History 167: Cuban Missile Crisis

PART 2: 1928-1975 Batista Regime

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS o United States companies owned:
about 40% of sugar lands in
JOHN F. KENNEDY Cuba
1917-1963 almost all the cattle ranches in
Brookline (Massachusetts) Cuba
1960 Presidential Election 90% of mines and mineral
o Richard Nixon (Red) concessions in Cuba
(Republican, California) 80% of utilities in Cuba
o John F. Kennedy (Blue) practically all the oil industry in
(Democrat, Massachusetts) Cuba
Kennedy Inaugural Address supplied 2/3 of Cuba's imports
o PLACE: Washington D.C. of Cuba
o DATE: January 20, 1961 Cuba
o "Ask not what your country can do for o a small number of Cubans lived well
you --- ask what you can do for your o majority of Cubans lived in poverty
country" Fidel Castro
1958: leads a group of peasants and middle
CUBA class Cubans in a successful revolt against
located in the Caribbean region Fulgencio Batista
Cuban Revolution January 8, 1959: enters Havana greeted by
o 1895: Cuba launches a revolution jubilant crowds
against Spain Seizes all American businesses
Spanish-American War (1898) Establishes diplomatic ties with the USSR
o U.S. declares war against Spain over Signs a trade agreement with the USSR
Cuba John F. Kennedy
o U.S. protects Cuba from Spain CUBA:
Treaty of Paris (1898) o a Communist satellite on our very
o U.S. acquires Cuba from Spain doorstep
Teller Amendment (1898) o will give USSR an upper hand in the
o U.S. renounces colonial rule over Cuba Cold War
Cuban Independence (1902)
o U.S. grants independence to Cuba BAY OF PIGS INVASION
ISSUE: dictatorial government of Fulgencio Military invasion of Cuba undertaken through
Batista CIA covert operation
Fulgencio Batista CIA PLAN: to bring over 1,400 anti-Communist
Army chief-of-staff Cubans (called La Brigada)
March 10, 1952: leads a coup against the La Brigada
government o SIGNIFICANCE: trained and funded by
Friendly to the United States the U.S.
Allowed the United States to continue its control o AIM: to inspire a popular uprising and
over the Cuban economy sweep Fidel Castro out of power
United States LA BRIGADA: assembled in Guatemala and
Controlled 90% of Cubas mines, ranches & oil transported to Cuba by boat (April 16)
Controlled 50% of Cubas sugar crops Bay of Pigs Invasion
Owned 3,000,000 acres of land in Cuba o DATE: April 17, 1963
Fulgencio Batista o PLACE: Playa Giron in Bay of Pigs
Imposed excessive telephone rate increase for o RESULT: failure
the benefit of ITT Corporation (rewarded by ITT o LA BRIGADA: repulsed by the Cuban
with a gold-plated telephone) Army led by Fidel Castro
Supported by U.S. government in the form of
weapons assistance (Eisenhower
Administration)

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 History 167: Cuban Missile Crisis

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS Apollo Program

ORIGIN: installation of Soviet nuclear missiles
near Havana
Soviet Missiles
o AIM: to defend Cuba against another
American invasion
Soviet Missiles in Cuba
o SIGNIFICANCE: placed the United
States within range of Soviet missiles
John F. Kennedy
o Conducts a meeting with the National
Security Council
o UNITED STATES:
Will block Cuban shipping lanes
to halt further deliveries of
nuclear weapons
o October 26, 1962:
ordered Khrushchev to remove
the missiles in Cuba
threatened Khrushchev that the
U.S. will remove the missiles
Nikita Khrushchev
o October 28, 1962:
backed down
agreed to remove the missiles
on two conditions:
1. that the U.S. vows never to
attack Cuba
2. that the U.S. removes its
missiles in Turkey
SIGNIFICANCE: placed the world on the brink
of war
APOLLO SPACE PROGRAM
John F. Kennedy
o asked Congress to approve more than
$25 billion for the Apollo Program
o RATIONALE: to catch up/surpass the
Soviet Union which was far ahead of
America in terms of space technology
Soviet Union
o October 4, 1957: launched the first
Earth-orbiting artificial satellite
Sputnik 1
o SIGNIFICANCE: first Earth-orbiting
satellite
Soviet Union
o April 12, 1961: launched the first human
into orbit around the Earth on Vostok 1
Yuri Gagarin
o SIGNIFICANCE: first human launched
into the Earths orbit
o SIGNIFICANCE: effort by the United
States to land the first man on the Moon
o first conceived by the Eisenhower
Administration
o began in earnest during the Kennedy
Administration
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA)
o SIGNIFICANCE: responsible for the
U.S. civilian space program and
aeronautics and aerospace research
o established by the National Aeronautics
and Space Act on July 29, 1958
FIRST MAN ON THE MOON
Apollo 11 Space Flight
DATE: July 20, 1969
SIGNIFICANCE:
1. landed the first humans on the Moon
2. a major accomplishment in the history of
space exploration
3. represented a victory by the U.S. in the
Cold War Space Race with the Soviet
Union
COMMANDER: Neil Alden Armstrong
COMMAND MODULE PILOT: Michael Collins
LUNAR MODULE PILOT: Edwin Eugene Aldrin,
Jr.
ARMSTRONG and ALDRIN: July 20, 1969
o landed in the Sea of Tranquility aboard
their landing craft, Eagle
o walked on the Moon
o planted the American flag on the moons
surface
o spent 21 hours and 31 minutes on the
lunar surface
CIVIL RIGHTS REVOLUTION
Martin Luther King (1929-1968)
o Atlanta, Georgia
o prominent African-American leader in
the African-American Civil Rights
Movement
o best known for his dedication to civil
rights
o became the youngest person to receive
the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to
end racial segregation and racial
discrimination through civil disobedience
and other non-violent means.
o awarded the Presidential Medal of
Freedom in 1977 and Congressional
Gold Medal in 2004

