Course Content

Course Content
Radio Resource Management Overview

Parameter Configuration
Common Channels & Power Control
Load Control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduling
Handover Control
Resource Manager
1 NOKIA 30/11/2003 RANPAR Version 1.1

Course Objectives
At the end of the course you will be able to:
Name and describe the different handover types

Describe and list the steps of the handover procedure for each handover type
Name and describe the main RAN parameters related to handover reporting triggering
Describe the main difference between inter system handover and other handover types
Name and describe the main RAN parameters related to inter system handover

Handover Control
Handover Types
Intra-Frequency handover:
Parameters Mapping
SHO Events and Measurements
Hard handover
RRC Connection Release
Compressed-Mode
Inter-Frequency & Inter-System handover:
Measurement triggering
Inter-Frequency & Inter-System Measurements
Inter-Frequency HO decision
Inter-System HO decision
GSM ISHO
Load Based Handover to WCDMA
Cell Reselection to WCDMA

Handover Types
Intra-Frequency Handovers
Softer handover
Handover between sectors of the same Node B (handled by BTS)
No extra transmissions across Iub interface
Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) is occurring in both the UL and DL
Soft handover
MS simultaneously connected to multiple cells (from different Node Bs)
Extra transmission across Iub, more channel cards are needed (compared to non-SHO)
Mobile Evaluated HandOver (MEHO)
DL/UE: MRC & UL/RNC: Frame selection combining
Hard handover
Arises when inter-RNC SHO is not possible (Iur not supported or Iur congestion)
Decision procedure is the same as SHO (MEHO and RNC controlled)
Causes temporary disconnection of the (RT) user
Inter-Frequency Handover
Can be intra-BS, intra-RNC, inter-RNC
Network Evaluated HandOver (NEHO)
Decision algorithm located in RNC
Inter-RAT Handover
Handovers between GSM and WCDMA (NEHO)

Soft Handover
WCDMA F1 WCDMA F1 WCDMA F1
Main method is soft/softer handover

MS connected to two or more cells
Up to 3 branches can be used (MaxActiveSetSize parameter)
Seamless handover without any disconnection of UE-RAN connection
softer handover probability about 5-15 % : soft handover probability about 20-50 %
Same power levels in use for all soft handover branches
Optimum power levels for link quality and cell capacity
Macro Diversity Combining (MDC) gain to reduce power levels
Mobile Evaluated HandOver (MEHO)

Enables different cell sizes due to Common Pilot Channel Ec/No measurement
Optimum fast close loop power control in use
Outer loop PC after MDC controls the BLER according to set target and thus maintains the
quality

Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO

HC Parameter Database Structure
32
RNC
100 ADJG
G:Inter-
G:Inter- FMCG
System
System 48
WBTS 100
HOPG
100 ADJI
I:Inter-
I:Inter-
Frequency
Frequency
FMCI WCELL
HOPI 100
100 ADJS
32
S:Intra-
S:Intra- FMCS
Frequency
Frequency
HOPS 100
RNC = Radio Network Controller level parameters

WBTS = Node B level parameters
WCELL = Cell level parameters
FMCx = Frequency Measurement Control parameters (S=intra-frequency set; I=inter-frequency; G=inter-RAT)
ADJx = Adjacent Cell parameters (S=intra-frequency set; I=inter-frequency; G=inter-RAT)
HOPx = Handover Path parameters (S=intra- frequency set; I=inter-frequency; G=inter-RAT)

SHO: Neighbour Cell Definition
NrtHopsIdentifier = 5
WCEL
RtHopsIdentifier = 10
WCEL
HOPS
HOPSid = 5
(NRT)
ADJS
HOPS
WBTS WCEL
WCEL (RT) HOPSid = 10
ADJSid = 1
HOPS Each ADJS has 1
(NRT) HOPS for NRT & 1
NrtFmcsIdentifier = 3 WCEL ADJS for RT which is
RtFmcsIdentifier = 40 used for all Ncells.
HOPS HOPS parameters
(RT)
could be defined
ADJSid = 2 on a target cell
Each WCEL has 1 HOPS type basis (urban,
FMCS for NRT & 1 FMCSid = 3 FMCS (NRT) rural,
for RT which is (NRT) ADJS macro/micro/pico)
used for all Ncells.
FMCS parameters HOPS
(RT)
could be defined FMCSid = 40 FMCS
on a serving cell ADJSid = 3
(RT)
type basis (urban,
rural,
macro/micro/pico
8 NOKIA )
30/11/2003 RANPAR Version 1.1
HO Parameter
ADJS, HOPS & FMCS
Categories
Handover Control Parameters
RNC parameters
Define Adj Cell Define Adjacent Cell Define Target
WCEL parameters Measurement Control Cell Selection
HOPS parameters
FMCS parameters
ADJS parameters
HOPI parameters 32 100 100
FMCI parameters ADJS parameters 1 FMCS parameters 1 HOPS parameters 1
ADJI parameters Cell Identifier Active Set Weighting Coefficient Cell Re-selection HCS Priority
HOPG parameters CPICH Ec/No Offset Addition Reporting Interval Cell Re-selection HCS Threshold
FMCG parameters Disable Effect on Reporting Range Addition Time Cell Re-selection Minimum Quality
ADJG parameters Location Area Code Addition Window Cell Re-selection Minimum RX Level
Maximum UE TX Power on RACH CPICH Ec/No Filter Coefficient Cell Re-selection Penalty Time
Mobile Country Code CPICH Ec/No HHO Cancellation Cell Re-selection Quality Offset 1
Mobile Network Code CPICH Ec/No HHO Cancellation Time Cell Re-selection Quality Offset 2
Intra-Frequency Mobile Network Code Len CPICH Ec/No HHO Threshold Cell Re-selection Temporary Offset 1
Primary CPICH power CPICH Ec/No HHO Time Hysteresis Cell Re-selection Temporary Offset 2
NRT HOPS Identifier CPICH RSCP HHO Cancellation CPICH Ec/No Averaging Window
Primary Scrambling Code CPICH RSCP HHO Cancellation Time Enable Inter-RNC Soft Handover
CPICH RSCP HHO Filter Coefficient Enable RRC Connection Release
Inter-Frequency
RNC Identifier
Routing Area Code CPICH RSCP HHO Threshold HHO Margin for Average Ec/No
RT HOPS Identifier CPICH RSCP HHO Time Hysteresis HHO Margin for Peak Ec/No
Tx Diversity Indicator Drop Time Release Margin for Average Ec/No
Drop Window Release Margin for Peak Ec/No
Inter-System Maximum Active Set Size

Replacement Reporting Interval
Replacement Time
Replacement Window
Define Target
In GSM: Define Adj Cell Define HO Trigger Cell Selection
HoThresholdsLevDL Rx (LDR): -92 dBm Rx Lev Min Cell: -95 dBm
Px (LDP): 3 Nx (LDN): 4

Neighbour Cell Definition
Separate HandOver Parameter Set (HOPS) identifiers for real time(RT) & non-real
time(NRT) traffic
RtHopsIdentifier - real time
NrtHopsIdentifier - non-real time
Each HOPS object is identified by a unique HOPSid (HOPS) in the RNC - on to which the
RtHopsIdentifier and/or NrtHopsIdentifier parameters are mapped to identify
the appropriate HOPS parameter set for that particular neighbour cell
Primary scrambling code for neighbour cell specified using AdjsScrCode

AdjsTxDiv specifies whether the neighbour cell is using Tx diversity
AdjsTxPwrRACH determines the maximum power the UE can use on the PRACH
when accessing the neighbour cell

Each intra-frequency neighbour (ADJS) is identified using ADJSid (ADJS)

The ADJS parameters provide information on the identity of each neighbour cell together
with its properties (i.e. handover parameter set identifier, scrambling code etc.)
AdjsName is the cell name provided by the network planner
Each neighbour cell is defined using the UTRAN cell identifier which comprises;
UTRAN Cell Identifier = MCC + MNC + RNC identifier + Cell identifier
MCC (Mobile Country Code) = AdjsMCC

MNC (Mobile Network Code) = AdjsMNC ADJS Parameters
RNC Identifier = AdjsRNCid
Cell Identifier = AdjsCI
The LAC (AdjsLAC) & RAC (AdjsRAC) are also in ADJS parameter set

