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Geo Mechanics Module Users Guide PDF
Geo Mechanics Module Users Guide PDF
Geo Mechanics Module Users Guide PDF
Users Guide
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Version: May 2011 COMSOL 4.2
Part No. CM021801
C o n t e n t s
Chapter 1: Introduction
CONTENTS |3
Willam-Warnke Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Ottosen Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Hoek-Brown Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Generalized Hoek-Brown Criterion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Stress-Strain Theory 39
Small Strain Assumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Plastic Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Effective and Volumetric Plastic Strains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Geomechanics Materials 54
The Output Materials Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4 | CONTENTS
1
Introduction
5
Geomechanics Module Overview
In this section:
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6 | CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
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8 | CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
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Geomechanics Theory
The Geomechanics Module contains new materials which are used in combination
with the Structural Mechanics Module to account for the plasticity of soils and
failure criteria in rocks, concrete and other brittle materials.
In this chapter:
11
General Geomechanics Theory
Note: See also the Theory for the Solid Mechanics Interface in the Structural
Mechanics Users Guide for more information.
In this section:
Engineering analysis and design for soil and rock structures, however, are in most cases
concerned with compressive stresses (Ref. 1). Therefore, in geotechnical applications
the opposite sign convention is usually adopted because compressive normal stresses
are more common than tensile ones (Ref. 5).
The convention used in Ref. 1 refers to the hydrostatic pressure (trace of the stress
Cauchy tensor) with a positive sign. The use of the first invariant of Cauchy stress
tensor I1() is preferred through this document, in order to avoid misunderstandings
with the convention in the Structural Mechanics Module (where pressure is positive
under compression, or equivalently, it has the opposite sign of the Cauchy stress
tensors trace).
I 1 = ii = trace
1 1 2
I 2 = --- ii jj ij ji = --- I 1 : (2-1)
2 2
1 3
I 3 = det = --- : I 1 + I 1 I 2
3
The first invariant I1 is the trace of the tensor, the second invariant I2 is the sum of the
principal two-rowed minors of the determinant of , and the third invariant I3 is the
determinant of . (Ref. 1).
When 1, 2, and 3, represent the principal components of the stress tensor, these
invariants can be written as
I1 = 1 + 2 + 3
1 2
I 2 = --- I 1 1 + 2 + 3 = 1 2 + 2 3 + 1 3
2 2 2
2
I3 = 1 2 3
The principal components of the stress tensor are the roots of the characteristic
equation (CayleyHamilton theorem)
3 2
I1 + I2 I3 = 0
Note: The invariants I1, I2, and I3 can be called in user-defined yield criteria by
referencing the variables solid.I1s, solid.I2s and solid.I3s.
D 1
ij = ij --- I 1 ij
3
As defined above J20. In soil plasticity, the most relevant invariants are I1, J2, and
J3. I1 represents the effect of mean stress, J2 represents the magnitude of shear stress,
and J3 is the direction of the shear stress.
OTHER INVARIANTS
It is possible to define other invariants in terms of the primary invariants. One common
auxiliary invariant is the Lode angle
3 3 J3 - (2-3)
cos 3 = ----------- -----------
2 J3 2
2
The Lode angle is bounded to 03 when the principal stresses are sorted as
123 (Ref. 1).
Note: The Lode angle is undefined at the hydrostatic axis, where all three principal
stresses are equal (1=2=3=I1/3) and J2=0. To avoid division by zero, the
Lode angle is computed from the inverse tangent function atan2, instead of the
inverse cosine, as stated in Equation 2-3.
The octahedral plane (also called -plane) is defined perpendicular to the hydrostatic
axis in the HaighWestergaard coordinate system. The stress normal to this plane is
oct=I1/3, and the shear stress on that plane is defined by oct = 2/3J 2 .
The functionals described in Equation 2-1 and Equation 2-2 enter into expressions
that define various kind of yield and failure surfaces. A yield surface is a surface in the
3D space of principal stresses which circumscribe an elastic state of stress.
PRINCIPAL STRESSES
The principal stresses 1, 2, and 3) are the eigenvalues of the stress tensor, and when
sorted as 1 2 3 they can be written by using the invariants I1 and J2 and the
Lode angle 03 (Ref. 1):
1 4J
1 = --- I 1 + ---------2- cos
3 3
4J
2 = --- I 1 + ---------2- cos ------
1 2
3 3 3
4J
3 = --- I 1 + ---------2- cos + ------
1 2
3 3 3
The principal stresses can be obtained by using the expressions in Table 2-1.
