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!

" # $ $ $ $ $"$%
& $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ '

( & ) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *

" " $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ +

, & $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -

. & $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ '/

0 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ '1

2 3 & $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *4

& $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *4

3 & ) , $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *4

3 & $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *-

! & $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 45

2 3 & $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 46

& $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ //

) , 3 & $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /7

8 ! $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6'

9 2! $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 64

! & $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6+
Introduccin

; <= !
, , & & , &$ = = <= ,
, , & # , & % ! &
. ,
& $
, , , ! <
, & , , > ,
! ? !
& , ! "
# "%$

) ; , . !
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& , , $

@, & . A

: , . , & ,
! & ( #!& ! %< , @ &
# , , & . & %$

:2 &< @, & <,


, & ! &$

:':
Lenguaje Formal de la Lgica de Predicados

! & = (<! ,
! , < , $ ;
, & $

, . ! &
= & <, < ! & ! $
) @ & ; . .
! A & , , & , $

! , , , . . ! .
, & & ,

! <
, , $?
= ( $ < A

: ! " #, &%

:# $ !" # ( %

2 & ! ( ! . &
, $ ? ! ( . ,
! # ! %$ ? ! &
!& $

# ! 'A ! & , ! ,
( %
( & '% ! , ;
! ; $ < ,
( , A L

( & '% ) !
; # %<, ( , A L

( ! & '% ! , L $
, , ! ! A
L

' , $ 2 , ( ,
! & $

' ! & , ! ;
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:*:
( & '% ? ,
; ( K

! < , ,
, <, ( , A , $

? %? A

! %? A

? A) () $

# ! )A " , , (
%
: $

:? L ! & L !
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: , , ;
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# ! 4A * " ) ! A
!

, $

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B ; , &$

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# ! +% # ! ( !
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: !& ! # ! " " %

:? !& ! A



? !& !




:? !& ! 4 ! !
!& ! $

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! " / " ! =" # " , ! =" "
" %

D E! !

!!

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! ( !& *"
! &$
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$
! , , , ,
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! $) ! $ ! & !& ! <
& , . . A

F 0
G

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Otros Ordenes

= <@ & , $

? & & ,
. ( , # , , B <
=. & , , %$ ) .
< <! ! $ ?
< @ . & , , ,
! ! <, ( , < &A

! "# " $#

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" , ! &
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!" ! "# !! !" $% !! "# $% !

< , , !& #
, %$

? < , & , ! . <


<@ , ( ! . . ! &
, $

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& != ! ! @
! %
% & ! !

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! A ! !!
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2

, ! !& 6 & , ,
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/? . & ) ) , ) , $

:+:
Interpretacin

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$

:2 , * , & !
{ }

6 , , , &$ ,
& , , <
& ; $

:-:
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# " % 0; )

= = '%

!= !=

% != $ != % &

!= >' != #

!= $ ( !=

8( , & !& . A

H ; , . ; , 7 * .
H

C . ( , & A

H ! . ( ,&I (
! H$

# ! 7A , & ! !& ( <


, !+ ! -A

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!= ' K ! " ,
, & " $

#" (! =
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#" (! =
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( , < ' K < & !& ( ! &
, . , ' K $ @, &
! ' K $ 0 = & , ,
@, $
-" . ! <. , B $

:1:
#" (! = )! =
:? ! () !=

#" (! = )! =
:? ! () !=

#" (! = )! =
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#" (! = )!
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:? ! ( !

#" ( * !! = *
!=

:? ! ( ! A

#" ( * !! = $ *
!=

# , <( * ! ! ,
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, ! &$?
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$

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, & , !& A

A ={ }
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A ! = )

!= + + ! *+, +

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% ? < <, ( , < J'$ ,


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( ( ) ( ( ))) ( ( ! ))
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A ={ }
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# "A ? . . !=V , , & $) <
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# ! 59A ? . !& $ " #
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, # : ! %

( ) () ( ) ( )
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! A -, ! %,& !!

2, . A

( -, ! %,& ! ) ( -, ! %,& !) ( -, ! %,& !)

. , AH H$

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< % , ; < .
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, ! A

% $ $ &
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( ( ) ( )) ( ( ) ( )) ( ( ) ( )) ( ( ) ( ))

< %0 , , " A

( ( ) ( )) / ( ( ) ( )) <, ( , <, , & 4


4 5 0 A ' 5 . '
5

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3 6 4 $ 4

! ! $ . !
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= %

( ) ( ( )) ( ) ( ( ))
( ) ( ( )) ( ) ( ( ))
# , %

:'-:
Formas Normales

# ! 53% ? . !& " < " 0 & < '


!

! # % . !& ! $

L ! < . .
" / !& $

2 & . . !& ,
! !& . 0 ) @$ ? !&
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# "% & & ! !&


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, A

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& ! !& & $

: ) ! , , !& ,
! $

2 & ! 0 ( 0
$) < &A

:'1:
/" !& / / L / /" !& / / L /
"= "=

# ! 57% !& & K ! #


% !& & K !# %

# ! 5;% !& " < " & < '


"

( & ! ! "' < "' $


"= '=

# ! 5>% !& " < " # , & <#'


"

& ! ! "' < "' $


"= '=

" +% ) . !& , !& .


