 29.7% 16.2% 5.4% 2.7% - 99.9%
2 Ben - - - 2 5 3 5 1 - - 16
- - - 12.5% 31.3% 18.8% 31.3% 6.3% - - 100.2%
3 Ir 1 3 9 27 61 96 48 14 - 1 260
0.4% 1.2% 3.3% 10.4% 23.5% 36.9% 18.5% 5.4% - 0.4% 100.0%
4 Sc - 4 9 35 75 82 57 11 2 1 276
- 1.4% 3.3% 12.7% 27.2% 29.7% 20.7% 4.0% 0.7% 0.4% 100.1%
5 Wa - - - 3 8 9 5 4 3 - 32
- 9.4% 25.0% 28.1% 15.6% 12.5% 9.4% - 100.0%
6 Ge - 1 1 5 10 10 6 1 1 1 36
- 2.8% 2.8% 13.9% 27.8% 27.8% 16.7% 2.8% 2.8% 2.8% 100.2%
7 Pol - 3 - 4 5 1 - 1 2 - 16
- 18.8% - 25.0% 31.3% 6.3% - 6.3% 12.5% - 100.2%
8 Ba - - - - 2 1 - - - - 3
- - - - 66.7% 33.3% - - - - 100.0%
9 Sp - - - - 2 2 1 - - - 6
- - - - 33.3% 33.3% 16.7% - - - 100.0%
10 Por - - - - 1 1 - 1 - - 4
- - - - 25.0% 25.0% - 25.0% - - 100.0%
11 FF - - - - 3 - 1 - - - 4
- - - - 75.0% 25.0% - - - 100.0%
12 Sz - - - - 1 3 1 2 - - 7
- - - - 14.3% 42.9% 14.3% 28.6% - - 100.1%
13 It - - - - 2 3 - 1 - - 6
- - - - 33.3% 50.0% - 16.7% - - 100.0%
14 Che - - 1 1 1 2 - - - - 5
- - 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 40.0% - - - - 100.0%
15 Sl - - - - - - 1 - - - 1
- - - - - - 100.0% - - - 100.0%
16 Hu - - - - - - 1 - - - 1
- - - - - - 100.0% - - - 100.0%
17 Rom - - - - 2 1 - - - - 3
- - - - 66.7% 33.3% - - - 100.0%
18 Li - - - 1 2 - - - - - 3
- - - 33.3% 66.7% - - - - - 100.0%
19 Lat - - 1 - - - - - - - 1
- - 100.0% - - - - - - - 100.0%
20 Uk - - 1 1 - - - - - - 2
- - 50.0% 50.0% - - - - - - 100.0%
21 Ru 1 1 - - 2 - - - - - 4
25.0% 25.0% - - 50.0% - - - - - 100.0%
22 De - - - 2 - 4 - - 1 - 7
- - - 28.6% - 57.1% - - 14.3% - 100.0%
23 Sw - - - 1 2 1 1 - 1 - 6
- - - 16.7% 33.3% 16.7% 16.7% - 16.7% - 100.1%
24 No - - - - 1 - 1 - - - 2
- - - - 50.0% - 50.0% - - - 100.0%
25 Fi 1 - - - - 1 - 1 - - 3
33.3% - - - - 33.3% - 33.3% - -
Total 2.3% 2.1% 7.4% 11.5% 29.0% 21.7% 17.7% 5.9% 2.4% 0.1% 100.1%
Table 5c-710. Frequencies of alleles 30-39 at DYS710 in tweny-five European populations.

103
Histogram DYS710.
104
DYS714 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Total
1 Fr - - 1 2 20 17 6 3 1 - 50
- - 2.0% 4.0% 40.0% 34.0% 12.0% 6.0% 2.0% - 100.0%
2 Ben - - - 1 5 3 5 1 - - 15
- - - 6.7% 33.3% 20.0% 33.3% 6.7% - - 100.0%
3 Ir - 1 7 75 91 65 27 3 1 1 271
- 0.4% 2.6% 27.7% 33.6% 24.0% 10.0% 1.1% 0.4% 0.4% 100.2%
4 Sc - 2 4 38 83 107 36 5 3 - 278
- 0.7% 1.4% 13.7% 29.9% 38.5% 12.9% 1.8% 1.1% 100.0%
5 Wa - - - 1 15 13 3 - - - 32
- - - 3.1% 46.9% 40.6% 9.4% - - - 100.0%
6 Ge 1 - 1 6 15 16 12 2 - - 53
1.9% - 1.9% 11.3% 28.3% 30.2% 22.6% 3.8% - - 100.0%
7 Po - - - 3 3 5 3 2 - - 16
- - - 18.8% 18.8% 31.2% 18.8% 12.5% - - 100.1%
8 Ba - - 1 - 1 1 - - - - 3
- - 33.3% - 33.3% 33.3% - - - - 99.9%
9 Sp - - 1 - 3 2 - - - - 6
- - 16.7% - 50.0% 33.3% - - - - 100.0%
10 Por - - - - - 3 1 - - - 4
- - - - - 75.0% 25.0% - - - 100.0%
11 FF - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - 4
- - - - 25.0% 25.0% 25.0% 25.0% - - 100.0%
12 Swz - - - - 3 3 1 - - - 7
- - - - 42.9% 42.9% 14.3% - - - 100.1%
13 It - - - 1 2 1 2 - - - 6
- - - 16.7% 33.3% 16.7% 33.3% - - - 100.0%
14 Cze - - - - 1 - 4 - - - 5
- - - - 20.0% - 80.0% - - - 100.0%
15 Sl - - - - 1 - - - - - 1
- - - - 100.0% - - - - - 100.0%
16 Hu - - - - - 1 - - - - 1
- - - - - 100.0% - - - - 100.0%
17 Ro - - - - 2 1 - - - - 3
- - - - 66.7% 33.3% - - - - 100.0%
18 Li - - - 1 - 2 - - - - 3
- - - 33.3/ - 66.7% - - - - 100.0%
19 Lat - - - - 1 - - - - - 1
- - - - 100.0% - - - - - 100.0%
20 Uk - - - - 1 - 1 - - - 2
50.0% - 50.0% - - - 100.0%
21 Rus - - - - 1 2 1 - - - 4
- - - - 25.0% 50.0% 25.0% - - - 100.0%
22 Den - - - - - 4 3 - - - 7
- - - - - 57.1% 42.9% - - - 100.0%
23 Sw - - 1 - - 4 1 - - - 6
- - 16.7% - - 66.7% 16.7% - - - 100.1%
24 No - - - 1 - 1 - - - 2
- - - 50.0% - 50.0% - - - 100.0%
25 Fi - - - - - 2 1 - - - 3
- - - - - 66.7% 33.3% - - 100.0%
0.1% 0.0% 3.1% 7.7% 32.3% 35.1% 18.6% 2.3% 0.1 0.0 100.1%
Table 5c-714. Frequencies of alleles 21-30 at DYS714 in 25 European populations.