TABLE 2-1: PRINCIPAL STRESSES SORTED AS IN THE STRUCTURAL MECHANICS MODULE
PRINCIPAL EXPRESSION
STRESS
1 solid.I1s/3+sqrt(4/3*solid.II2s)*cos(solid.thetaL)
2 solid.I1s/3+sqrt(4/3*solid.II2s)*cos(solid.thetaL-2*pi/3)
3 solid.I1s/3+sqrt(4/3*solid.II2s)*cos(solid.thetaL+2*pi/3)
F = f fc = 0
where fc can be a constant value (for perfectly plastic materials), or a variable for
strain-hardening materials. The yield surface F is a surface in the space of principal
stresses, for which the elastic regime (F<0) is enclosed.
For brittle materials, the yield surface represents a failure surface, which is a stress
level at which the material collapses instead of deforms plastically.
Note: Some authors define the yield criterion as f ()= fc, while the yield surface is a
isosurface in the space of principal stresses F=0, which can be chosen for numerical
2 2
purposes as F = f f c = 0 .
In general, the yield criterion depends on various parameters. Most of the plasticity
models are based on isotropic assumptions, which require the yield function to be
independent of the chosen coordinate system. This introduces the concept of using the
stress invariants previously defined in Equation 2-1, Equation 2-2, and Equation 2-3.
In this section:
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
J 2 = --- 11 22 + 22 33 + 33 11 + 12 + 23 + 13 = k 2
6
or equivalently J2 = k .
Note: The effective or von Mises stress ( mises = 3J 2 ) is available in the variable
solid.mises.
1
--- max 1 2 1 3 2 3 = k
2
Tresca criterion is a hexagonal prism with axis equally inclined to the three principal
stress axes. When the principal stresses fulfill 123, this criterion can be written
as
1
--- 1 3 = k
2
By using the representation of principal stresses in term of the invariants J2 and the
Lode angle 03, this criterion can alternatively be written as
4J
--- ---------2- cos cos + 2
------ =
J 2 sin + --- = k
1
2 3 3 3
or equivalently J 2 cos --- = k .
6
The maximum shear stress is reached at the meridians (=0 or =). Tresca
criterion can be circumscribed by setting the Lode angle =0, or equivalently, by a
von Mises criterion 3J 2 = 2k .
The minimum shear is reached at=, so the Tresca criterion can be inscribed by
setting a von Mises criterion J 2 = k . When dealing with soils, the parameter k is
also called undrained shear strength.
Note: Tresca effective stress is implemented in the Structural Mechanics Module with
the variable solid.tresca.
Figure 2-2: Classical yield criteria for metals. Left: Tresca criterion. Right: von Mises
criterion.
The von Mises and Tresca criteria are independent of the first stress invariant I1 and
are mainly used for the analysis of plastic deformation in metals and ductile materials,
though some researchers use these criteria for describing fully saturated cohesive soils
(that is, clays) under undrained conditions.
Mohr-Coulomb Criterion
Drucker-Prager Criterion
Elliptic Cap
Matsuoka-Nakai Criterion
Lade-Duncan Criterion
Mohr-Coulomb Criterion
Mohr-Coulomb criterion is the most popular criterion in soil mechanics. It was
developed by Coulomb before Tresca and von Mises criteria for metals, and it was the
first criterion to account for the hydrostatic pressure. The criterion states that failure
occurs when the shear stress and the normal stress acting on any element in the
material satisfy the equation
+ tan c = 0
here, is the shear stress, c the cohesion, and denotes the angle of internal friction.
1 1
--- 1 3 + --- 1 + 3 sin c cos = 0
2 2
e
siv
res
omp
C
The Mohr-Coulomb criterion can be written in terms of the invariants I1 and J2 and
the Lode angle 03 (Ref. 1, Ref. 9) when the principal stresses are sorted as
123,
J
F = --- I 1 sin + -----2- 1 + sin cos 1 sin cos + ------ c cos = 0
1 2
3 3 3
The tensile meridian is defined when and the compressive meridian when =.
F = J 2 m + I 1 k = 0
In the special case of frictionless material, (=0, =0, k=c), the Mohr-Coulomb
criterion reduces to Trescas maximum shear stress criterion, 13=2k or
equivalently F = J 2 cos --- k = 0 .
6
Drucker-Prager Criterion
Mohr-Coulomb criterion causes numerical difficulties when treating the plastic flow at
the corners of the yield surface. The Drucker-Prager model neglects the influence of
the invariant J3 (introduced by the Lode angle) on the cross-sectional shape of the
yield surface. It can be considered as the first attempt to approximate the
Mohr-Coulomb criterion by a smooth function based on the invariants I1 and J2
F = J 2 + I 1 k = 0
This is sometimes also called extended von Mises criterion, since it is equivalent to
von-Mises criterion for metals when setting =
The coefficients in the Drucker-Prager model can be matched to the coefficients in the
Mohr-Coulomb criterion by
2 sin 2 3c cos
= ------- -------------------------- and k = ---------------------------
3 3 sin 3 sin
The symbol is related to either matching the tensile meridian (positive sign) or the
compressive meridian (negative sign) of Mohr-Coulombs pyramid.