0 ( # %$

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( # % . C , ,
$

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0 ) # 0 )%< 0 ( # %
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. 0 )

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< . . ! $

2 & I & , , !
@ !& $

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@ " & ? "/ '

'$: ? , ! @ , . $

*$: ? &<! $

4$: ? ! @ , , # ! ! %< ,
! , #. ! %$

B , '$

/$: ? @ ! ! @
! A ! , !
@ #% , ! &
# %$ K ! A !! $

B , '$

" 3% . !& & , ,


!& & 0 ?I $

# "% C < , !& .


0 ( ) @ # 0 )%$ ) !& 0?
, ! @ ; , 4 / $

? , 4< !& ! ! ! @
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< . ! < ! ! $

? , /< . ! ,
<
$ ? ! & <. !$
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& $

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! J H! $ . ! 7 "
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$

:*5:
# ! ))% !& " 0? ,
! ( , ;$

" >% , ! A ! & 5 8"


% $ & % 9 $$

) ! ! < A

:: J@ = :- J@ ! ! : J@

: 2#@<%J @ , :7 "J@ :+ J@ , (

K !& A

(() ! ! ) ( ( ! ! ) (( ( ) ! )))

) ! !& < , A

'$: 3 A

(() ! ! ) ( ( ! ! ) (( ( ) ! )))

'$:

(() ! ! ) ( ( ! ! ) (( ( ) ! )))

*$: $

(() ! ! ) ( ( ! ! ) (( ( ) ! )))

4$: ) ! , , !& $? 0)$

(() ! ! ) (( ! ! ) (( ( ) ! )))

/$: ) 0 <, , , $? 0 )$

:
: "
; : + ; 7 " ;
-
- "
- + ; 7 "
;

1 . 0?< , (
$

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6$: K ! @ $? 0?

:
: "
; : + ; 7 " ;
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- + ; 7 " ;

+$: ? , ! ( <
< $

) ! !! ) ! !! ) ! ( ( ) !
! !! ! !! ! ( ( ) !

# ! )6% L . =

, < ! A ,
$

? = '< A B( H H

L , ( !
H H

# ! )+% ? , .
$) ! &< ! &

:**:
Algoritmo de Resolucin

Introduccin
& ! , , , $2$
3 '7+6$ ? ( ! <
, # , %$ ? ( ! , , <
, . , , $

8 , < , , ,
& , & , ,
, $

, , & , &
, < , , ! &
$

; ! <
, A $) 5 # 5
/

Resolucin Proposicional
-

2 $ " %- -, $ " - C-
$ " *- C-

" )5A ? AH ) , H H?
B B (H$ ? , . A H" ) , B (H$
< , ! A ( A ( (
& ! A
# ! 6+% . @ ! . &
& < ,
A & !=( {&}) ( {&}) $ ? . * $

" 3& '%


& $ { } ( )
# "% ? = & & & & = & & & &
$
, & ! =& & & & & &

:*4:
) *< , . { } ( ) . , .
( ) $ ? ,& . @ , & . = <
& A

'' M ' *' M * '' M ' *' *

D E

) . & < !& , ,


< < !& * $
" 7% ? * <
! $
# "% ? ; < * &
<, < !& A $) . <, .
, & < . $ < ! $
& =. ( ! <,
, $?
< ( ! $ < > (
, $

@ "
% ( 7
2 % 7 !
'$: 8 . @ . , . & &

*$: ? A
4$: & ! > ( 7
/$: ? & != 2@ C . 7 !
6$: ? <2> & ! 7 B '
4$: ? A 2@ C . 7 !

" ))% ? 7 ( { }<


, . 7 ! , &$) A

:*/:
:? # % # %< $
:? = # % A
:? = ,
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74O$ 2 <@ ! , & ;
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0 ( < < ( ) ( ) ( ) $
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! ! ! $ A

F !

F !

F ! F !
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*
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= $
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! $
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; =( $

:*6:
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=( $ = ! ! , <
<, $
# "% ! . < . . A
"

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' 0
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0 = ,# 9 ' 0 ' 0
0

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<
,# 9 '
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{ }( <( A

!
F !

F !

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+ - # % . ! ! /,
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:*+:
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$
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Resolucin General
= < & , & ,
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, , ! & $ <,
< ! . & , ! & . !
$ ! , , &
, $
2

& . , ! !& $
, , < @, &<
! ( @, <= . @,
$

# ! 63A ( ! !
{- : - : - : } -" < "
-" - - L - $
* " $

# ! 67A 0 < ( & &


$ 0 "
# ! 6;A ? = {- : - : - : } @, & < !
', < , ( )< @, & .
, & -" ', " #" = K %$
? ( ) ( ) * '

" )+A ? = !! ={ : : !}
( )= ! !! $

:*-:
# ! 6>% ? ={ : : : } ={ :# :# :# }
< " o &A
{ : ( ) : ( ) : ( )} { ' : #'} '= K <

' { } " : ( ") . , " = ( " )$


!"- . ={ : ! : } ={ : : : }
={ : ! : }7

# ! +8A & ! , (
.& & , $

) , , & ?