105
Histogram DYS714.
106
Panel 5b (76-85)
No> 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 94 85 Total
DYS> 505 536 549 589 522 494 533 636 575 638
Mod 12 11 13 12 10 9 12 12 10 11
Fra 12 11 13 12 10 9 12 12 10 11 50
Ben 12 11 13 12 10 9 12 12 10 11 15
Fla-F 12 11 13 12 10,11 9 12 12 10 11
Ire 12 11 13 12 11 9 12 12 10 11 276
Sco 12 11 13 12 11 9 12 12 10 11 32
Wal 12 11 13 12 11 9 12 12 10 11 54
Ger 12 11 13 12 10 9 10 12 10 11
Pol 12 11 13 12 10 9 12 12 10 11 16
Bas 12 11 12,13,14 12 10 9 12 12 10 11 6
Spa 11,12 11 12 12 11 9 12 12 10 11 4
Por 12 11 13 12 10 9 12 11,12 10 11 4
Switzerl 12 11 13 12 10 9 12 12 10 11 7
Italy 11 11 13 12 10 9 12 12 10 11 6
Fla 12 11 13 12 10,11 9 12 11,12 10 11 4
Czech 12 11 12 12 10,11 9 12 12 10 11 5
Slovakia 12 11 12 12 11 9 11 12 10 11 1
Hungary 14 11 13 12 10 9 12 13 10 11 1
Romania 12 11 13 12 10 9 12 12 10 11 2
Lithuan 12 11 13 12 10 9 12 12 10 11 3
Latvia 12 10 13 12 11 9 13 12 10 11 1
Ukraine 12 10,11 13 12 11 9 12,13 12 10 11 2
Russia 12 11 12 12 10 9 12 12 10 11 4
Denm 12 11 12,14 12 10 9 12 12 10 11 7
Sweden 12 11 12,13,14 12 10 9 12 12 10 11 6
Norway 12 11 13 12 10,11 9 12 12 10 11 2
Finland 12 11 13 12 11 9 12 12 10 11 3
Table Panel 5b. Alleles of the markers of Panel 5b in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.
107
DYS549 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total
4 France - - 22 24 4 - 50
- - 44.0% 48.0% 8.0% - 100.0%
5 Benelux - 1 4 7 2 1 15
- 6.7% 26.7% 46.7% 13.3% 6.7% 100.1%
7 Ireland - 14 91 127 36 4 272
- 5.1% 33.5% 46.7% 13.2% 1.5% 100.0%
8 Scotland 3 11 89 148 25 1 277
1.1% 4.0% 32.1% 53.4 9.0% 0.4% 100.0%
9 Wales - - 8 17 6 1 32
- - 25.0% 53.1% 18.8% 3.1% 100.0%
10 Germany - 3 15 29 7 - 54
- 5.6% 27.8% 53.7% 13.0% - 100.1%
17 Poland - 1 5 9 - 1 16
- 6.3% 31.3% 56.3% - 6.3% 100.2%
1 Basques - - 1 1 1 - 3
- - 33.3% 33.3% 33.3% - 99.9%
2 Spain - - 4 2 - - 6
- - 66.7% 33.3% - - 99.9%
3 Portugal - - 1 3 - - 4
- - 25.0% 75.0% - - 100.0%
11 Switzerl - - 1 6 - - 7
- - 14.3% 85.7% - - 100.0%
12 Italia - - 1 6 - - 7
- - 14.3% 85.7% - - 100.0%
Flanders - - - 4 - - 4
- - - 100.0% - - 100.0%
13 Czech - - 3 2 - - 5
- - 60.0% 40.0% - - 100.0%
14 Slovakia - - 1 - - - 1
- - 100.0% - - - 100.0%
15 Hungary - - - 1 - - 1
- - - 100.0% - - 100.0%
16 Romania - - 1 2 - - 3
- - 33.3% 66.7% - - 100.0%
18 Lithuan - - 1 3 - - 3
- - 25.0% 75.0% - - 100.0%
19 Latvia - - - 1 - - 1
- - - 100.0% - - 100.0%
20 Ukraine - - - 2 - - 2
- - - 100.0% - - 100.0%
21 Russia - - 3 1 - - 4
- - 75.0% 25.0% - - 100.0%
22 Denm - - 3 1 3 - 7
- - 42.9% 14.3% 42.9% - 100.1%
23 Sweden - - 2 2 2 - 6
- - 33.3% 33.3% 33.3% - 100.0%
24 Norway - - - 2 - - 2
- - - 100.0% - - 100.0%
25 Finland - - 1 2 - - 3
- - 33.3% 66.7% - - 100.0%
Total 0.0% 1.1% 31.1% 59.7% 7.4% 0.7% 100.0%
Table 5c-549. Frequencies of alleles 10-15 at DYS549 in twentyfive European populations.