Figure 2-5: The Drucker-Prager criterion showing the tensile and compressive meridians
(inner and outer circles), and the Lode angle compared to the cross section of
Mohr-Coulomb criterion in the -plane.
tan 3c
= ------------------------------------ and k = ------------------------------------
2 2
9 + 12 tan 9 + 12 tan
1 2
= ------- sin and k = ------- c cos
3 3
Elliptic Cap
Both Mohr-Coulomb and Drucker-Prager criteria portrait a conic yield surface which
opens in the hydrostatic axis direction. Normally, these soil models are not accurate
above a given limit pressure, since real life materials can not bear infinite loads and still
The elliptic cap is an elliptic yield surface of semi axes as shown in Figure 2-6. The
initial pressure pa (SI units: Pa) denotes the pressure at which the elastic range
circumscribed by either Mohr-Coulomb pyramid or Drucker-Prager cone is not valid
any longer, so a cap surface is added. The limit pressure pb gives the curvature of the
ellipse, and denotes the maximum admissible hydrostatic pressure for which the
material start deforming plastically. Pressures higher than pb are not allowed
pa pb p
Note that the sign convention for the pressure is taken from the Structural Mechanics
Module: positive sign under compression, so pa and pb are positive parameters.
Figure 2-6 shows the cap in terms of the variables q = 3J 2 and p = I 1 3 .
Matsuoka-Nakai Criterion
Matsuoka and Nakai (Ref. 3) discovered that the sliding of soil particles occurs in the
plane in which the ratio of shear stress to normal stress has its maximum value, which
they called the mobilized plane. They defined the yield surface as
F = 9 + 9 2 I 3 I 1 I 2 = 0
where the parameter =/nSTP equals the maximum ratio between shear stress
and normal stress in the spatially mobilized plane (STP-plane), and the invariants are
applied over the effective stress tensor (this is the Cauchy stress tensor minus the fluid
pore pressure).
Figure 2-7: The Matsuoka-Nakai criterion and Mohr-Coulomb criterion in the principal
stress space.
Lade-Duncan Criterion
The Lade-Duncan criterion was originally developed to model a large volume of
laboratory sample test data of cohesionless soils. This criterion is defined as
3
F = kI 3 I 1 = 0
where I1 and I3 are the first and third stress invariants respectively, and k is a parameter
related to the direction of the plastic strain increment in the triaxial plane. The
parameter k can vary from 27 for hydrostatic stress conditions (1=2=3), up to a
critical value kc at failure. In terms of the invariant I1, J2 and J3, this criterion can be
written as
Lade-Duncan Matsuoka-Nakai
Mohr-Coulomb
Note: The Lade-Duncan criterion does not match Mohr-Coulomb criterion (nor
Matsuoka-Nakai criterion) at the tensile meridian.
The Cam-Clay model is a so-called critical state model, where the loading and
unloading of the material follows different trajectories in stress space. The model also
features hardening and softening of clays. Different formulations can be found in
textbooks about these models (see Ref. 13, 14, and 15).
F = q 2 + M 2 p p c p = 0 (2-4)
This is an ellipse in p-q plane, with a cross section independent of Lode angle and
smooth for differentiation. Note that p, q and pc are always positive variables.
The material parameter M0 defines the slope of a line in the p-q space called critical
state line, and it can be related to the angle of internal friction in Mohr-Coulomb
criterion
6 sin
M = --------------------------
3 sin
softening
hardening
pC/2 pC p
Figure 2-9: Modified Cam-Clay surface in the p-q plane. The ellipse circumscribes a
non-linear elastic region.
B p pvol
p c = p c0 e (2-5)
Note: The volumetric plastic strain is available in the variable solid.epvol and the
consolidation pressure in the variable solid.Pc.
Here, the parameter pc0 is the initial consolidation pressure, and the exponent Bp is a
parameter which depends on the initial void ratio e0, the swelling index and the
compression index
1 + e0
B p = ---------------
The initial void ratio, the compression index and the swelling index are all positive
parameters and should fulfill 0 , so B p 0 .
In this formulation, the compression index is the slope of the virgin isotropic
consolidation line, and is the slope of the rebound -reloading line (also called
loading-reloading line) in the e vs ln(p) plane.
e
N
Figure 2-10: Slopes of the virgin isotropic consolidation line, and rebound-reloading line
in the e vs ln(p) plane.