RT HO Control Parameter: RtHopsIdentifier ADJSid
NRT HO Control Parameter: NrtHopsIdentifier
AdjsScrCode
RNC MaxActiveSetSize AdjsTxDiv
AdjsTxPwrRACH
AdjsMCC
UTRAN Cell ID
AdjsMNC
AdjsRNCid
AdjsCI
Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO

Soft Handover
HC supports the following measurement reporting events:
Event 1A: A primary CPICH enters the reporting range (Ncell addition)
Event 1B: A primary CPICH leaves the reporting range (Ncell deletion)
Event 1C: A non-active CPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH (Ncell
replacement)
Cell individual offsets for modifying measurement reporting behaviour
Mechanism for forbidding a neighbouring cell to affect the reporting range
Handover decision performed by RNC based on measurements and
available resources
Admission Control can reject the branch addition in case the
maximum load is achieved in DL (threshold + offset), valid both for
RT and NRT bitrates.
Hard blocking may prevent branch addition

SHO: Measurement Control
The handover measurement is based on CPICH Ec/Io
The accuracy of pilot Ec/Io measurements is important for handover performance
Measurement accuracy depends on the filtering length and mobile speed.
When a MS moves slowly or is stationary, filtering length (in ms) has to be just long enough to
avoid fast fades leading to errors and causing unnecessary handovers within a short period.
Long filtering length will cause handover delays to fast moving MS
UE can perform averaging on EC/IO measurement prior to the event reporting process
EcNoFilterCoefficient (FMCS) defines the measurement period for intra-frequency CPICH
EC/IO measurements used by UE (default = 200ms)
RNC averages CPICH Ec/Io measurements using EcNoAveragingWindow (HOPS) - defines
the number of event triggered or periodic intra-frequency measurement reports used by
RNC to calculate averaged CPICH EC/IO (default = 8 Measurements)

SHO: Measurement Control
SIB 11/12 EcNoAveragingWindow
EcNoFilterCoefficient
Measurement accuracy depends on
speed &
Filter Coefficient
I am in the System Information [ ] UTRAN

CELL_DCH sub-state
Measurement Control [ ]
UE
Node B RNC
Measurement Type: Intra-frequency measurements

Reporting events:
1A: A primary CPICH enters the reporting range
1B: A primary CPICH leaves the reporting range
1C: A non-active CPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH
Periodical reporting / event triggered
Measurement quantity: CPICH Ec/No
etc.
1A: A Primary CPICH Enters the Reporting Range
Reporting range defined by offset (point 1 on next slide) from either
(i) best CPICH Ec/Io in the AS, or
(ii) sum of the AS measurement results
set using ActiveSetWeightingCoefficient (FMCS) (0 = use best CPICH : <>0 = use sum)
Offset defined using AdditionWindow (FMCS)
Event 1A triggered when CPCIH3 Ec/Io enters UE reporting range (point 2)
If CPICH3 Ec/Io remains within reporting range for a time period defined by AdditionTime
(FMCS) , and the AS is not full, UE sends measurement report to RNC which adds Ncell3
to AS if possible (point 3)
AdditionTime defines the 'time-to-trigger' interval between the Ncell first entering the
reporting range and the UE sending the measurement report to the RNC
If RNC is unable to add Ncell to AS, UE will wait for a period of time, defined by
AdditionReportingInterval (FMCS) (point 4) after the first measurement report, before
sending further reports periodically, with interval AdditionReportingInterval, until (a)
Ncell moves out of reporting range, or (b) RNC adds Ncell to AS.

ActiveSetWeightingCoefficient
Ec/Io Strongest CPICH in AS P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2 AdditionWindow
1
P CPICH 3
time
3 AdditionTime
Measurement AdditionReportingInterval
no 4
Report
Add to
the AS?

RNC
Reporting criteria of event 1A in 25.331/RRC Measurement Control :
Reporting Cell Status: All active cells + 2 monitored cells.
Triggering Condition: Monitored Set cells
Reporting Range Constant AdditionWindow / 4 dB
Cells forbidden to affect Reporting range: AdjsDERR / Enable
W: ActiveSetWeightingCoefficient / 0
Time to trigger: AdditionTime / 0 = 0 ms
Reporting deactivation threshold: MaxActiveSetSize = 3
Amount of reporting: infinity
Reporting interval: AdditionReportingInterval / O.5 s

1B: A Primary CPICH Leaves the Reporting Range
Event 1B triggered when CPICH3 EC/I0 drops out of the UE reporting range for a defined
period of time (point 1 on next slide)
Reporting range = Strongest CPICH in AS - DropWindow (FMCS) (point 2)
Time-to-trigger period set using DropTime (FMCS) (point 3)
UE sends RNC measurement report on expiry of DropTime to remove Ncell (CPICH3) from AS.
RNC drops the cell from the AS and UE drops the cell from the AS to the Neighbour Set

Strongest CPICH in AS
Ec/Io P CPICH 1
DropWindow
P CPICH 2 2
P CPICH 3
time
DropTime
Remove the
Measurement reported cell
Report from the AS
Reporting criteria of event 1B in 25.331/RRC Measurement Control :
Reporting cell Status: 3 active cells
Triggering Condition: Active cells
Reporting Range Constant: DropWindow / 4 dB
Cells forbidden to affect Reporting range AdjsDERR / Enable
W : ActiveSetWeightingCoefficient / 0
Time to trigger: DropTime / 320 ms

1C: A non-active CPICH becomes better than an
active primary CPICH
UE AS full (MaxActiveSetSize = 3)
Event 1C triggered when CPICH4 EC/IO > CPICH3 in AS by a defined margin,
ReplacementWindow (FMCS). (point 1 in next slide)
Sending of measurement report to RNC can be delayed by using 'time-to-trigger' period set
by ReplacementTime (FMCS)
If 'time-to-trigger' is used difference between CPICH4 and CPICH3 must be
ReplacementWindow for the period of ReplacementTime (point 2)
If the RNC is not able to replace the Ncells, the UE continues to send measurement reports
periodically, with interval ReplacementReportingInterval, to the RNC until (a) CPICH4
falls out of ReplacementWindow or (b) RNC replaces CPICH4 by CPICH3 (point 3)

1C: A non-active CPICH becomes better than an
active primary CPICH
AS has 3 cells
Ec/Io P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
P CPICH 4
1
ReplacementWindow
P CPICH 3
weakest CPICH3 in AS
time
2 3
ReplacementTime ReplacementReportingInterval
no
Measurement
Report
AS
update?
24 NOKIA 30/11/2003 RANPAR Version 1.1 RNC
1C: A non-active CPICH becomes better than
an active primary CPICH
Reporting criteria of event 1C in 25.331/RRC Measurement Control :
Reporting cell Status: All active cells + 2 monitored cells.
Hysteresis: ReplacementWindow / 2 dB
Time to trigger: ReplacementTime / 0 = 0 ms
Replacement activation threshold : MaxActiveSetSize / 3
Reporting interval: ReplacementReportingInterval / 0.5s

Individual Ncell Offset &
Forbidding Neighbour Cell from Reporting Range
Individual Ncell Offset
cell individual offsets for modifying measurement reporting behaviour
effectively 'moves' cell border (shrinks or enlarges cell)
offset set using AdjsEcNoOffset (= CPICH Ec/No Offset) (ADJS)
offset applied to Primary CPICH measurements before event evaluation by the UE
Forbidding Neighbour Cells from Reporting Range

the primary CPICH of certain cells can be forbidden from reporting range calculation in
some instances
cells can be forbidden from reporting range using AdjsDERR (ADJS)

Individual Ncell Offset
Ec/Io
Reporting
P CPICH 1 Range
P CPICH 2
AdjsEcNoOffset
Enlarging Cell 3 by x dB
P CPICH 3 time
Reporting Reporting
Event 1B Event 1A

Forbidding Neighbour Cell from Reporting Range
Ec/Io
P CPICH 1
PCPICH3 is forbidden to
Reporting affect the reporting range as
Range its quality is quite unstable.
AdjsDERR
P CPICH 2
P CPICH 3
Time