:@ % o o ! = o ! o ,

, , , , , &

1 " < % & , o = o = ,


& $

:< , "" $

: ( ( )) = ( ) , @, $

" )3A ? = { : ! : } ={ : : }$
={ : ! : : }/
? = !! < A

!= ! !! ( !) = ! !!

! A o != ! !!

# ! +5A @, < < . @


. = ( ) = ( )$ . '
- . - '
" )7A ! ! ! ! %! ! $ ? <
7" . , : $

:*1:
! !$

# ! +)A ? @, & , ( . , '


" " , ' & !
{ : : } . { } ' .
, ,

:*7:
Unificacin

, ! & L . , &< '745<


, ! $? <
3 < '7+6<. > , , ,
, &$ 3 . , ,
@, < < = ! , ( ! $
) ! & ,
, < NP = 17O$

# ! +6A ( ! @, , ={ }
& $ ? . ! , , ,
&< ( $ < A ( ) = ( )= = ( )
" );A ? ={ ! ! !}< ={ : : ! : }
! < . ( ) = ( )= ! !
? < ( { ! ! 1!!} ! , .
< ! $

# ! ++A ? . ! , ( ! @, ,
! "* # % , . ! @
& . , = o $ ! < ! ,
! , , ! $
( , )>A ? ={ ! % !! - !!}< , , .
={ : ! %:- : } ! . .
! $) ( , ! = { : ! : %:- : },
, , & = { : }$ < , . = o $
( , < , A ={ : ! -:% : }
. ! ; $? , .
, {- : %} {% : -}<
. A = {% : -} = {- : %}< , < . ,
$
" >A ? ( @, 7<
@, ! ! $

:45:
2 & , " ! (.
( ! @, @, ! $
! . @, ! $

, ! $ ? ,& . . !
@, < , , .
@, $ , ( = = = .
! $ < ! @,
$ ? , ! < , ; @,
, &< < @, ! $
, ! @, < , &
$

) , & ! . (
, $

# ! +9A ( @, , ={ }< !
# , ( )<
( ! A
:? < !=

:? A

:? @, H H'5< < ! A

={ ! ! !}

? ! ' ={ ' ' ' } != '! , 9 .


'!

? != $

" 68A ? ={ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !} <, .


@, < , ( ' ,
( $? A

'5? @, < . ! , #
, ! &% ; < '

:4':
={ !} <. < , ( $

={ ! }< , <. < <


@, <. != ={ ! }
9. , . '! * <, < != ! ={ ! }
@ " !

'$: & A 0-= ' < ' -=

*$: ? 0 ! !& & #QL ! , 0 Q%

A? 0 .

A 0 -= ( 0 ( ))
4$: ? 0 @ $
A

0+ = 0 {- : }
0 =0+

B , *$

A ? . ( ! $

! & , & , 4<


. , @ , = $? <
, & . , , @, . &
! $ . < .
; ! , & , 4 $

:4*:
" 65% 2
={ ! !! !}

5% 0 = ' ( ' =
={ ! }
)% '

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)% !={ ! !! ! !!}( ={ ! !}

6% < . 0" ! $

" 6)% 2 ={ !!! ! !!}


5% 0 = ' ( ' =
={ }
)% '

6% 2 4/( 4 ={ : }( 0 =
)% !={ !!! ! !!} ( ={ !}

6% 2 % 40( 4B&,' = { : : !} ?4)

)% ! ={ ! !!! ! !} ={ !}

6% 2 4,( 4 & '


={ : : !! : !}
( ?46
! ={ !!!}
)% !!
2 , $ *
"

, 4 ! &< =. .
$ =. H =. H# = I%$
2 & ( , $

:44:
" 66% 2 ={ ! !!}$
) 'A 0 = ' < ' = $

) *A ' ={ }
) 4A ? 4 "4 = { : }<0 =
) *A ! ={ ! !!} < ={ !}

) 4A ) . , < ( 0" ! $

3 & . " ! .
! & , ( @, !
, . ( ! $

! & , ! $ ,
< , ( & , ! & @,
$

" 6+A ? ={ ! ' ' ! ! !}$

:4/:
Algoritmo de Resolucin General

& ) " & . , ,


! & , . $ 2 & @,
! & ! & .
, , $

# ! +3A < . &


& . , ! , $ ? .
* ! , & , &
A

& & ! = { ! & !} { ! & !}

" 69A

= ! !! ! ! = !! !! ! !

& = ! !! & = !! !!

={ : ! : }
< , & & A

& & != ! ! !! !! !

" 63A ? A = ! = !$ ! ; <


={ : } ! = $

? . < (
< ( ! $ ( , < . (
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Estrategias de resolucin
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Resolucin de Entrada
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Bibliografa

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$
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:6*:
ndice Alfabtico

H =. H 44 , & *1

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4+
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:66:
Informacin de Contacto

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:6+:

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