Note: If you add an Initial Stress and Strain sub-feature to your Cam-Clay material,
you have to secure that the initial consolidation pressure pc0 is equal or bigger than
one third of minus the trace of the initial stress tensor, otherwise your initial stress
state will be outside the Cam-Clay ellipse.
0 0 th p
ij = ij + C ijkl kl kl kl kl
here, is the total strain tensor, 0 and 0 are the initial stress and strain tensors, th is
the thermal strain, p is the plastic strain, and C is the fourth-order elasticity tensor.
p = I 1 3 = p 0 K elvol
here p0=trace0/3 is the trace of the initial stress tensor 0, and K is the bulk
modulus, a constant parameter independent of the stress or strain.
The modified Cam-Clay model introduces a non-linear relation between stress and
volumetric elastic strain
B e elvol 1 + e0
p p0 = K0 e with B e = ---------------
and K0 a reference bulk modulus. This formulation gives a tangent bulk modulus
KTBep. The reference bulk modulus is calculated from the initial consolidation
pressure pc0, and the void ratio at reference pressure N.
F = q 2 + M 2 p p c p = 0
The associated flow rule (Q=F) and the yield surface written in terms of these two
invariants, F(I1, J2), give a rate equation for the plastic strain tensor calculated from
the derivatives of F with respect to the stress tensor
Q F I 1 F J 2
ij = p ---------- = p -------- ---------- + --------- ----------
p
ij I 1 ij J 2 ij
p
The plastic strain rate tensor ij includes both deviatoric and isotropic parts. Note that
F ij F 3 D ij
ij = p ------- ------ + ------- ------- ij = p M 2 2p p c ------ + 3 ij
p D
p 3 q 2q 3
p
The trace of the plastic strain rate tensor (the volumetric plastic strain rate vol ) then
reads
p p
vol = trace ij = p M 2 2p p c
This relation explains the reason why there is isotropic hardening for p>pc/2 and
isotropic softening for p<pc/2.
Hardening will introduce changes in the shape of the Cam-Clay ellipse, since its mayor
semi axis depends on the value of pc.
F = q 2 + M 2 p p f pc p pf = 0
The quantity ppf is normally regarded as the effective pressure, or effective stress.
Bresler-Pister Criterion
Willam-Warnke Criterion
Ottosen Criterion
Hoek-Brown Criterion
Generalized Hoek-Brown Criterion
Bresler-Pister Criterion
The Bresler-Pister criterion (Ref. 2) was originally devised to predict the strength of
concrete under multiaxial stresses. This failure criterion is an extension of the
Drucker-Prager criterion to brittle materials and can be expressed in terms of the stress
invariants as
2
F = J2 + k1 I1 + k2 I1 + k3 = 0 (2-6)
This criterion can also be written (Ref. 17) in term of the uniaxial compressive strength
fc and the octahedral normal and shear stresses
here, the parameters a, b, and c are obtained from the uniaxial compression, uniaxial
tension and biaxial compression tests. The octahedral normal stress octis considered
positive when tensile, and fc is taken positive.
oct
--- --------- + r --- ---- oct 1 = 0
3 1 1
F = (2-7)
5 fc f t f b
--- r ------ I 1 f c = 0
1
F = J2 + 5
2 3
with = f b f t / f b f c f t f c .
The function r( describes the segment of an ellipse on the octahedral plane when
0 3 . By using the Lode angle , the dimensionless function r( is defined as
2
2r c r c2 r t2 cos + r c 2r t r c 4 r c2 r t2 cos + 5r t2 4 r c r t
r = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
-
4 r c2 r t2 cos + r c 2r t 2
Here, the tensile and compressive meridian rt and rc are defined in terms of the positive
parameters fc, fb, and ft:
fb ft
rt = 6
--- ----------------------------
5 2f b c + ft fc
f
fb ft
rc = 6
--- -------------------------------------------
5 3f b f t + f b f c f t f c
rc
r
rt
Ottosen Criterion
The Ottosen criterion is a four-parameter failure criterion proposed for short-time
loading of concrete. It corresponds to a smooth convex failure surface with curved
meridians, which open in the negative direction of the hydrostatic axis. The trace in
the deviatoric plane changes from almost triangular to a more circular shape with
increasing hydrostatic pressure. The criterion is in agreement with experimental results
over a wide range of stress states, including both triaxial tests along the tensile and the
compressive meridian and biaxial tests (Ref. 18).
a
F = ---- J 2 + J 2 + bI 1 f c = 0
fc
In this formulation, the parameters a>0, b>0, k1>0 and k2>0 are dimensionless, fc>0
is the uniaxial compressive strength of concrete (with a positive sign), and the function
0 (dimensionless) is defined as
The parameter k1 is called the size factor. The parameter k2 (also called shape factor) is
positive and bounded to 0k21(Ref. 17, Ref. 18).