SHO Summary
Reporting cell Triggering Reporting Range/ Reporting
Event Time to Trigger
status Condition Hysteresis Interval
Addition
Active set cells +
Event 1A Monitored set Addition Addition Time Reporting
2 monitored set
(Add) cells Window/4 dB /0 ms Interval
cells
/0.5 s
Drop Window/
Event 1B Drop time
Active set cells Active set cells 6 dB -
(Drop) /320 ms
Replacement
Active set cells +
Event 1C Replacement Replacement Reporting
2 monitored set -
(Replace) Window/4 dB time/0 ms Interval/
cells
1s
Cells forbidden to affect Reporting range (for 1A and 1B) : AdjsDERR / default Enable
For 1A and 1B: ActiveSetWeightingCoefficient / default 0
For 1A: Reporting deactivation threshold: MaxActiveSetSize 1 / default 2
For 1C: Replacement activation threshold : MaxActiveSetSize / default 3
UE Internal Measurements
SHO for synchronisation reason:
Event 6F: The UE Rx-Tx time difference for a Radio Link (RL) included in
the active set becomes larger than an absolute threshold Reporting
Reporting event 6G: The UE Rx-Tx time difference for a RL included in
the active set becomes smaller than an absolute threshold
Estimation of these events:
Based on UE Rx-Tx time difference
Measurement configuration:
Time-to-trigger: not used.
6F: UE Rx-Tx time difference threshold: UpperRxTxTimeDiff
default: 1174 chips, range:1152 ... 1280 chips, step 1 chip
6G: UE Rx-Tx time difference threshold: LowerRxTxTimeDiff

default: 874 chips range: 768 ... 896 chips, step 1 chip
NOTE: Some UE does not support these events

UE Internal Measurements
time
time
UL DPCH
time
6F DLnom T0
6G
I am in the UTRAN
CELL_DCH sub-state
UE Node B RNC
Measurement Type: UE Internal measurements
Reporting events:
6F: The UE Rx-Tx time difference for a RL included in the active
set becomes larger than an absolute threshold Reporting
6G: The UE Rx-Tx time difference for a RL included in the
active set becomes smaller than an absolute threshold

Measurement Report Updating
Measurement reporting criteria are cell specific
Neighbouring cells (ADJS and HOPS parameters) are defined on a controlling cell (cell
from which the call has been started or best cell in case the original cell has been
deleted from the active set)
During SHO the measurement reporting criteria are taken from the cell where the UE has
started the connection
The measurement reporting criteria are updated only when the original cell leaves the
Active Set (Nokia Implementation), according to the strongest cell in the Active Set, by
sending the MEASUREMENT CONTROL message, transmitted on the downlink DCCH.
Standard would allow to update reporting criteria, according the current best server.
When the UE receives a MEASUREMENT CONTROL message, the UE shall stop monitoring
and measurement reporting and shall replace the measurement reporting criteria with the
new information received in the MEASUREMENT CONTROL message.

Measurements Reporting Criteria Updating
during Soft handover
Intra-frequency
Intra-frequencyMeasurement
Measurement BEST
BEST
BESTServer:
Server:Cell
Cell11 BESTServer:
Server:Cell
Cell22
4. Neighbour ListCell2
Neighbour ListCell1 Addition WindowCell2
System MEASUREMENT
Addition WindowCell1 Drop WindowCell2
Information CONTROL
Drop WindowCell1 (DCCH) Drop TimeCell2
(BCCH)
Drop TimeCell1
The
Themeasurement
measurementreporting
reporting
3. criteria
MEASUREMENT criteria are updatedasassoon
are updated soon
asasthe
the original cell dropsout
original cell drops out
REPORT (DCCH) from the Active Set (Nokia
from the Active Set (Nokia
Connected Implementation).
Implementation).
1. Idle Mode Mode: Cell_DCH
Connected
Mode: Cell_DCH Measure
Measurementment
Measure
Measurementment 2. Connected Reportin g Criteria
Reporting Criteria
Reportin g Criteria
Reporting Criteria Mode: Cell_DCH accordin
accordinggtotoCell
Cell22
accordin
accordinggtotoCell
Cell11 The
Cell 1 TheUEUEshall
shallsend
sendthe
the Cell 2
MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT REPORTREPORT
message Reporting
messagewhen
whenreporting
reporting Criteria
criteria
criteriaare
arefulfilled.
fulfilled.
The Updating
TheUE
UEshall
shallcontinue
continue
monitoring
monitoring thelist
the listofof Measure
neighbouring Measurementment
neighbouringcells
cellsassigned
assignedinin Reportin
ReportinggCriteria
Criteria
System
SystemInformation
Informationduring
duringIdle accordin
Mode
Idle accordinggtotoCell
Cell11
Mode
Neighbour List Measurement during SHO
Intra-frequency
Intra-frequencyMeasurement
Measurement BEST
BEST
BESTServer:
Server:Cell
Cell11 BESTServer:
Server:Cell
Cell22
4. ACTIVE SET UPDATE

7. Addition WindowCell2
Addition WindowCell1 Drop WindowCell2
Drop WindowCell1 Drop TimeCell2
1. System Information 8. MEASUREMENT
Drop TimeCell1 (BCCH) CONTROL (DCCH)
3. MEASUREMENT REPORT Neighbour List

Active
ActiveSet:
Set:Cell
Cell11
(DCCH) Update Active
ActiveSet:
Set:Cell
Cell22
5. MEASUREMENT
CONTROL (DCCH) Meas. Rep.
Criteria Update
22 1A 11
Neighbour List
Update 1B
33 6. MEASUREMENT REPORT 33
(DCCH)
55 44
Active
ActiveSet:
Set:Cell1
Cell1--Cell2
Cell2
33 Cell 2
Cell 1
11
Neighbour
NeighbourList
ListCell
Cell11 Neighbour
NeighbourList
ListCell
Cell22
Neighbour
NeighbourList
ListCombination
Combination 44
Measu
Measuremen
rement tRepor Measure
Measurement
mentReporting
Reporting
ting 22 Reporting
Criter
Criteriaiaaccor
according 2.2.Setup Criteria
Criteriaaccordin
accordinggtotoCell
dingtoto Setup Measu
Measuremen
rement tRepor
Reporting
ting Cell22
Cell
Cell11 Call
Call Criter ia accor ding to
Criteria according to 55
Cell
Cell11
Inter-RNC Soft HO and Hard HO
Inter-RNC soft handovers are performed if:
RNC: IurUPSupport indicates the support of the user plane over Iur
HOPS: EnableInterRNCsho indicates whether cell can participate in a SHO
Otherwise, HC checks whether Hard Handover is possible.
HHO decision is made by the RNC if either;
AveEcNoDownlink + HHoMarginForAveEcNo(n) < AvEcNoNcell(n)
EcNoDownlink + HHoMarginPeakEcNo(n) < EcNoNcell(n)
AveEcNoDownlink and AvEcNoNcell(n) = measured values for the best AS cell and the nth NS
cell, averaged over EcNoAveragingWindow measurements
EcNoDownlink and EcNoNcell(n) = instantaneous values
HHoMarginForAveEcNo (HOPS) = average Ec/N0 margin [-6 6]dB, default 1dB
HHOMarginPeakEcNo (HOPS) = peak Ec/N0 margin [-6 6]dB, default 2dB

Inter-RNC Soft HO
RNC RNC
IurUPSupport
cell1 cell5
cell4
cell3 cell2 cell6
EnableInterRNCsho
EnableInterRNCsho

Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO

Hard Handover
If RNC is not able to add (Event 1A) to or replace (Event 1C) an Ncell from the AS, UE sends
periodic measurement reports (AdditionReportingInterval / ReplacementReportingInterval) until;
Ncell is added/replaced in to AS
Ncell leaves reporting range
HO no longer required (e.g. different Ncell enters AS)
RNC may not be able to add/replace Ncell due to (a) Iur congestion or (b) inter-RNC SHO is
prevented due to setting of EnableInterRNCsho (HOPS) (point1 on next slide)
If CPICH EC/NO of non-active Ncell continues to increase it will cause additional interference due to
a non-optimal connection (point 2)
To avoid excessive uplink interference, RNC will perform an intra-frequency hard handover to the
Ncell (CPICH3) if either of the following criteria are met (point 3);
AveEcNoDownlink + HHOMarginAveEcNo < AveEcNoNcell
EcNoDownlink + HHOMarginPeakEcNo < EcNONcell
(Both HOPS)

Hard Handover
AveEcNoDownlink + HHOMarginAveEcNo < AveEcNoNcell
EcNoDownlink + HHOMarginPeakEcNo < EcNONcell
Ec/Io HHOMarginAverageEcNo
3 HHOMarginPeakEcNo
P CPICH 1
2
Reporting
range P CPICH 2
P CPICH 3
Time
1
1A (AdditionTime = 0) AdditionReportingInterval

Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO

If difference between the best AS cell and the NS cell is too high and SHO is not performed,
the RRC connection is released to avoid excessive interference
Why might an AS update not be possible?
Excessive load in the neighbouring cell
Hard blocking in the target BTS
Unavailability of DL spreading codes
Iub transport resources unavailable
This function is activated by EnableRRCRelease (HOPS parameter)/0=no (def),1 =yes

The RRC connection is released if either:
AveEcNoDownlink + ReleaseMarginForAveEcNo(n) < AvEcNoNcell(n)

EcNoDownlink + ReleaseMarginPeakEcNo(n) < EcNoNcell(n)
ReleaseMarginForAveEcNo (HOPS) = average Eb/N0 margin [-6 6] dB, default 2.5dB

ReleaseMarginPeakEcNo (HOPS) = peak Eb/N0 margin [-6 6] dB, default 3.5dB
Emergency calls are exempt from RRC Connection Release process

Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO

Compressed Mode in Uplink
GSM BTS WCDMA BTS
DL CM (this should be off

when GSM is measured)
DL
UL CM (needed to avoid interference)
During WCDMA transmission

signal leakage will go to GSM
Rx also

Compressed Mode (CM)
CM was introduced to WCDMA to allow inter-frequency (system) handovers
CM is used to create idle periods (gaps) in the transmission during which ncell measurements on
another frequency can be made
Measurement
Measurementgap
gap
Power / Compressed
Data Rate Mode
Normal frame Normal frame Normal frame
Gaps can be created using single or double frame approach (Nokia supports both)
Because same data amount is sent in a shorter time more power is needed during CM (both in
UE and BTS)
=> affects WCDMA coverage
Fast Power control information might be lost during the gap => higher Eb/No
=> affects WCDMA capacity
Compressed frames may be lost if power control is not set correctly
=> affects WCDMA quality
CM methods are Puncturing, Spreading Factor Halving and Higher Layer Scheduling

Performance of Compressed Mode: Capacity
Assumption
Assumption Effect
Effectto
tothe
thecapacity
capacity
Required
RequiredEb/No
Eb/Noisis1.5
1.5dB
dB 1.5
1.5dB
dB==41%
41%more
moreinterference
interference
higher
higherduring
duringcompressed
compressedframes
frames
Every
Every3rd
3rdframe
frameisiscompressed
compressed 41%
41%/3/3==14%
14%more
moreinterference
interference
10%
10%ofofthe
theusers
usersare
are 14%
14%/10
/10==1.4%
1.4%more
moreinterference
interference
measured
measuredatatthe
thesame
sametime
time
Capacity degradation < 2%
Exact
Exactincrease
increaseininEb/N0
Eb/N0depends
dependsononservice,
service,multipath
multipathdiversity,
diversity,antenna
antennadiversity,
diversity,
mobile
mobilespeed,
speed,uplink
uplinkorordownlink,
downlink,measurement
measurementgap gaplength,
length,compressed
compressedmode
mode
method
method(spreading
(spreadingfactor
factorororpuncturing),
puncturing),and
and1.5
1.5dB
dBrepresents
representsaatypical
typicalvalue.
value.

Performance of Compressed Mode: Coverage
Effect
Effectto
tothe
thecoverage
coverage
Assumption
Assumption of real time services
of real time services
Required
RequiredEb/No
Eb/Noisis1.5
1.5dB
dB 1.5
1.5dB
dBreduced
reducedcoverage
coverage
higher
higherduring
duringcompressed
compressedframes
frames
10*log10(15/8)
10*log10(15/8)
7-slot
7-slotgap
gapisisused
used ==2.7
2.7dB
dBreduced
reducedcoverage
coverage
Every
Every2nd
2ndframe
frameisiscompressed
compressedwith
with 4.2 dB / 2 = 2.1 dB reduced coverage
20 4.2 dB / 2 = 2.1 dB reduced coverage
20ms
msinterleaving
interleaving(speech)
(speech)
Total coverage
reduction 2.1 dB 2.7 dB + 1.5 dB more power is
needed during compressed mode
Mobile max. power
Compressed
mode
Frame error if mobile hits Non-real time services can reduce the bit rate during
its maximum power compressed frames no effect to coverage
Speech connection can switch to a lower AMR mode
Measurement Gap
Length of gap:
3, 4, 5, 7 timeslots
Single-frame method
TGL
radio frame radio frame
Length of gap:
3, 4, 5, 7, 10, or 14 timeslots
Double-frame method
TGL
radio frame radio frame
Min transmitted TSs per Frame: 8

Compressed mode methods
Puncturing for Speech in DL
Reducing the physical channel bit amount (Channel Coding Convolution Coding)
More Tx power is needed if same QoS requirements have to be satisfied
Only if all DCHs have enough free puncturing capacity
RNC: DLPuncturingLimit/0.68 =puncturing from coding rate 1/3 to coding rate 1/2.
Halving Spreading Factor, SF/2 for RT and NRT services (UL and DL)
Doubles temporarily the physical channel data rate, possible for all services
Needs 3 dB more UE power due to halved spreading ratio
If new channelization code is available from code tree in DL
WCEL: AltScramblingCodeCM/0=used (def), 1=not used
Higher Layer Scheduling, HLS (UL and DL)

Only possible for PS services (RT or NRT)
Does not cause extra load to the cell but reduces DCH user data
HLS data rate or HLS data rate possible
Double frame is used in case of puncturing and HLS data rate
Single frame is used in case of spreading factor halving and HLS data rate.

Compressed mode parameters
CM can be activated/deactivated by CMmasterSwitch (RNC) /0=in use (def)
HLS rate configurable using HLSModeSelection (RNC)/def 0=1/2 HSL , 1=3/4 HSL
Method used for voice:

HLS not possible
UL LowerULAMRmodeCM (RNC) /7.4 kbits/s defines AMR mode corresponding to SF/2
DL selection bit puncturing and SF/2 based on MinDLAMRmodeCM (RNC)/7.4 kbits/s
(range 4.75...12.2 kbits/s)
Method used for RT and NRT services

SF/2 is allowed if: UE DL Tx Power < Max_UE_DL_Tx_Pwr
PowerMarginCMcodeHalving (RNC)/3 dB (range 0..10, step 0.25)
Maximum number of UEs in CM is controlled through MaxNumbUECMcoverHO (RNC)/16
(range 0..255)
The number of UEs in DL CM depends on the PtxTotal value

The number of UEs in UL CM depends on the PrxTotal value

How many UEs in Compressed Mode ?
DL/UL
transmission power
No new UE can be in CM here
One new UE in CM can be allowed

PtxOffset/ if the limit is not reached
PrxOffset
PtxTarget/
PrxTarget
New UEs can be switched to CM when:
Pxx_Total < Pxx_Target &
# of UEs in CM < MaxNumbUECMcoverHO
Load
Applicable methods for related services
Service UL CM method DL CM Method
AMR SF/2, HLS SF/2, Puncturing
PS NRT SF/2, HLS SF/2, HLS
CS Data SF/2 SF/2
AMR+PS 1. If the PS bit rate >> AMR bit rate it is possible to

create idle gaps by applying frame compression to
just the PS DCH. In this case the CM method
selection is as in the case of stand-alone PS NRT.
2. If both DCHs must be compressed then only the
methods applicable to both can be used: i.e. in DL
only SF/2 is possible
CM method Frame Mode

SF/2 Single Frame
HLS Single Frame
HLS Double Frame
Puncturing Double Frame

Selection of DL CM Method
Channel coding Yes Use puncturing DL CM is started with
>DLPuncturingLimit (for AMR speech) Puncturing instead of SF/2
because puncturing needs
No less power, allow more
AMR rate Yes Lower AMR rate puncturing if downlink
>MinDLAMRModeCM (+ puncturing) capacity is orthogonal code
limited
No
Yes Use SF/2 with the
SF/2 code available
same scrambling code
No
Alternative scrambling code
Link level power No Use SF/2 with another is used when the SF/2 code
limit reached scrambling code is reserved
Yes
Reduce bit rate
(for packet data) UL: LowerULAMRModeCM
52 NOKIA 30/11/2003 RANPAR Version 1.1 for AMR rate
Compressed mode method
in RAN 1.5.2
Compressed mode method in NRT PS
Triggering reason: Too high UE Tx power
Parameter HHOMaxAllowedBitRateUL should be checked
Compressed mode method in Downlink (in priority order): 1,2,3,4,5
Compressed mode method in Uplink (in priority order): 2,4,5
Triggering reason: Too high DL DCH power
Parameter HHOMaxAllowedBitRateDL should be checked
Compressed mode method in Downlink (in priority order): 4,5
Triggering reason: Low CPICH EcNo, Low CPICH RSCP, poor UL DCH
Compressed mode method in Downlink (in priority order): 2,3,4,5
Id Compressed mode method