108
Histogram DYS549.
109
DYS522 9 10 11 12 Total
1 France 1 40 7 2 50
2.0% 80.0% 14.0% 4.0%
2 Benelux - 11 3 1 15
- 73.3% 20.0% 6.7%
3 Ireland - 69 180 23 272
- 25.4% 66.2% 8.5%
4 Scotland 1 103 151 21 276
0.4% 37.3% 54.7% 7.6%
5 Wales - 11 20 1 32
- 34.4% 64.5% 3.1
6 Germany - 33 14 - 47
- 70.2% 29.8% -
7 Poland - 13 - 3 16
- 81.3% - 18.8%
8 Basques - 2 1 - 3
- 67.7% 33.3% -
9 Spain - 2 3 - 5
- 40.0% 60.0% -
10 Portugal - 3 1 - 4
- 75.0% 25.0% -
11 Switzerl - 6 - 1 7
- 85.7% - 14.3%
12 Italia - 5 - - 5
- 100.0% - -
13 Flanders - 2 2 - 4
- 50.0% 50.0% -
14 Czech - 2 2 1 5
- 40.0% 40.0% 20.0%
15 Slovakia - - 1 - 1
- - 100.0% -
16 Hungary - 1 - - 1
- 100.0% -
17 Romania - 2 1 - 3
- 67.7% 33.3% -
18 Lithuan - 2 1 - 3
- 67.7% 33.3% -
19 Latvia - - 1 - 1
- - 100.0% -
20 Ukraine - - 2 - 2
- - 100.0% -
21 Russia - 3 1 - 4
- 75.0% 25.0% -
22 Denm - 6 1 - 7
- 85.7% 14.3% -
23 Sweden - 5 1 - 6
- 83.3% 16.7% -
24 Norway - 1 1 - 2
- 50.0% 50.0% -
25 Finland - - 3 - 3
- - 100.0% -
Total 0.1% 55.5% 41.2% 3.3% 100.1%
Table 5a-522. Frequencies of alleles 9-12 at DYS722 in twenty-five European populations.