Typical values for these parameters are obtained by curve-fitting the uniaxial
compressive strength fc, uniaxial tensile strength ft, and from the biaxial and triaxial
data (for instance, typical biaxial compressive strength of concrete is 16% higher than
the uniaxial compressive strength). The parameters fc, fb, and ft are positive.
TABLE 2-2: TYPICAL PARAMETER VALUES FOR OTTOSEN FAILURE CRITERION ( Ref. 18).
ft/ fc a b k1 k2 t c
0.08 1.8076 4.0962 14.4863 0.9914 14.4725 7.7834
0.10 1.2759 3.1962 11.7365 0.9801 11.7109 6.5315
0.12 0.9218 2.5969 9.9110 0.9647 9.8720 5.6979
The compressive and tensile meridians (as defined in Willam-Warnke criterion) are
1 1
r c = ----- = -------------------
c /3
1 1
r t = ----- = -----------
t 0
Hoek-Brown Criterion
Hoek-Brown criterion is an empirical type of model which is commonly used when
dealing with rock masses of variable quality. The Hoek-Brown criterion is widely used
1 = 3 + m c 3 + s c2
where 1230 are the principal stresses at failure (as defined in geotechnical
engineering, this is, absolute value), c is the uniaxial compressive strength of the
intact rock (positive parameter), and m and s are positive material parameters.
If the expression is converted into to the sign convention for principal stresses in the
Structural Mechanics Module, it becomes
1 = 3 + m c 1 + s c2
with c, m, and s positive material parameters. (In this case, note that 1 sc/m).
As developed originally, there is no relation between the parameters m and s and the
physical characteristics of a rock mass measured in laboratory tests. However, for intact
rock, s1 and mmi, which is measured in a triaxial test.
For jointed rock masses, 0s1 and mmi. The parameter m usually lies in the
range 5m30 (Ref. 7).
TABLE 2-3: CHARACTERISTIC VALUES FOR DIFFERENT ROCK TYPES
m ROCK TYPE
Hoek-Brown criterion can be written in terms of the invariants I1 and J2 and the Lode
angle 03, so
m 1
F = 2 J 2 sin + --- c ------------ + s = 0
3 c
mb 1 a
1 3 = c -------------- + s
c
mb 1 a
F = 2 J 2 sin + --- c -------------- + s = 0
3 c
where 123 are the principal stresses (using the Structural Mechanics Module
conventions) of the effective stress tensor (this is, the Cauchy tensor minus the fluid
pore pressure).
m b = m i exp --------------------------
GSI 100
28 14D
s and a are positive parameters for the rock mass given by the following relationships:
s = exp --------------------------
GSI 100
9 3D
The disturbance factor D was introduced to account for the effects of stress relaxation
and blast damage, and it varies from 0 for undisturbed in-situ rock masses to 1 for very
damaged rock masses.
TABLE 2-4: DISTURBANCE FACTOR IN ROCK MASSES
mb I1 4J a
F = 2 J 2 sin + --- c -------- ----- + ---------2- cos + s = 0
3 c 3 3
0 0 th p
ij ij = C ijkl kl kl kl kl
where is the total strain tensor, 0 and 0 are the initial stress and strain tensors, th
is the thermal strain, p is the plastic strain, and C is the fourth-order elasticity tensor.
In the special case of zero initial strain and no thermal expansion, the elastic part of the
el p
strain tensor simplifies to ij = ij ij , so the strain tensor is normally additively
decomposed into elastic and plastic (inelastic) components
el p
ij = ij + ij
The total strain increment (also called total strain rate) is written as
el p
ij = ij + ij
el p
where ij and ij represent the elastic and plastic strain rates. If elor p are large, the
additive decomposition might produce incorrect results, however, the additive
decomposition of strains is widely use for metal and soil plasticity.
Plastic Flow
p
The flow rule defines the relationship between the increment of plastic strain ij and
the current state of stress ijfor a yielded element subject to further loading. The
direction of the plastic strain increment is defined by the flow rule
STRESS-STRAIN THEORY | 39
p Q
ij = ----------
ij
Is it important to notice that the dot means the rate at which the plastic strain tensor
changes with respect to Q ij , and it does not represent a time derivative.
p Q
ij = ----------
ij
Figure 2-12: Plastic potential, plastic strain increment, and plastic multiplier.
p
The direction of the plastic strain increment ij is perpendicular to the surface (in the
p
principal stresses space) defined by the plastic potential Q ij ij at the current state
of stress (see Figure 2-12).
F 0
0 (2-8)
F = 0
where F is the user-defined yield surface, so the elastic regime is defined by F<0.