1 Puncturing (Not supported in RAN 1.5)
2 SF/2
3 SF/2 with alternative scrambling code
4 HLS 1/2
5 HLS 3/4

CM Pattern Parameters
TGPL1 TGPL2
TGD TGD
TGL1 TGL2 TGL1 TGL2
TGSN TGSN
TG Pattern 1 TG Pattern 2 GapPositionSingleFrame
TG TG TG TG TG
Pattern 1 Pattern 2 Pattern 1 Pattern 2 Pattern 2
#1 #2 #3 #4 #TGPRC
transmission gap pattern sequence
TGCNF
TG Transmission Gap TGL Transmission Gap Length (3,4,5,7,10,14 SL)
TGPL Transmission Gap Pattern Length (1-144 Frames) TGD Transmission Gap start Distance (15-269 SL)
54 TGSN
NOKIA Transmission
30/11/2003 Gap
RANPAR Version 1.1 Starting slot Number (1-14 SL) TGPRC TG Pattern Repeat Count
Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO

IFHO/ISHO Process Overview
HO
HOTriggering
TriggeringThresholds
Thresholdsset
setininRNC
RNC About 25 HO parameters
Event
EventTriggered
TriggeredCoverage/Capacity
Coverage/Capacity 5 Coverage/Capacity HO Reasons
based
based HO fulfilledininRNC
HO fulfilled RNC
(31 Intra-Freq neighbours)
RNC
RNCcommands
commandsselected
selectedUE(s)
UE(s)totostart
start 48 Inter-Freq neighbours
IF/IS measurements
IF/IS measurements 32 Inter-System neighbours can be measured
Measurements
Measurementsare
aredone
doneinin
Compressed
CompressedMode
Mode(CM)
(CM)
UE
UEreports
reportsGSM
GSMcells
cellswith
with Max 32 neighbours could be measured
strongest
strongest RSSI signals toRNC
RSSI signals to RNC
RSSI
RSSImeasurements
measurementsand andBSIC
BSIC Reporting cells are active set cells
verification for GSM cells
verification for GSM cells (max 3) + max 6 IFHO, max 6 ISHO neighb.
RNC
RNCmakes
makesHOHOdecision
decisionand
and Different decision methods for IF HO
commands UE to target cell
commands UE to target cell Only one decision method for IS HO
IFHO/ISHO measurements- difference
IF measurements IF-HO
Measurement Target Cell found
Trigger
WCDMA IF -measurements
IF-HO
Decision
IS measurements IS-HO
Measurement IS-HO
Trigger Target Cell found
Decision
WCDMA RSSI meas. BSIC verification

Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO

IF/IS Handover Triggering Reasons
1. DL DPCH approaches its 2. Quality deterioration report
maximum allowed power from UL outer loop PC
FMCI: IFHOcauseTxPwrDL FMCI: IFHOcauseUplinkQuality
FMCG: GSMcauseTxPwrDL FMCG: GSMcauseUplinkQuality
3. Low measured absolute

CPICH Ec/No, event 1E/1F HO trigger 4. UE Tx power approaches its
FMCI: IFHOcauseCPICHEcNo maximum allowed power, event 6A/6D
FMCG: GSMcauseCPICHEcNo FMCI: IFHOcauseTxPwrUL
FMCG: GSMcauseTxPwrUL
5 . Low measured absolute
CPICH RSCP, events 1E/1F 6 . Others (Not implemented in RAN 1.5):
FMCI: IFHOcauseCPICHrscp, e.g. Traffic & load reason IS-HO, etc
FMCG: GSMcauseCPICHrscp
Frequency Measuring Control for Inter-Frequency = FMCI

Frequency Measuring Control for Inter-System (GSM) = FMCG

Measurement triggering: DL Coverage
RNC orders UE to make IF measurements when DL TX power of a single radio link reaches threshold
defined as:
DL_code_PWR -PowerOffsetDLdpcchPilot > CPICH Pwr + DL Tx Pwr + DL_TPCH_TXPWR_Threshold
-100dBm 3dB > 33dBm+XXX+(-1dB)

DL_CODE_PWR = measured DL code power
PowerOffsetDLdpcchPilot = power offset for the DPCCH pilot bits relative to the DPDCHs power
default = 3 dB, range 0...6 dB, step size 0.25 dB
DL Tx Pwr (DPCH) = measurement on DPCH Tx power, (reported by BTS)
RLMeasRepPeriod (WBTS) / default=500ms, range 0..2000ms, step 100ms
CPICH Pwr = Tx power of the CPICH of an active cell
PtxPrimaryCPICH (serving RNC) or AdjsCPICHTxPwr (drifting RNC)/33 dBm, range -1050 dBm,
step 0.1 dBm
DL_TPCH_TXPWR_Threshold = depends on the service type
FMCI: InterfreqDLTxPwrThrAMR/CS/RtPS/NrtPS -1/-3/-3/-1 dB(range -10 dB..0, step 0.5 dB)
FMCG: GSMDLTxPwrThrAMR/CS/RtPS/NrtPS -1/-3/-3/-1 dB(range -10 dB..0, step 0.5 dB)
In Addition, the DL data rate allocated to the user must not exceed
WCEL: HHoMaxAllowedBitrateDL/64 kbits/s
NOTE: Either WCDMA or GSM will be measured, not both systems
Measurement triggering: DL Coverage
DCH Data Frame
e.g. Radio Link Measurement Report
(e.g. Transmitted Code Power Value) Iub
RNC
UE Node B
PO2 PO3 Pilot

DL_CODE_PWR PowerOffsetDLdpcchPilot
TPC TFCI PO1 CPICH_POWER + MAX_DL_DPCH_TXPWR
Data 1 bits Data 2 bits bits
+ DL_DPCH_TXPWR_THRESHOLD
Max Power on Channel HHoMaxAllowedBitrateDL
Max Power on DPCH (e.g. 33 dBm)

Example Speech:
Power Data Bits > 33dBm + (-3dB) + (-1dB)
Power Data Bits > 29 dBm (~1W)
Its time to trigger

Serving HO measurements
in the UE time
WCDMA cell
Measurement triggering: UL Quality
RNC starts inter-frequency measurements based on UL outer-loop power control reports.
Enable reports from Outer-loop Power Control Controller to trigger inter-freq HO,
RNC:EnableULQualDetRep/default 0=no, 1=yes
Time duration for which BER/BLER target has not been reached, despite SIR target at
maximum level, RNC: ULQualDetRepThreshold/5 s, 0.5..5, step 0.5s
Periodic report, every RNC: ULQualDetRepThreshold seconds, while BLER/BLER target is not
reached.
In addition, the UL data rate allocated to the user must not exceed WCEL:
HHoMaxAllowedBitrateUL/32 kbits/s

Measurement triggering: UL Quality
HHoMaxAllowedBitrateUL EnableULQualDetRep
RNC
RNC 1st Quality deterioration report from PC to HC inside RNC

2nd Quality deterioration report (while the condition is
Target SIR
satisfied the message is periodically repeated)

Max SIR target
SIR
SIR Actual SIR target
Min SIR target
default 5s time
ULQualDetRepThreshold

Measurement triggering: CPICH Ec/No
RNC starts IF measurement when event 1F occurs for at least one cell of the active
set: A Primary CPICH becomes less than an absolute threshold
RNC stops IF measurement when event 1E occurs for at least one cell of the active
set : A Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold
Filtering applied before event evaluation in the UE:
FMCS: EcNoFilterCoefficient/0= 200ms filtering period
Event 1F parameters:
Triggering conditions: Active set cells
hysteresis: not used in 1F
Threshold used frequency: FMCS : HHoEcNoThreshold / - 22 dB (range 0..-24 dB)
Time-to-trigger: FMCS: HHoEcNoTimeHysteresis / 640 ms (range 0..5000ms)
Reporting interval: not applied.
Reporting cell status: max 3 active cells.