110
Histogram DYS522.
DYS522 is typically 11 in Celtic Britain (Ireland, Scotland, and Wales), and 10 elsewhere (France,
Benelux, German language area and Poland).
Panel 5c (86-94)
No> 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 Total
DYS> 462 452 445 YGA 463 441 YG 525 712
0 EM 11 30 12 13 24 13 10 10 20
1 Fr 11 30 12 13 24 13 10 10 20 50
2 Ben 11 30 12 13 24 13 10 10 20 15
3 Ire 11 30 12 13 24 13 10 10 20 298
4 Sc 11 30 12 13 24 13 10 10 20 312
5 Wa 11 30 12 13 24 13 10 10 21 32
6 Ger 11 30 12 13 24 13 10 10 21 54
7 Pol 11 30 12 13 24 13 10 10 19 16
8 Bas 11 30 12 12 24 13 10 10 19,20,21 3
9 Spa 11 30 12 12 24 13,14 10 10 22 6
10 Por 11 30 12,13 12 24 13,14 10 10 19 4
11 Fla 11 30 12 12,13 24 13 10 10 19 4
12 Swz 11 30 12 12,13 24 13 10 10 21 7
13 Ita 11 30 12 13 24 13 10 10 20,21,22 6
14 Cze 11 30 12 12,13 24 13 10 10 20 5
15 Slk 11 30 12 13 24 14 10 10 20 1
16 Hun 11 30 12 13 24 13 10 11 22 1
17 Rom 11 30 13 12 24 14 10 11 20 2
18 Lith 11,13 30 12 13 24 13 10 10 20,21,22 3
19 Lat 11 30 12 12 24 13 10 11 20 1
20 Ukr 11 30 12 12 24 13 10 10,11 20,22 2
21 Rus 12 30 12 13 24 13 10 11 18,19,20,22 4
22 Den 11 30 12 13 24 13 10 10 22 5
23 Swe 11 30 12 13 24 13 10 10 22 6
24 Nor 11 30 12 13 24 13 10 10 19,20 2
25 Fin 11 30 12 12 24 13 10 10 20 3
Table Panel 5c. Alleles of the markers of Panel 5c in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.
111
YGA 11 12 13 14 15 16 Total
1 Fr - 13 40 2 1 - 56
- 23.2% 71.4% 3.6% 1.8% - 100.0%
2 Ben 2 4 6 3 - - 15
13.3% 26.7% 40.0% 20.0% - - 100.0%
3 Ir 2 51 217 27 1 - 298
0.7% 17.1% 72.8% 9.1% 0.3% - 100.0%
4 Sc 7 52 208 43 2 - 312
2.2% 16.7% 66.7% 13.8% 0.6% - 100.0%
5 Wa - 4 28 1 - - 33
- 12.1% 84.8% 3.0% - - 99.9%
6 Ge 4 15 44 11 - 1 75
5.3% 20.0% 58.7% 14.7% - 1.3% 100.0%
7 Po 2 6 8 1 - - 17
11.8% 35.3% 47.1% 5.9% - - 100.1%
8 Ba - 1 4 - - - 5
- 20.0% 80.0% - - - 100.0%
9 Sp - 3 3 1 - - 7
- 42.9% 42.9% 14.3% - - 100.1%
10 Por - 2 1 1 - - 4
- 50.0% 25.0% 25.0% - - 100.0%
11 FF - 2 2 - - - 4
- 50.0% 50.0% - - - 100.0%
12 Swz - 4 4 - - - 8
- 50.0% 50.0% - - - 100.0%
13 It - 2 4 2 - - 8
- 25.0% 50.0% 25.0% - - 100.0%
14 Cze 1 2 2 - - - 5
20.0% 40.0% 40.0% - - - 100.0%
15 Sl - - 1 - - - 1
- - 100.0% - - - 100.0%
16 Hu - - 1 - - - 1
- - 100.0% - - - 100.0%
17 Ro - 2 1 - - - 3
- 66.7% 33.3% - - - 100.0%
18 Li - 1 2 - - - 3
- 33.3% 66.7% - - - 100.0%
19 Lat - 2 - - - - 1
- 100.0% - - - - 100.0%
20 Uk - 2 1 - - - 3
- 66.7% 33.3% - - - 100.0%
21 Rus - 1 2 - - - 32
- 33.3% 66.7% - - - 100.0%
22 Den - 4 5 1 - - 10
- 40.0% 50.0% 10.0% - - 100.0%
23 Sw 1 2 3 - - - 6
16.7% 33.3% 50.0% - - - 100.0%
24 No - - 2 1 - - 2
- - 66.7% 33.3% - - 100.0%
25 Fi - 4 - - - - 4
- 100.0% - - - - 100.0%
Total 2.1% 36.1% 53.8% 7.1% 0.1% 0.1% 99.3%?
Table 5c-YGA. Frequencies of alleles 11-16 at YGA in twenty-five European populations.

112
Histogram YGA.
Map YGA. One obvious conclusion: Allele 13 is the most frequent allele in all the seven
populations represented by a large enough material. Allele 12 may, however, be slightly more
frequent in the East.
113
DYS712 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Total
1 Fr - 2 6 18 11 8 1 2 - - 48
- 4.2% 12.5% 37.5% 23.0% 16.7% 2.1% 4.2% - - 100.2%
2 Ben - - 1 6 5 2 1 - - - 15
- - 13.3% 40.0% 40.0% 13.3% 13.3% - - - 99.9%
3 Ir 1 4 40 75 68 55 15 6 5 2 271
0.4% 1.5% 14.8% 27.7% 25.1% 20.3% 5.5% 2.2% 1.8% 0.7% 100.0%
4 Sc 1 10 57 82 58 30 12 4 2 - 256
0.4% 3.9% 22.3% 32.0% 22.7% 11.7% 4.7% 1.6% 0.8% - 100.1%
5 Wa - - 3 6 122 6 3 1 1 - 32
- - 9.4% 18.8% 37.5% 18.8% 9.4% 3.1% 3.1% - 100.1%
6 Ge - 2 11 14 15 13 - - - - 55
- 3.6% 20.0% 25.5% 27.3% 23.6% - - - - 100.0%
7 Po - - 5 4 2 4 - 1 - - 16
- - 31.3% 25.0% 12.3% 25.0% - 6.3% - - 99.9%
8 Ba - - 1 1 1 - - - - - 3
- - 33.3% 33.3% 33.3% - - - - 100.0%
9 Sp - - 1 1 1 2 - - - 1 6
- - 16.7% 16.7% 16.7% 33.3% - - - 16.7% 100.1%
10 Por - - 2 1 - 1 - - - - 4
- - 50.0% 25.0% 25.0% - - - - 100.0%
11 FF - - 2 - 1 1 - - - - 4
- - 50.0% 25.0% 25.0% - - - - 100.0%
12 Swz - - 1 - 4 1 1 - - - 7
- - 14.3% 57.1% 14.3% 14.3% - - - 100.0%
13 It - - - 2 2 2 - - - - 6
- - - 33.3% 33.3% 33.3% - - - - 99.9%
14 Cze - 1 1 2 - 1 - - - - 5
- 20.0% 20.0% 40.0% - 20.0% - - - - 100.0%
15 Sl - - - 1 - - - - - - 1
- - - 100.0% - - - - - - 100.0%
16 Hu - - - - - 1 - - - - 1
- - - - 100.0% - - - - 100.0%
17 Ro - - - 2 - 1 - - - - 3
- - - 66.7% - 33.3% - - - - 100.0%
18 Li - - - 1 1 1 - - - - 3
- - - 33.3% 33.3% 33.3% - - - - 100.0%
19 Lat - - - 1 - - - - - - 1
- - - 100.0% - - - - - - 100.0%
20 Uk - - - 1 - 1 - - - - 2
- - - 50.0% - 50.0% - - - - 100.0%
21 Rus - 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - 4
- 25.0% 25.0% 25.0% - 25.0% - - - - 100.0%
22 Den - - - 1 2 3 1 - - - 7
- - - 14.3% 28.6% 42.9% 14.3% - - - 100.1%
23 Sw - - - 2 1 3 - - - - 6
- - - 33.3% 16.7% 50.0% - - - - 100.0%
24 No - - 1 1 - - - - - - 2
- - 50.0% 50.0% - - - - - - 100.0%
25 Fi - - - 3 - - - - - - 3
- - - 100.0% - - - - - - 100.0%
Total 0.0% 2.3% 15.3% 37.1 17.3% 24.6 2.5% 0.7% 0.2% 0.7% 100.7%
Table 5c-712. Frequencies of alleles 17-26 at DYS712 in twenty-five European populations.