If the plastic potential and the yield surface coincide with each other (Q=F), the flow
rule is called associated, and the rate in Equation 2-9 is solved together with the
conditions in Equation 2-8.
p F
ij = ---------- (2-9)
ij
p Q
ij = ---------- (2-10)
ij
p
The evolution of the plastic strain tensor ij (either Equation 2-9 or Equation 2-10)
is implemented at Gauss points in the plastic element ELPLASTIC.
Q = Q I 1 J 2 J 3
p
so the increment of the plastic strain tensor ij can be decomposed into
Q Q I 1 Q J 2 Q J 3
ij = ---------- = -------- ---------- + --------- ---------- + --------- ----------
p
ij I 1 ij J 2 ij J 3 ij
p
The increment in the plastic strain tensor ij includes both deviatoric and volumetric
parts, and it is symmetric given the following properties
I
---------1- = ij
ij
J D
---------2- = ij (2-11)
ij
J
---------3- = ik kj 2
D D
--- J 2 ij
ij 3
The trace of the incremental plastic strain tensor, which is called the volumetric plastic
p
strain rate vol , relies only on the dependency of the plastic potential to the first
invariant I1(), since J 2 ij and J 3 ij are traceless
Q Q
vol = trace ij = trace ---------- = 3 --------
p p
ij I 1
For metals, under von Mises yield criterion and associated flow rule, the volumetric
plastic strain is always zero, since the plastic potential is independent of the invariant
STRESS-STRAIN THEORY | 41
I1(). This is not the case for most materials used in geotechnical applications. For
instance, a nonzero volumetric plastic strain is explicitly used in the Cam-Clay material.
Another common measure of inelastic deformation is the effective plastic strain rate,
which is defined as
p 2 p p
e = --- ij ji (2-12)
3
In the special case when the plastic potential Q is written in terms of the invariants I1
and J2, the effective plastic strain rate reads
Q 2 Q 2
e = --- 3 -------- + 2 --------- J 2
p 2
(2-13)
3 I 1 J 2
p
The effective plastic strain rate e as defined in Equation 2-13, has both a deviatoric
and a volumetric components, compared to the effective (von Mises) stress
e = 3J 2 , which is independent of the hydrostatic component of stress.
Note: The effective plastic strain and the volumetric plastic strain are available in the
variables solid.epe and solid.epvol.
2. B. Bresler and K.S. Pister, Strength of Concrete Under Combined Stresses, ACI
Journal, vol. 551, no. 9, pp. 321345, 1958.
10. K. J. Willam and E. P. Warnke, Constitutive Model for the Triaxial Behavior of
Concrete, IABSE Reports of the Working Commissions, Colloquium (Bergamo):
Concrete Structures Subjected to Triaxial Stresses, vol. 19, 1974.
11. B. H. G. Brady and E. T. Brown, Rock Mechanics for Underground Mining, 3rd
ed., Springer, 2004.
12. H.A. Taiebat and J.P. Carter, Flow Rule Effects in the Tresca Model, Computer
and Geotechnics, vol. 35, pp. 500503, 2008.
14. D. M. Wood, Soil Behaviour and Critical State Soil Mechanics, Cambridge
University Press, 2007.
16. W. Tiecheng and others, Stress-strain Relation for Concrete Under Triaxial
Loading, 16th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference, 2003.
The Geomechanics Module has materials which are used in combination with the
Solid Mechanics interface to account for the plasticity of soils and failure criteria in
rocks, concrete, and other materials used in geotechnical applications.
In this chapter:
45
Working with the Geomechanics
Material Models
Note: See Geomechanics Theory for background information about these material
models.
In this section:
Also see
1 Add a Solid Mechanics interface from the Structural Mechanics branch ( ) in the
Model Wizard.
2 In the Model Builder, right-click the Solid Mechanics node ( ) to add an Elastoplastic
Soil Model, Brittle Material Model, or Cam-Clay Material Model.
Note: Except for the settings described in this section, see The Solid Mechanics
Interface in the Structural Mechanics Users Guide for details.
Drucker-Prager Criterion
Mohr-Coulomb Criterion
Matsuoka-Nakai Criterion
Lade-Duncan Criterion
To display additional features for the physics interface feature nodes (and the physics
interfaces), click the Show button ( ) on the Model Builder and then select the
applicable option.
See the description for each physics interface for more links or go to Showing and
Expanding Advanced Feature Nodes and Sections for more information.
DOMAIN SELECTION
Select the domains where you want apply the feature and compute the displacements,
stresses, and strains.
MODEL INPUTS
Define model inputs, for example, the temperature field if the material model uses a
temperature-dependent material property. If no model inputs are required, this section
is empty.