Event 1E parameters:
Hysteresis: not used in 1F
Threshold used frequency: FMCS : HHoEcNoCancel/ -20 dB
Time-to-trigger: FMCS: HHoEcNoCancelTime/ 1280 ms

Reporting event: 1E: A P-CPICH exceeds an absolute threshold (triggered if one)
1F: A P-CPICH falls below an absolute threshold (triggered if all)
e.g. P-CPICH Ec/No
Cell 1 Cell 2
Cell 3
absolute 1E: HHoEcNoCancel

threshold
1F: HHoEcNoThreshold
time
1E: HHoEcNoCancelTime 1F: HHoEcNoTimeHysteresis

Measurement triggering: CPICH RSCP
UE continually monitors pilot channels of BTSs in AS
If RSCP of a Node B falls below threshold, HHoRscpThreshold, UE sends
event 1F report
RNC starts IF measurements when event 1F occurs for all cells in AS
RNC stops IF measurements when event 1E occurs for at least one cell of AS
UE filtering applied before event evaluation using
HHoRscpFilterCoefficient (FMCS) /200ms, range 2001600ms

Measurement triggering: CPICH RSCP
Event 1E (A primary CPICH exceeds an absolute threshold) parameters:
hysteresis: not used in 1E
Threshold used frequency: (FMCS) : HHoRscpCancel/ - 100 dBm
Time-to-trigger: (FMCS): HHoRscpCancelTime/ 1280 ms
Event 1F (A primary CPICH falls below an absolute threshold) parameters:

Hysteresis: not used in 1F
Threshold used frequency: HHoRscpThreshold (FMCS)/ - 105 dBm
Time-to-trigger: HHoRscpTimeHysteresis (FMCS)/ 640 ms

Measurement triggering: UL Coverage
RNC orders IF measurements when one of the following event occurs:
Event 6A: The UE Tx power becomes larger than an absolute threshold
Event 6D: The UE Tx power reaches its maximum value
Also GSM measurements could be measured first depending on UE Tx power values
in IFHO and ISHO parameters
Only lower threshold is send to UE, so either WCDMA or GSM is measured first,
but also other RAT could be measured if not good enough neighbour is found
In addition, the UL data rate allocated to the user must not exceed WCEL:
HHoMaxAllowedBitrateUL/32 kbits/s
RNC calls off inter-frequency measurements when event 6B occurs: the UE Tx power
becomes less than an absolute threshold.
Filtering applied before event evaluation in the UE.
FMCI : InterfreqUETxPwrFilterCoeff/8=10ms (range 10..480ms)
FMCG: GSMUETxPwrFilterCoeff/8 =10ms (range 10..480ms)
NOTE: Not all UE vendors support 6A event

Measurement triggering: UL Coverage
Event 6A parameters:
Time-to-trigger: 0s
UE Transmitted Power threshold = min (UEtxPowerMaxDPCH, Pmax)
UE_TX_POWER_threshold
where:
UEtxPowerMaxDPCH is the maximum allowed UL tx power on DPCH in the active cell
(range -50..24 dBm, step 1, default 21 dBm)
Pmax is the maximum RF output power
UE_TX_POWER_Threshold depends on the type of service:
FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrThrAMR/-3 dB (range -10..0, step1)
FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrThrCS/-3 dB (same range and step)
FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrThrNrtPS/-3 dB
FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrThrRtPS/-3 dB
FMCG: GSMUETxPwrThrAMR/CS/NrtPS/RtPS -1/-3/-1/-3/ dB
Event 6B parameters:
time-to-trigger: FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrTimeHyst/1280 ms
FMCG: GSMUETxPwrTimeHyst/1280 ms
Event 6D parameter:Time-to-trigger: 0s

Reporting Events 6A, 6B and 6D
6A: The UE Tx power exceeds an absolute threshold
6B: The UE Tx power falls below an absolute threshold
6D: The UE Tx power reaches its maximum value
UE Tx Power
6D
min(UEtxPowerMaxDPCH, P_MAX)
UE Transmitted Power
Tx Threshold
6A
6B
time
InterfreqUETxPwrTimeHyst time to
GSMUETxPwrTimeHyst trigger

Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO

IFHO Measurements
SIB 11/12
EcNoFilterCoefficient
I am in the System Information [ ] UTRAN

CELL_DCH sub-state
UE Node B RNC
Measurement Type: Inter-frequency measurements

Reporting events:
2A: Change of best frequency
2B: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below
a certain threshold and the estimated quality of a non-used
frequency is above a certain threshold.
2C: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a
certain threshold
2D: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below
a certain threshold
2E: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is below a
certain threshold
2F: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is above a
certain threshold
IFHO measurements
After HO triggering message is sent to RNC, a RRC message Measurement Control is
sent to UE containing details of the measurement that the UE must execute.
Measurement reporting is periodical. Max 6 IF cells can be reported
3 neighbour info send to UE:
RRC: Measurement control message UTRA RF channel, cell
("carrier 2" measurements) RNC individual offset (Ec/No)
and primary scrambling code
UE
Upon reception of the measurements reported by the UE, RNC applies a sliding
averaging window to the CPICH Ec/No & CPICH RSCP measurements. The averaged
levels are used as input to the inter-frequency decision algorithm.
From each cell in active set (max=3) also intra-frequency measurements are done at
same time
RNC In one measurement report there is

UE both intra-and inter-frequency
results, no measurement filtering is
RRC: Measurement report
used in UE
AdjiMeasRepInterval
(default 0.5s) RRC: Measurement report
CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP measurements are reported
through Measurement report messages

IFHO measurement control
When there are more than 32 neighbouring inter-frequency cells, list of cell to be monitored is
built with priority:
HOPI: AdjiPriorityQuality/0, 0..7 (0=lowest priority)
HOPI: AdjiPriorityCoverage/0, 07 (0=lowest priority)
Only periodic inter-frequency measurements are used

No filtering in the UE
Reporting cell status: up to 6 monitored set cells.
Inter-frequency HO could be forbidden during the first measurements reports from the UE, to
let the UE report all the candidate inter-frequency cells in its neighbourhood. FMCI
AdjiSearchPeriod / default=0 MeasReport Range 0 ... 20 MeasReport, step 1 MeasReport
Reporting interval: FMCI AdjiMeasRepInterval / 0.5 s def (1,2,3,4s possible also)
Inter-frequency measurement stops if RNC has not been able to perform inter-frequency
handover after N reports. N is configured by FMCI: AdjiMaxMeasPeriod / 20, 1..20 step 1
measurement report
RNC can not initiate inter-frequency measurements if:
The UE has recently performed an inter-frequency HO. FMCI AdjiMinHoInterval / 10s,
0..60, step 1 s
An inter-frequency HO recently failed for this UE. FMCI AdjiMinMeasInterval / 10s,
0..60 step 1s
ISHO measurements
After HO triggering message is sent to RNC, a RRC message Measurement Control is
sent to UE containing details of the measurement that the UE must execute.
Measurement reporting is periodical. Max 6 GSM cells could be measured by UE and
reported to RNC.
RRC: Measurement control message
(GSM RSSI measurements)
RNC
UE
Upon reception of the measurements reported by the UE, RNC applies a sliding
averaging window to the RXLEV measurements. The averaged levels are used as input
to the IS-HO decision algorithm.
RNC The first measurement report

UE has info from the best GSM cell:
BCCH freq & RSSI, no filtering
RRC: Measurement report used in UE
GsmMeasRepInterval
(default 0.5s) RRC: Measurement report RXLEV measurements are reported through
Measurement report messages

ISHO measurements
Only periodic inter-system measurements are used
No filtering in the UE
Reporting cell status: up to 6 monitored set cells.
Reporting interval: FMCG GSMMeasRepInterval / 0.5 s def (1,2,3,4s also)
Inter-system measurement stops if RNC has not been able to perform inter-system handover
after N reports. N is configured by FMCG: GSMMaxMeasPeriod / 20, 120, step 1 MeasReport
RNC can not initiate inter-system measurements if:
The UE has recently performed an inter-system HO.
FMCG: GSMMinHoInterval / 10s, 060, step 1s
An inter-system HO recently fails for this UE.
FMCG: GSMMinMeasInterval / 10s, 060, step 1s