114
Histogram DYS712.
Map DYS712. It is difficult to find any positive correleation between the most frequent four alleles
and their geographic areas.
Conclusions:
(1) If only modal types of populations are considered, European R1b-men can be
classified in two categories, those with highest percentages for DYS712= 20 and
those with DYS712= 21. This difference is not, however, essential, because the
values for 20 and 21 are so even.
(2) The most typical feature of DYS712 is the rather even distribution of frequencies
between three alleles 21, 22, and 23.
115
Panel 5d (95-102)
No> 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 n

DYS> 593 650 532 715 504 513 561 552
0 EM 15 19 13 24 17 12 15 24
1 Fr 15 19 13 24 17 12 15 24 50
2 Ben 15 19 13 24 17 12 15 24 15
3 Ire 15 19 13 24 17 12 15 24 194
4 Sc 15 19 13 24 17 12 15 24 276
5 Wa 15 19 13 24 17 12 15 24 32
6 Ger 15 18 13 24 17 12 15 24 54
7 Pol 15 19 13 24 17 12 15 24 16
8 Bas 15 18 13 23 15,16,18 12 15 24 3
9 Spa 15 18 13 24 17 12 15 24 6
10 Por 15 18,19 14 24 17 12 15 24 4
11 Fla 15 19 14 24 16 12 15 24,25 4
12 Swz 15 19 13,14 24 17 12 15 24 7
13 Ita 15 19 13 25 17 12 15 24 6
14 Cze 15 19,20 13 24 17 12 15 24 5
15 Slk 15 19 13 24 17 12 15 24 1
16 Hun 15 19 13 24 17 13 15 24 1
17 Rom 15 18 13 23 16 12 14 24 2
18 Lith 15 19 13 23,24,25 17 12 15 24 3
19 Lat 15 20 13 24 16 12 15 24 1
20 Ukr 15 20 12,13 23,24 16 12 15 24,26 2
21 Rus 15 18 13 24,25 16 12 15 24 4
22 Den 15 19 13,14 24 17 12 15 24 5
23 Swe 15 18,19 13 24 17 12 15 24 6
24 Nor 15 18,19 12,14 24 17,18 12 =15,16 24 2
25 Fin 15 18 13 23 16,17,19 12 15 24 3
Table 5d. Alleles of the markers of Panel 5d in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.
116
DYS650 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 n
1 France - - 2 15 28 4 1 50
- - 4.0% 30.0% 56.0% 8.0% 2.0% 100.0%
2 Benelux - - - 5 9 1 - 15
- - - 33.3% 60.0% 6.7% - 100.0%
3 Ireland 1 6 17 73 136 38 8 279
0.4% 2.6% 6.1% 26.2% 48.7% 13.6% 2.9% 100.5%
4 Scotland - - 22 94 124 27 8 275
- - 8.0% 34.2% 45.1% 9.8% 2.9% 100.0%
5 Wales - - 2 9 17 4 - 32
- - 6.3% 28.1% 53.1% 12.5% - 100.0%
6 Germany - - 4 20 14 9 - 47
- - 8.5% 42.6% 29.8% 19.1% - 100.0%
7 Poland - - 3 2 9 1 1 16
- - 18.8% 12.3% 56.3% 6.3% 6.3% 100.0%
8 Basques - - - 2 1 - - 3
- - - 67.7% 33.3% - - 100.0%
9 Spain - - 1 4 1 - - 6
- - 16.7% 66.7% 16.7% - - 100.1%
10 Portugal - - - 2 2 - - 4
- - - 50.0% 50.0% - - 100.0%
11 Flanders - - - 1 3 - - 4
- - - 25.0% 75.0% - - 100.0%
12 Schweitz - - - 3 4 - - 7
- - - 42.9 57.1% - - 100.0%
13 Italia - - - - 4 1 1 6
- - - - 66.7% 16.7% 16.7% 100.1%
14 Cze - - - 1 2 2 - 5
- - - 20.0% 40.0% 40.0% - 100.0%
15 Slk - - - - 1 - - 1
- - - - 100.0% - - 100.0%
16 Hun - - - - 1 - - 5
- - - - 100.0% - - 100.0%
17 Romania - - - 2 1 - - 3
- - - 66.7% 33.3% - - 100.0%
18 Lith - - - 1 2 - - 3
- - - 33.3% 66.7% - - 100.0%
19 Lat - - - - - 1 - 1
- - - - - 100.0% - 100.0%
20 Ukr - - - - - 2 - 2
- - - - - 100.0% - 100.0%
21 Russia - - - 3 1 - - 4
- - - 75.0% 25.0% - - 100.0%
22 Denm - - - 2 5 - - 7
- - - 28.6% 71.4% - - 100.0%
23 Sweden - - - 3 3 - - 6
- - - 50.0% 50.0% - - 100.0%
24 Nor - - - 1 1 - - 2
- - - 50.0% 50.0% - - 100.0%
25 Finland - - 1 2 - - - 3
- - 33.3% 66.7% - - - 100.0%
Total 0.0% 0.1% 4.1% 34.0% 47.4% 13.3% 1.2% 100.1%
Table 5d-650. Frequencies of alleles 14-21 at DYS712 in twenty-five European populations.