WO R K I N G W I T H T H E G E O M E C H A N I C S M A T E R I A L M O D E L S | 47
Specification of Elastic Properties for Isotropic Materials
From the Specify list, select a pair of elastic properties for an isotropic material. Select:
Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio to specify Youngs modulus (elastic modulus) E
(SI unit: Pa) and Poissons ratio (dimensionless). For an isotropic material Youngs
modulus is the spring stiffness in Hookes law, which in 1D form is
= E
where is the stress and is the strain. Poissons ratio defines the normal strain in
the perpendicular direction, generated from a normal strain in the other direction
and follows the equation
= ll
Bulk modulus and shear modulus to specify the bulk modulus K (SI unit: Pa) and the
shear modulus G (SI unit: Pa). The bulk modulus is a measure of the solids
resistance to volume changes. The shear modulus is a measure of the solids
resistance to shear deformations.
Lam constants to specify the Lam constants (SI unit: Pa) and (SI unit: Pa).
Pressure-wave and shear-wave speeds to specify the pressure-wave speed
(longitudinal wave speed) cp (SI unit: m/s) and the shear-wave speed (transverse
wave speed) cs (SI unit: m/s).
For each pair of properties, select from the applicable list to use the value From material
or enter a User defined value or expression.
Each of these pairs define the elastic properties and it is possible to convert from one
set of properties to another.
Density
The default Density (SI unit: kg/m3) uses values From material. If User defined is
selected, enter another value or expression.
PLASTICITY MODEL
Select a Yield criterionDrucker-Prager, Mohr-Coulomb, Matsuoka-Nakai, or
Lade-Duncan.
Drucker-Prager
If required, select the Match to Mohr-Coulomb criterion check box (see Mohr-Coulomb
Criterion). If this check box is selected, the default values for Cohesion c (SI unit: Pa)
If the Match to Mohr-Coulomb criterion check box is NOT selected, then the default
Drucker-Prager alpha coefficient (dimensionless) and Drucker-Prager k coefficient k (SI
unit: Pa) are taken From material. Select User defined to enter other values or
expressions.
If required, select the Include elliptic cap check box (see Elliptic Cap). Enter a value or
expression for the semi-axes of the elliptic cap (SI unit: Pa).
Mohr-Coulomb
The default Angle of internal friction (SI unit: rad) and Cohesion c (SI unit: Pa) are
taken From material. Select User defined to enter other values or expressions.
If required, select the Include elliptic cap check box (see Elliptic Cap). Enter a value or
expression for the semi-axes of the elliptic cap (SI unit: Pa).
Matsuoka-Nakai
If required, select the Match to Mohr-Coulomb criterion check box. If this check box is
selected, the default Angle of internal friction (SI unit: rad) is taken From material.
Select User defined to enter other values or expressions.
If the Match to Mohr-Coulomb criterion check box is NOT selected, then the default
Matsuoka-Nakai mu coefficient (dimensionless) is taken From material. Select User
defined to enter other values or expressions.
Lade-Duncan
If required, select the Match to Mohr-Coulomb criterion check box. If this check box is
selected, then enter a value or expression for the Angle of internal friction (SI unit:
rad). Alternatively, select From material.
If the Match to Mohr-Coulomb criterion check box is NOT selected, then the default
Lade-Duncan k coefficient k(dimensionless) is taken From material. Select User defined
to enter other values or expressions.
GEOMETRIC NONLINEARITY
To add the equations for a geometrically nonlinear elastic solid, select the Include
geometric nonlinearity check box. This is useful for modeling large deformations.
WO R K I N G W I T H T H E G E O M E C H A N I C S M A T E R I A L M O D E L S | 49
Concrete
The Concrete node adds the equations for linear elasticity, and the interface for defining
the elastic material properties and failure surface. Right-click to add the Thermal
Expansion and Initial Stress and Strain features. The failure criterion are described in the
theory section:
Bresler-Pister Criterion
Willam-Warnke Criterion
Ottosen Criterion
Note: The settings for Domain Selection, Equations, Model Inputs, Linear Elastic Model,
and Geometric Nonlinearity are the same as for the Soil Plasticity.
To display additional features for the physics interface feature nodes (and the physics
interfaces), click the Show button ( ) on the Model Builder and then select the
applicable option.
See the description for each physics interface for more links or go to Showing and
Expanding Advanced Feature Nodes and Sections for more information.
CONCRETE MODEL
Select a Concrete criterionBresler-Pister, Willam-Warnke, or Ottosen.
Bresler-Pister
The defaults for the Uniaxial tensile strength t, Uniaxial compressive strength c, and
Biaxial compressive strength b (SI unit: Pa) are taken From material. Select User defined
to enter other values or expressions.
Ottosen
The defaults for the Uniaxial tensile strengthc, Ottosens parameters a and b, Size
factor k1, and Shape factor k2 are taken From material. Select User defined to enter other
values or expressions.