ISHO: BSIC Verification
After the selection of the target GSM cell, the RNC sends to UE the RRC message
"Measurement control which includes details to measure BSIC .
UE stops RSSI measurements and updates the transmission gap pattern to the pattern used for
BSIC decoding. The measurement reports are sent periodically to RNC.
If the UE is unable to decode the BSIC during the given period, the BSIC measurement
operation is aborted.
IS-HO
IS-HO trigger Target Cell found command
WCDMA RSSI meas. BSIC verification

TRSSI depends on TBSIC depends on :
RRC: Measurement control message
(BSIC decoding) Transmissiongap pattern for
Numbers of GSM cells in the
neighbour cell list BSIC decoding
RNC Reporting interval
Sliding averaging window
Transmission gap pattern for
RSSI measurements

Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO

IFHO Decision
It is not sufficient to have triggers, which detect that a handover has to be done. Criteria are required to
decide, whether to carry out an intra-frequency, inter-frequency, or inter-RAT handover if there is
the possibility for a handover at all!
Conditions shown here have to be satisfied, before an inter-frequency handover can be conducted. The
best neighbouring cell must fulfil following criteria (best according to Ec/No):
Quality Criterion in case trigger was DL DPCH Power or CPICH Ec/No:

AVE_RSCP_NCELL (n) > AdjiMinRSCP(n) + max(0, AdjiTxPwrDPCH(n) - P_MAX)
Signal level from new cell > required Signal level in new cell + adjustment due to allowed power
AVE_EcNo_NCELL (n) > AVE_CPICH_EcNo + AdjiEcNoMargin(n)

EcNo on new cell better than EcNo in old cell + margin
Pathloss Criterion in case trigger was UE Tx Power, CPICH RSCP or UL DPCH Quality:
AVE_EcNo_NCELL (n) > AdjiMinEcNo(n)
EcNo on new cell better than required EcNo in new cell (default 14 dB)
CPICH_POWER - AVE_CPICH_RSCP >

CPICH_POWER_NCELL (n) - AVE_RSCP_NCELL (n) + AdjiPlossMargin(n)
PathLoss in old cell > PathLoss in new cell + Margin (default 2 dB) (continued)
IFHO Decision
best inter-frequency best active set
cell cell AVE_EcNo_NCELL (n) > AVE_CPICH_EcNo
AVE_EcNo_NCELL (n)
HO?

AdjiEcNoMargin(n)
AVE_EcNo_NCELL (n)
Quality Criteria
AdjiMinEcNo(n) AVE_CPICH_EcNo
a) AVE_EcNo_NCELL (n) > AdjiMinEcNo(n)

b) AVE_EcNo_NCELL (n) > AVE_CPICH_EcNo + AdjiEcNoMargin(n)
IFHO Decision
The meaning of the parameters is:
AVE_RSCP_NCELL (n) and AVE_EcNo_NCELL (n) are the averaged CPICH Ec/No and RSCP values of the
best (according to CPICH Ec/No) neighbour cell (n).
AVE_CPICH_EcNo is the averaged CPICH Ec/No of the best active set cell.
P_MAX is the maximum UE power capability.
AdjiMinRSCP(n) determines the minimum required CPICH RSCP (dBm) level in the best neighbour cell
(n).
AdjiTxPwrDPCH indicates the maximum transmission power level that an UE may use on the DPCH in
the neighbour cell
AdjiEcNoMargin(n) determines the margin (dB) by which the CPICH Ec/No of the best neighbour cell
(n) must exceed before the inter-frequency handover is possible.
AdjiMinEcNo(n) determines the minimum required CPICH Ec/No (dB) in the best neighbour cell (n).
AdjiPlossMargin(n) determines the margin (dB) by which the propagation loss of the best active set cell
must exceed the propagation loss of the best neighbour cell (n) before the inter-frequency handover is
possible.

IFHO Decision
RSCP Criterion AVE_RSCP_NCELL (n)
> AdjiMinRSCP(n) + max(0, AdjiTxPwrDPCH(n) - P_MAX)
AdjiMinRSCP(n)
max(0, AdjiTxPwrDPCH(n) - P_MAX)
best inter-frequency best active set

cell cell
Pathloss Criterion
CPICH_POWER - AVE_CPICH_RSCP
> CPICH_POWER_NCELL (n) - AVE_RSCP_NCELL (n)
+ AdjiPlossMargin(n)
AdjiPlossMargin(n)

Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO

ISHO Decision
The following conditions have to be satisfied, before an inter-frequency handover can be conducted. The
best neighbouring cell must fulfil following criterion (best according to Ec/No):
AVE_RXLEV_NCell(n)
> AdjgRxLevMinHO(n) + max(0, AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH(n) - P_max)
where
AVE_RXLEV _Ncell(n) is the averaged GSM carrier RSSI value of the GSM neighbour cell(n), averaging
done directly from dBm values (no linear averaging); GSMMeasAveWindow / 6, 132 meas report.
AdjgRxLevMinHO(n) determines the minimum Required RSSI (dBm) level of the neighbour cell(n).
AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH(n) indicated the maximum Tx power level (dBm) an UE may use in GSM neighbour
cell(n).
P_MAX is the maximum UE power capability.
If several GSM cells fulfil the equation above, cells are ranked based on HOPG:
AdjgPriorityCoverage/0, range 07
A cell is ranked higher than another cell if it has a higher priority level even though its
signal strength condition was worse
Inter-system HO could be forbidden during the first measurements reports from the UE, to let the UE
report all the candidate inter-system cells in its neighbourhood.
FMCG NcellSearchPeriod / 0

ISHO Decision
AVE_RXLEV_NCell(n) > AdjgRxLevMinHO(n) + max(0, AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH(n) - P_max)
GSM cell
AdjgRxLevMinHO(n)
max(0, AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH(n) - P_max)

Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO

BSS10.5
Load based handover GSM -> WCDMA
Load of GSM cell
100% Load reason More
Speech
Speechto
toWCDMA
WCDMA Morecapacity
capacity
handovers only
onlywith
withhigh
highGSM
GSMload
load for speech
for speech
for speech
80%
Packet
PacketData
DatatotoWCDMA
WCDMA Higher
Higherbit
bitrates
rates
regardless
regardless of GSMload
of GSM load for data users
for data users
Packet
PacketBCCH
BCCHparameters
parameterscan
canbe
beused
used
to push GPRS mobiles to WCDMA
to push GPRS mobiles to WCDMA
0%
RAN1/ph1.5 and BSS10.5
Load and Coverage Reason Handover
GSM high Load
Loadreason
reason
loaded handover
handoverfor
forspeech WCDMA
and for HSCSD
speech WCDMAcan canbe
beused
used
and for HSCSD to
torelieve
relieveGSM
GSMoverload
overload
WCDMA low
loaded GSM
GSMcan
canbe
beused
usedto
toextend
extend
WCDMA
WCDMAcoverage
coveragearea
area
GSM
GSM GSM
GSM GSM
GSM GSM
GSM
WCDMA
WCDMA WCDMA
WCDMA
GSM
GSM WCDMA
WCDMA GSM
GSM
Load reason Coverage reason

handover Mobile moving
handover
Load based Handover Process: GSM->
WCDMA
Parameters are sent from the BSC to the mobile
Handover
HandoverTriggering
TriggeringThresholds
Thresholdsset
setininBSC
BSC in the Measurement Information message
In the S10.5 MS is measuring the UTRAN cells
Inter-RAT
Inter-RATmeasurements
measurementsstarts
startsinincase
case continuously if they are defined as a neighbour,
The RXLEV
The RXLEV of the serving cell is aboveoror
of the serving cell is above
below
belowthe
thegiven thresholdQsearch_C
giventhreshold Qsearch_C The number of GSM neighbour reported could be 3-6
depending on the set value of parameter
FDD_MULTIRAT_REPORT (0,1,2=def,3).
Handover
HandoverDecision
Decisionisisdone
doneinincase
caseofof The load is measured in the cell level by
Load
Loadofofthe
theserving cell>>Load_Threshold
servingcell Load_Threshold comparing the occupied TCHs to the available
and
andCPICH Ec/No>min
CPICHEc/No> minEc/No
Ec/NoThreshold
Threshold TCHs (20 s interval used)
Load Threshold for Speech Calls or Transparent