117
Histogram DYS650.
Map DYS650. Majority alleles of DYS650. Bigger circles = statistically more reliable, smaller
circles = statistically less reliable.
118
DYS504 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 n
1 France - 4 3 8 22 13 - - 50
- 8.0% 6.0% 16.0% 44.0% 26.0% - - 100.0%
2 Benelux - - - 1 13 1 - - 15
- - - 6.7% 86.7% 6.7% - - 100.1%
3 Ireland - 2 12 83 155 17 2 - 271
- 0.7% 4.4% 30.6% 57.2% 6.3% 0.7% - 99.9%
4 Scotland 1 3 19 71 140 20 1 1 256
0.4% 1.2% 7.4% 27.7% 54.7% 7.8% 0.4% 0.4% 100.0%
5 Wales 1 - 1 13 17 - - - 32
3.1% - 3.1% 40.6% 53.1% - - - 99.9%
6 Germany - 1 - 15 26 10 1 - 53
- 1.9% - 28.3% 49.1% 18.9% 1.9% - 100.1%
7 Poland - - 4 5 14 5 - - 28
- - 14.3% 17.9% 50.0% 17.9% - - 100.1%
8 Basques - - 1 1 - 1 - - 3
- - 33.3% 33.3% - 33.3% - - 99.9%
9 Spain - - 1 - 5 - - - 6
- - 16.7% - 83.3% - - - 100.0%
10 Portugal - - - - 3 1 - - 4
- - - - 75.0% 25.0% - - 100.0%
11 Flanders - - - 3 1 - - - 4
- - - 75.0% 25.0% - - - 100.0%
12 Schweitz - - - 1 3 2 1 - 7
- - - 14.3% 42,9% 28.6% 14.3% - 100.1%
13 Italia - - 1 1 3 - 1 - 6
- - 16.7% 16.7% 59.9% - 16.7% - 100.0%
14 Cze - - - 2 3 - - - 5
- - - 40.0% 60.0% - - - 100.0%
15 Slk - - - - 1 - - - 1
- - - - 100.0% - - - 100.0%
16 Hun - - - 2 3 - - - 5
- - - 40.0% 60.0% - - - 100.0%
17 Romania - - - 2 1 - - - 3
- - - 67.7% 33.3% - - - 99.9%
18 Lith - - - 1 2 - - - 3
- - - 33.3% 67.7% - - - 100.0%
19 Lat - - - 1 - - - - 1
- - - 100.0% - - - 100.0%
20 Ukr - - - 1 - - - - 1
- - - 100.0% - - - 100.0%
21 Russia - - 1 2 1 - - - 4
- - 25.0% 50.0% 25.0% - - - 100.0%
22 Denm - - - 2 4 - - - 7
- - - 28.6% 57.1% - - - 100.0%
23 Sweden - - - 1 5 - - - 6
- - - 16.7% 83.3% - - - 100.0%
24 Nor - - - - 1 1 - - 2
- - - - 50.0% 50.0% - - 100.0%
25 Finland - - - 1 1 - 1 - 3
- - - 33.3% 33.3% - 33.3% - 99.9%
Total 0.1% 1.0% 5.1% 32.6% 50.0% 8.8% 2.7% 0.0% 100.3%
Table 5d-504. Frequencies of alleles

119
Histogram DYS504.
Map DYS504. Majority alleles of DYS504. Bigger circles = statistically more reliable, smaller
circles = statistically less reliable.
120
Panel 5e (103-111)
No> 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111
DYS> 726 635 587 643 497 510 434 461 435 n
0 Modal 12 23 18 10 14 17 9 12 11
1 Fra 12 23 18 10 14 17 9 12 11 50
2 Ben 12 23 18 10 14 17 9 12 11 15
3 Ire 12 23 18 10 14 17 9 12 11 294
4 Sco 12 23 18 10 14 17 9 12 11 276
5 Wal 12 23 18 10 14 17 9 12 11 32
6 Ger 12 23 18 10 14 17 9 12 11 54
7 Pol 12 23 18 10 14 17 9 12 11 16
8 Bas 12 23 18 10 14 17 9 12 11 3
9 Spa 12 23 18 10 14 17 9 12 11 6
10 Por 12 23 18 10 14 17 9 12 11 4
11 Fla 12 24,25 18 9 14 17,18 9 12 11 4
12 Swz 12 23 18 10 14 17 9 12 11 3
13 Ita 12 23 18 10 14 18 9 12 11 6
14 Cze 12 23 18 10 14 17 9 12 11 5
15 Slk 12 23 18 10 14 17 9 12 11 1
16 Hun 12 23 18 10 14 16 9 12 11 1
17 Rom 12 23 18 10 14 17 9 12 11 2
18 Lit 12 23 18 10 14 17 9 12 11 3
19 Lat 12 23 18 10 14 18 9 12 11 1
20 Ukr 12 23 18 10 14 17,18 9 12 11 2
21 Rus 12 23 18 10 14 17,18 9 12 11 4
22 Den 12 23 18 10 14 17 9 12 11 5
23 Swe 12 23 18 10 14 17 9 12 11 6
24 Nor 12 23,25 18 10 14 17 9 11,12 11 2
25 Fin 12 23 18 10 14 17 9 12 11 3
Table 5e. Alleles of the markers of Panel 5e in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.
Flanders:
DYS> 635 643 510