Rocks
The Rocks node adds the equations for linear elasticity, and the interface for defining
the elastic material properties and failure surface. Right-click to add the Thermal
Expansion and Initial Stress and Strain features. The failure criterion are described in the
theory section:
Hoek-Brown Criterion
Generalized Hoek-Brown Criterion
Note: The settings for Domain Selection, Equations, Model Inputs, Linear Elastic Model,
and Geometric Nonlinearity are the same as for the Soil Plasticity.
To display additional features for the physics interface feature nodes (and the physics
interfaces), click the Show button ( ) on the Model Builder and then select the
applicable option.
See the description for each physics interface for more links or go to Showing and
Expanding Advanced Feature Nodes and Sections for more information.
WO R K I N G W I T H T H E G E O M E C H A N I C S M A T E R I A L M O D E L S | 51
ROCK MODEL
Select a Rock criterionOriginal Hoek-Brown or Generalized Hoek-Brown.
Original Hoek-Brown
The defaults for the Uniaxial compressive strengthc, and Hoek-Browns parameters m
and s are taken From material. Select User defined to enter other values or expressions.
Generalized Hoek-Brown
If required, select the Use generalized Hoek-Brown check box (see Generalized
Hoek-Brown Criterion).
The defaults for the Uniaxial compressive strengthc, Geological strength index GSI,
Disturbance factor D, and Intact rock parameter mi are taken From material. Select User
defined to enter other values or expressions.
Note: The settings for Domain Selection, Equations, Model Inputs, and Geometric
Nonlinearity are the same as for the Soil Plasticity.
To display additional features for the physics interface feature nodes (and the physics
interfaces), click the Show button ( ) on the Model Builder and then select the
applicable option.
See the description for each physics interface for more links or go to Showing and
Expanding Advanced Feature Nodes and Sections for more information.
From the Specify list, define the elastic properties either in terms of Poissons ratio or
Shear modulus.
The defaults for the Poissons ratio (unitless) or Shear modulus G (SI unit: Pa), Density
(SI unit: kg/m3), M parameter M, Swelling index , Compression index , and Void
ratio at reference pressure N are taken From material. Select User defined to enter other
values or expressions.
You can also match the slope of the virgin consolidation line (the Cam-Clay M
parameter) to the Angle of internal friction, in that case, select Match to Mohr-Coulomb
criterion, and then select the Angle of internal friction (SI unit: rad) either or From
material or User defined.
Enter a value or expression for the Reference pressure for N PrefN (SI unit: Pa), the
Initial void ratio e0 and the Initial consolidation pressure Pc0 (SI unit: Pa).
WO R K I N G W I T H T H E G E O M E C H A N I C S M A T E R I A L M O D E L S | 53
Geomechanics Materials
The Output Materials Properties
The material property groups (including all associated properties) listed in
Table 3-1can be added to models from the Material page. See Material Properties
Reference in the COMSOL Multiphysics Users Guide for information about other
material properties, including those for Solid Mechanics.
TABLE 3-1: GEOMECHANICS MODELS MATERIALS
MOHR-COULOMB
Cohesion cohesion Pa
Angle of internal friction internalphi rad
DRUCKER-PRAGER
GEOMECHANICS MATERIALS | 55
56 | CHAPTER 3: THE GEOMECHANICS MATERIAL MODELS
I n d e x
A absolute values 36 Drucker-Prager criterion 21
additively decomposed 39 ductile materials 19
alpha coefficient 49
E effective plastic strain rate 42
angle of internal friction 20, 26, 49
effective stress tensor 37
B biaxial compression 33 elastic modulus 48
biaxial data 35 elastic properties, specifying 48
biaxial tension 50 elastic volumetric strain variable 30
Bresler-Pister criterion 32 elastoplastic materials 16, 33
bulk modulus 48 emailing COMSOL 8
INDEX| 57
M marble 36 sign convention 12
Matsuoka-Nakai criterion 24 size factors 35
meridians, tensile and compressive 14, soil deformation theory 29, 39
21, 3334 soil plasticity 14, 39
metal plasticity 39 soil plasticity (node) 47
metals 19, 22, 41 soil yield criteria 20
mixed formulation 47, 53 spatially mobilized planes (STP) 24
mobilized planes 24 stress invariants 13
Model Library, accessing in COMSOL 7
T technical support, COMSOL 8
Mohr-Coulomb criterion 20
tensile meridian 14
MPH-files 7
tensile meridians 2122, 26, 3334
mu coefficient 49
tensile normal strains and stresses 12
multiaxial stress states 32
The Cam-Clay Material Model node adds
N nearly incompressible material 47, 53 the equations and interface for de-
58 | I N D E X
Willam-Warnke criterion 33
INDEX| 59
60 | I N D E X
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