MS
MSselects
selectsthe
thetarget
targetUTRAN
UTRANcell
cellbased
based Data inter-RAT Handover:
on measurement results
on measurement results utranHoThScTpdc (Min Traffic Load
TDHO), default = 80%
Handover
Handovercommand
commandisissend
sendtotoMSC
MSC minEcnoThreshold (Min CPICH EC/NO
Threshold), default 15 dB

Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO

Cell Reselection Algorithm from GSM to FDD-WCDMA (cs)
Cell Reselection L
ist
BCCH: FDD_Qmin
, FDD_Qoffset
GSM MS starts WCDMA measurements if : at least every 5 s

RLA_C< F(Qsearch_I) for 0<Qsearch_I<=7
or
RLA_C> F(Qsearch_I) for 7<Qsearch_I<=15
check Measurement Updates:

RLC_C value of the serving cell
+ least 6 strongest non serving GSM cells
Fdd_Qoffset: select
If, for suitable UMTS cell allways (value is -
infinity)
no priorities & for a period of 5 s:
between CPICH RSCP > RLA_C + FDD_Qoffset WCDMA cell
WCDMA and reselection
neighbours
CPICH Ec/No FDD_Qmin
FDD_Qmin= -13 dB

Cell Re-selection Parameters
Range of Qsearch_I and Qsearch_P (either Below or Above values comp. to RLA_C)
Recommended value is 7 (measure always)
R_Below 00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77
dBm -98
-98 -94
-94 -90
-90 -86
-86 -82
-82 -78
-78 -74
-74 Always
Always
R_Upper 88 99 10
10 11
11 12
12 13
13 14
14 15
15
dBm -78
-78 -74
-74 -70
-70 -66
-66 -62
-62 -58
-58 -54
-54 Never
Never
Range of FDD_Qoffset and FDD_GPRS_Offset

Recommended value is 0 (select always if acceptable)
Range 00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77
dBm -Always
-Always -28
-28 -24
-24 -20
-20 -16
-16 -12
-12 -8
-8 -4
-4
Range 88 99 10
10 11
11 12
12 13
13 14
14 15
15
dBm 00 44 88 12
12 16
16 20
20 24
24 28
28
Cell Re-selection Parameters
Range of FDD_Qmin
Recommended value is 7 (-13 dBm)
Range 00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77
dBm -20
-20 -19
-19 -18
-18 -17
-17 -16
-16 -15
-15 -14
-14 -13
-13
FDD_REP_QUANT defines the reporting quantity for UTRAN cell (1=Ec/No or 0=RSCP,
default 1)
3G_Search_PRIO parameter allows to extend the BSIC reporting interval from 10 s to
13s by checking the BSICs from non-serving BCCH carriers and also make WCDMA
measurements as often as possible. Range is 0=no, 1=yes, default value 1
Defined in the SI2quater and PSI3quater if PBCCH is allocated.
FDD_(GPRS) FDD_REP_ 3G_search_
FDD_(GPRS) FDD_REP_ 3G_search_
Parameter Qsearch_I
Parameter Qsearch_I Qsearch_P Qsearch_P FDD_QMin
Qsearch_P Qsearch_P FDD_QMin Qoffset QUANT PRIO Qoffset QUANT PRIO
Name
Nameforfor 2(3)quarter
2(3)quarter
2quater 2quater 3quater 2ter 2quater 2ter
Sys Info (SI) 2quater
Sys Info (SI) 2quater 3quater 2ter 2quater 2ter (PBCCH)
(PBCCH)

Cell Re-selection Example-Weaker WCDMA
Non GPRS case
RSCP/
RLA_C Ec/No
Cell re-selection to WCDMA
Serving GSM Cell RLA_C

Qsearch_I=0
(-98 dBm)
FDD_Qoffset =6 (-8 dB)
Measurements starts (serving cell)
FDD_Qmin=0
RSCP (-20 dB)
Neighbour WCDMA Cell
Ec/N0
Minimum Quality Requirement for WCDMA
t
5 sec.

Cell Re-selection Example-Weaker WCDMA
GPRS case
RSCP/
RLA_C Ec/No
RLA_P
Cell re-selection to WCDMA
FDD_GPRS_Qoffset =10 (8 dB)

Serving GSM Cell (Best) Qsearch_P=0
(-98 dBm)
RSCP
Measurements starts (serving cell)
FDD_Qmin
=-20 dB
Neighbour WCDMA Cell Ec/N0
Minimum Quality Requirement for WCDMA

t
5 sec.

WCDMA-> GSM cell reselection
First ranking of all the cells based on
CPICH RSCP (WCDMA) and RSSI (GSM) Serving WCDMA cell
calculation, with
GSM cell measurements Rs = CPICH RSCP + Qhyst1 hysteresis parameter
available If : Rn= RXLEV(n) - Qoffset1
CPICH Ec/No-QqualMin
< Ssearch_RAT
Neighbour WCDMA or GSM
No Rn higher in Yes cell calculation with offset
GSM cell parameter
Cell re-selection
Second ranking only for to GSM
WCDMA cells

Nokia Strategy: reselect to GSM early
Note: GSM cell could be 15 dB weaker
Qmeas (CPICH Ec/No)
Serving WCDMA Cell

Rs
Qqualmin= -18 dB
Qhyst1=0 dB
AdjgQoffset1=-15 dB
Rs
Squals
Neighbour GSM Cell SsearchRAT=

about -100 dBm level in GSM 2 (4 dB)

How to avoid ping pong ?
When phone is camped on 3G, GSM measurements can start when CPICH Ec/Io of
serving cell is below Ssearch_RAT + QqualMin.
When phone is camped on GSM, cell reselection to 3G is possible if CPICH Ec/Io of
the candidate is above FDD_Qmin.
Therefore, to avoid ping pongs between 3G and GSM the following condition should
be met:
FDD_Qmin >= QqualMin+Ssearch_RAT
CPICH Ec/Io
FDD_Qmin >= -13 dB

QqualMin +Ssearch_RAT
Ssearch_RAT=4 dB
QqualMin=-18 dB
Camping on 3G Camping on GSM Camping on 3G
t
Chapter 6
-Handover Control-
1. What characterises intra frequency WCDMA hard handover?
2. Which handover types are mobile evaluated handovers?
3. What is the difference between soft and softer handover?
4. What conditions must be met, before a cell can be added to the active set?
5. What type of situations initiate inter-frequency handover?

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Radio Resource Management Overview

1 NOKIA 30/11/2003 RANPAR Version 1.1

Name and describe the different handover types

2 NOKIA 30/11/2003 RANPAR Version 1.1

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Main method is soft/softer handover

Mobile Evaluated HandOver (MEHO)

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RNC = Radio Network Controller level parameters

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Inter-System Maximum Active Set Size

9 NOKIA 30/11/2003 RANPAR Version 1.1

Primary scrambling code for neighbour cell specified using AdjsScrCode

10 NOKIA 30/11/2003 RANPAR Version 1.1

Each intra-frequency neighbour (ADJS) is identified using ADJSid (ADJS)

UTRAN Cell Identifier = MCC + MNC + RNC identifier + Cell identifier

MCC (Mobile Country Code) = AdjsMCC

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I am in the System Information [ ] UTRAN

Measurement Type: Intra-frequency measurements

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Reporting Cell Status: All active cells + 2 monitored cells.

Triggering Condition: Monitored Set cells

Reporting Range Constant AdditionWindow / 4 dB

Cells forbidden to affect Reporting range: AdjsDERR / Enable

Time to trigger: AdditionTime / 0 = 0 ms

Reporting deactivation threshold: MaxActiveSetSize = 3

Amount of reporting: infinity

Reporting interval: AdditionReportingInterval / O.5 s

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Reporting cell Status: 3 active cells

Triggering Condition: Active cells

Reporting Range Constant: DropWindow / 4 dB

Cells forbidden to affect Reporting range AdjsDERR / Enable

Time to trigger: DropTime / 320 ms

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Reporting cell Status: All active cells + 2 monitored cells.

Time to trigger: ReplacementTime / 0 = 0 ms

Replacement activation threshold : MaxActiveSetSize / 3

Amount of reporting: infinity

Reporting interval: ReplacementReportingInterval / 0.5s

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Forbidding Neighbour Cells from Reporting Range

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4. ACTIVE SET UPDATE

3. MEASUREMENT REPORT Neighbour List

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