allele 24 25 9 10 17 18
2 2 3 1 2 2
% 50% 50% 75.0% 25.0% 50.0% 50.0%
121
Critical markers and their alleles
No> 13 21 24 30 34 35 68 73 78 80 89 94 96 99
DYS> 458 449 464c 456 CDYa CDYb 710 714 549 522 YGA 712 650 504
0 Mod 17 29 17 16 36 38 35 25 13 10 13 20 19 17
1 Fra 17 29 17 16 37 38 35 25 13 10 13 20 19 17
2 Ben 17 29 17 16 36 37,38 35 25,27 13 10 13 20 19 17
3 Ire 17 29 17 16 37 38 35 25 13 10,11 13 20 19 17
4 Sco 17 29 17 16 37 38 35 26 13 11 13 20 19 17
5 Wal 17 29 17 15 36 38 35 25 13 11 13 21 19 17
6 Ger 17 29 17 16 36 38 34,35 26 13 11 13 21 18 17
7 Pol 17 29 16 16 36 39 34 26 13 10 13 19 19 17
34 23,25,26
8 Bas 17 29 17 16 36 37 13 10 12 19,20,21 18 15,16,18
34,35
9 Spa 17 29 17 16 36 38 25 12,13,14 10 12 22 18 17
10 Por 17 29 17 15 35,36 38 35 26 12 11 12 19 18,19 17
11 Fla 17 29 17 16 36 39 34,35 25-28 13 10 12,13 19 19 16
12 Swi 17 29 17 15 37 38 35 25,26 13 10 12,13 21 19 17
13 Ita 17 29 17 15 36 38 35 25,27 13 10 13 20,21,22 19 17
14 Cze 17 29 17 15 36,37 38 35 27 13 10,11 12,13 20 19,20 17
16 29 16 16 35 38
15 Slo 36 25 12 10,11 13 20 19 17
16 Hun 16 29 17 15,16 36,37 38 36 26 12 11 13 22 19 17
29 17 39
17 Rom 17 16 36 34 25 13 10 12 20 18 16
29 17 39
18 Lit 17 16 35 34 26 13 10 13 20,21,22 19 17
29 17 36,38
19 Lat 17 15 35 32 25 13 10 12 20 20 16
29 17 38
20 Ukr 17 15 37 34 25,27 13 11 12 20,22 20 16
21 Rus 17 29 16 16 35,36,37 39 34 26 13 11 13 18,19,20,22 18 16
22 Den 17 29 17 15,16 37 37 35 26 12 10 13 22 19 17
23 Swe 17 29 17 16 37 37 34 26 12,14 10 13 22 18,19 17

24 Nor 17 29 17 16 36 38 34,36 24,26 12,13,14 10 13 19,20 18,19 17,18
25 Fin 17 28 17 16 36 38,39 35 26 13 10,11 12 20 18 16,17,19
Table Critical markers. The alleles of the critical markers of twenty-five populations. By critical makers
is meant the ones showing variance in their alleles between populations. The markers that are identical or
almots identical in the populations are not included in this Table. Grey colour and smaller letters =
population is represented by a small number of participants in the FTDNA Project, and these figures are,
therefore, statistically less reliable than others. The cases in which there are two or more figures for one
allele designate cases of identical frequency.
122
Genetic distances between populations