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 History 167: Cuban Missile Crisis

I Have a Dream Speech PEACE CORPS

o 10-minute public speech ESTABLISHED BY: Executive Order 10924
o delivered on August 28, 1963 during the DATE: March 1, 1961
March on Washington for Jobs and AUTHORIZED BY CONGRESS: Peace Corps
Freedom at the steps of the Lincoln Act (Public Law 87-293)
Memorial DATE: September 22, 1961
o called for racial equality and an end to AIM:
discrimination o to promote world peace and friendship
o considered as a defining moment of the through a Peace Corps, which shall
American Civil Rights Movement make available to interested countries
o "I have a dream that one day this nation and areas men and women of the
will rise up and live out the true meaning United States qualified for service
of its creed: 'We hold these truths to be abroad and willing to serve, under
self-evident, that all men are created conditions of hardship if necessary,
equal.'" o to help the peoples of such countries
o "I have a dream that my four little and areas in meeting their needs for
children will one day live in a nation trained manpower
where they will not be judged by the MISSION-VISION:
color of their skin, but by the content of o help people outside the United States
their character." understand U.S. culture
o "I have a dream that one day on the red o help people outside the United States
hills of Georgia the sons of former understand U.S. culture
slaves and the sons of former slave o help Americans understand the cultures
owners will be able to sit down together of other countries
at a table of brotherhood." Peace Corps Volunteer
o "This is our hope. This is the faith that I o QUALIFICATIONS:
go back to the South with. With this faith an American citizen with a
we will be able to hew out of the college degree
mountain of despair a stone of hope. willingness to work abroad
With this faith we will be able to for a period of twenty four
transform the jangling discords of our months after three months of
nation into a beautiful symphony of training
brotherhood. o works with governments, schools, non-
o "With this faith we will be able to work profit organizations, non-government
together, to pray together, to struggle organizations
together, to go to jail together, to stand o involved in education, health, business,
up for freedom together, knowing that information technology, agriculture, and
we will be free one day." the environment
o "Now is the time to lift our nation from o created by Kennedy as a means of
the quicksand of racial injustice to the countering the stereotype of "Yankee
solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the imperialism"
time to make justice a reality for all of Kennedy Assassination
God's children." o DATE: November 22, 1963 (12:30pm)
o "Let freedom ring. And when this o PLACE: Dallas (Texas)
happens, and when we allow freedom
ringwhen we let it ring from every LITERATURE
village and every hamlet, from every
Novel
state and every city, we will be able to
o 1960: To Kill a Mockingbird Harper
speed up that day when all of God's
Lee
childrenblack men and white men,
Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and
MOVIES
Catholicswill be able to join hands and
o 1961:
sing in the words of the old Negro
West Side Story
spiritual: "Free at last! Free at last!
The Guns of Navarone
Thank God Almighty, we are free at
El Cid
last!"
La Dolce Vita
Splendor in the Grass
Blue Hawaii
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 History 167: Cuban Missile Crisis

Breakfast at Tiffanys
o 1962
Lawrence of Arabia
The Longest Day
That Touch of Mink
Mutiny on the Bounty
To Kill a Mockingbird
Cleopatra
o 1963
How the West Was Won
The Birds
Dr. No
Charade
Bye Bye Birdie
Move Over Darling
The Thrill of It All
The Great Escape
55 Days at Peking

TELEVISION
Variety Show
o 1962-1971: The Andy Williams Show

MUSIC
Elvis Presley
o 1960: Are You Lonesome Tonight?

NOVELTIES IN AMERICAN LIFE

1961
o Sprite
o Coffee Mate Carnation
1962
o Diet Rite Royal Crown Cola

PART 2: 1928-1975
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

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