M Fra Ben Ire Sco Wa Ger Pol Bas Spa Por Fla Swi Ita Cze Hu Rus Den Swe Nor Fin Steps
0 1 0.5 1 1 1 0 2 1 0 1.5 1.5 2 1 1.5 2 3 2.5 2 0 1.5 Mo 26.0
0 1.5 0 0 2 1 3 1 1 2 2 1 2 1.5 2 3 1.5 1 1 1.5 Fra 28.0
0 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.5 0.75 0.5 0.5 2 0.75 2.5 1.5 2 2.5 2.5 2 1.5 0.5 2 Ben 28.0
0 0 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 1.5 2 2.75 1.5 1 1 2.5 Ire 29.75
0 2 1 3 2 1 1.75 2 1 2 1.5 2 2.75 1.5 1 1 2.5 Sco 29.5
0 1 3 2 1 0.5 2 1 0 0.5 2 3.75 2.5 3 1 2.5 Wa 33.25
0 2 1 0 1.5 1 2 1 1.5 2 2.75 2.5 2 0 1.5 Ger 25.25
0 2 2 3.5 1 4 3 3.5 4 1.75 4.5 4 2 2.5 Pol 46.5
0 1 2.5 2 3 2 2.5 3.5 3.75 1.5 1 1 2.5 Bas 36.75
0 1.5 1 2 1 1.5 2 2.75 2.5 2 0 1.5 Spa 25.25
0 2.5 1.5 0.5 1 2.5 3.5 3 3.5 1.5 3 Por 33.75
0 3 2 2.5 3.5 2 4.5 3 1 1.5 Fla 38.25
0 1 0.5 2 3.75 1.5 2 2 3.5 Swi 37.25
0 0.5 2 4 2.5 3 1 2.5 Ita 33.5
0 1.5 3.25 2 2.5 1.5 3 Cze 33.75
0 3.25 2.5 2.5 2 3.5 Hu 47.2
0 3.75 3.75 3 3.5 Rus 59.5
0 0.5 2.5 2.75 Den 45.5
0 2 3.25 Swe 37.2
0 1.5 Nor 25.5
0 Fin 47.0
Table Distances 1. Mutual distances in steps between European populations. Only those twenty populations
with at least about ten participants in Panel 4 of the FTDNA material are included. Green = short distances
0 1; yellow = medium distances 1.5 - 2; red = long distances 2.5 4. Mo = European modal.
Steps Aver.
distance
Fra 28.0 1.40
Ben 28.0 1.40
Ire 29.75 1.49
Sco 29.5 1.48
Wa 33.25 1.60
Ger 25.25 1.26
Pol 46.5 2.33
Bas 36.75 1.84
Spa 25.25 1.26
Por 33.75 1.69
Fla 38.25 1.91
Swi 37.25 1.86
Ita 33.5 1.68
Cze 33.75 1.69
Hu 47.2 2.36
Rus 59.5 2.98
Den 45.5 2.28
Swe 37.2 1.86
Nor 25.5 1.28
Fin 47.0 2.35
Table Distances 2. The average distance of a population from the other nineteen European populations.
123
Map Distance zones. The mutual distances between populations. The figures give the average distance of a
popualation from the other 19 populations. Green = close, yellow = relatively close, red = far.
124
Map Modal 1. Genetic distances in steps from the European Modal.

125
Map Modal 2. Three zones of the distances from the European Modal. Green = close, yllow = far, and
red = very far from the Modal.

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File Wiik Haplogroup R1b,

Figure 23. L11 all by Myres et al. 2010. 21

Map DYSYGA 112

SNP Data of Haplogroup R1b

Figure 1. Geographic area of haplogroup R1b.

Figure 4. Frequencies of R1b in Northern Europe.

2. Inventory of SNP mutations and subclades

0 R M207/Page37/UTY2, P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, S4, S9

Figure 7 (preceding page). A tree diagram constructed on the basis of Figure 6.

Figure 8. A tree of the most relevant mutations of haplogroup R1b according to

Figure 10. Difference in the geographic concentrations of some R1b mutations in

Figure 11. The family story of R1b.

Developmen of the brances of the R1b tree

Figure 16. L23. Figure 17. L23 by Myres et al. 2010

Figure 18. Distribution of subclade L23 (without M412).

Figure 19. M412/L51. Figure 20. M412 by Myres et al. 2010

On level nine, the dominant group L51/M412 developed into L11.

Figure 21. L11. Figure 22. L11 (xU106,S116)

Figure 28. The Atlantic North Group U106/S21 according to Eupedia.

Figure 34. M529(xM222). The Irish group without M222.

Figure 35. A distribution map of the Hallstatt Group U152/S28 by Eupedia.

Family story of West-European R1b men

Mutation Main area Potential name

Country R-M269 Sample Source

Slovenia A 21.3% 75 Battaglia et al. (2008)

Population R-V88 R-M269 R-M73 Total% N

SNP-mutations and subgroups of R1b in eleven populations

Sum of the two Tables (ISOGG+ and ISOGG-)

Figure 46. The number of R1b subclades in various parts of Europe.

R1b trees of some European populations

(1) R1b tree of France

(2) R1b tree of Ireland

11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.

(3) R1b tree of Scotland

(4) R1b tree of Wales

(5) R1b tree of Germany

(6) R1b tree of Hungary

(7) R1b tree of Poland

(8) R1b tree Russia

(9) R1b tree of Norway

(10) R1b tree of Sweden

(11) R1b tree of Finland

Figure 62. Percentage of identical subclades. Critical percentage 47 %.

Figure 63. Percentage of different subclades. Critical percentage 60 %.

Figure 64. Five groups of related subgroups.

Figure 65. Map of the percentage of identical subclades.

Wal 7 20 Ger Ger 27 4 Hun Hun 1 14 Pol

Pol 21 8 Rus Rus 4 9 Nor Nor 7 1 Swe

In respect to the number of the subclades of Haplogroup R1b, Europe seems to be

Tables and maps of the STR modals of European R1b

I go through the material in the order of FTDNA Panels 1 5.

Panel> 1 (1-12) 2 (13-25) 3(26-37) 4(38-67) 5(68-111)

Legends for the Tables

(1) Panel 1: Markers 1-12

Histogram DYS393 West. Histogram DYS393 East.

Map DYS393 second in frequency.

(4) Marker 4: 391

(2) Panel 2: Markers 13-25

(13) Marker 13: DYS458

Marker 21: DYS449

Marker 24: DYS464c

Map DYS464c. The alleles of DYS464c.