eroberogeday lwm pl:n nig Esn Bisid

briBaabR&tEpkKNitviTa

b b 2 4a c
aa22 == || aa|| 2a y
i
e
x n+1
dy n
x i 2

x dx = n + 1 + c dx (X X)
n
i =1
1
i2 = 1 = 1 + cot 2

2 sin
2

x x
1
e = lim 1 +

xx x
z = a + i.b


-i-
 matikar

TMB&r
CMBUkTI1 tk;viTa 001
CBUkTI2 sMNMu 005
CMBUkTI3 cMnYn BhuFa RbB&nrb 007
CMBUkTI4 smIkar nig vismIkar 012
CMBUkTI5 sVItncMnYnBit 017
CMBUkTI6 GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt 028
CBUkTI7 GnuKmn_Gics,NgEsl nig elakarIt 035
CMBUkTI8 lImIt nig PaBCabnGnuKmn_ 039
CMBUkTI9 edrIevnGnuKmn_ 049
CMBUkTI10 GaMgetRkal 057
CMBUkTI11 smIkarDIeprgEsl 065
CBUkTI12 viuTr&kglMh 069
CMBUkTI13 cMnYnkMupic 082
CMBUkTI14 RTwsIbTkgRtIekaN 088
CMBUkTI15 vismPaBcMnYnBit 101
CMBUkTI16 PaBEckdac nig viFIEckGWKIt 111
CMBUkTI17 GnuKmn_GIuEBbUllik 116
CMBUkTI18 viPaKbnM nig RbUblIet 131
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

CMBUkTI01 tk;viTa
1-sMeNI
niymn&y
- sMeNI KWCaGMNGMNagTaMgLayNaEdleKGacseRmcfaBit
k minBit .
- eKtageQansMeNIedayGkr p , q , r , s , .... .
- ebI p CasMeNIBitena p mantmPaBBitesInwg 1 KW t (p) = 1
- ebI p CasMeNIminBitena p mantmPaBBitesInwg 0 KW t (p) = 0
2-Qabtk;viTa
kQabnig ( )
- eKkMntsresr p q Ganfa p nig q
- sMeNI p q BitEtkgkrNIsMeNI p nig q Bit
xQab ( )
- eKkMntsresr p q Ganfa p q
- sMeNI pq minBitEtkgkrNIsMeNI p nig q minBitTaMgBIr

-1-
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
KQabmig ( )
- eKkMntsresr p Ganfa min p
- sMeNI p nig sMeNI p mantmPaBBitxusKa .
XQabnaM[ ( )
- eKkMntsresr p q Ganfa p naM[ q
- sMeNI p q minBitEtkgkrNIsMeNI p Bit nig q minBit
eRkABIenvaCasMeNIBit .

p CalkxNRKbRKanedIm,I[ q .

q CalkxNcaMcedIm,I[ p .
gQabsmmUl ( )
- eKkMntsresr p q Ganfa p smmUl q
- sMeNI p q BitEtkgkrNIEdlsMeNI p nigsMeNI q
mantmPaBbitdUcKa .

p CalkxNcaMc nigRKbRKanedIm,I[ q .
- CaTUeTA p q = (p q) (q p)

-2-
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
3-RbePTnsRmaybBaak
k sRmaybBaakedaypal
RbePTnsRmaybBaakenKWCakarRsaybBaakRtg@eTAtamGIVEdl
eKcgn .
x sRmaybBaaktamsMeNIpyBIsmtikm
rebobedaRsay
bmafa eKcgbgHajsMeNI p q Bit
- CMhanTI1 RtUvkMntsMeNI p nig sMeNI q [nRtwmRtUv.
- CMhanTI2 RtUvkMntsMeNI p nigsMeNI q .
- CMhanTI3 eKepImBI q bBaakrhUteKnsMeNI p EdlCa
sMeNIpyBIsmtikm KWmann&yfaeKnbgHajfa q p Bit
dUceneKnsMeNI p q Bit .
K sRmaybBaakpyBIkarBit
rebobedaRsay
- CMhanTI1 tag p CasMeNIEdlRtUvbgHaj .
- CMhanTI2 RtUvkMntsMeNI p .
- CMhanTI3 bmafasMeNI p Bit rYcbkRsaybnbnabrhUt

-3-
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
dlnlTplpyBIRTwsIKNitviTa .
eKnsMeNI p minBit .
dUcensMeNI p Bit (eRBatmPaBBitrvagsMeNI p nig p
mantmpyKa ) .
X sRmaybBaaktameTVlkxN
rebobedaRsay
- CMhanTI1 bgHajlkxNcaMc p q
- CMhanTI2 bgHajlkxNRKbRKan q p
g sRmaybBaaktamTahrN_pj
viFIentRmUv[eKrkTahrN_mYymkbBaakfasMeNIEdlRtUvbgHaj
CasMeNIminBit .

-4-
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
CMBUkTI02
sMNMu

sMNMu KWCabNMnvtS EdlkMntedaylkxNCaklak .

cMnYnFatunsMNMu A tageday n( A ) .

sMNMuTeT KWCasMNMuEdlKanFatuesa ehIytageday .

karkMntsMNMumanBIrrebob kMnttamkarerobrabeQaFatu
nig kMnttamlkNrYmnFatu .

sMNMurabGsCasMNMuEdlmancMnYnFatuCacMnYnkMnt . sMNMu
GnnCasMNMuEdlmancMnYnFatueRcInrabminGs .

sMNMuesIKakalNasMNMuTaMgBIrmanbBaIeQaFatudUcKa .

A CasMNMurgn B luRtaEtRKb x A ena x B

ebI A CasMNMurgn B ena n( A ) n(B ) .

ebI A CasMNMurgpaln B ena n( A ) < n(B ) .

sMNMusklKWCasMNMuEdlmanRKbFatuEdleKneRCIserIs
ykmksika .

sMNMurgbMeBj A = { x / x A , x U }

sMNMuRbsBV A B = { x A nig x B }

-5-
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

sMNMuRbCMu A B = { x A x B }

sMNMu A nig B CasMNMudacKaluRtaEt A B = .

cMeBaRKbsMNMu A nigsMNMuskl U eKn
AA = , AA = U .

ebI A nig B CasMNMurabGsenaeKnrUbmn

n ( A B ) = n( A ) + n( B ) n( A B )

lkN DeMogan
AB= AB ; AB = AB

lkNpM
1/ A ( B C) = ( A B ) C
2 / A ( B C) = ( A B ) C

lkNbMEbk
1/ A ( B C ) = ( A B ) ( A C)
2 / A ( B C) = ( A B ) ( A C )

-6-
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
CMBUkTI03
cMnYn BhuFa RbBn&rb
1 cMnYn

bnatcMnYn
Kl
EpkGviCman EpkviCman

O E cMnuckta

lkNntmdacxat
. | a | = a ebI a 0
. | a | = a ebI a < 0

sMNMucMnYnKtFmCati IN = { 1 , 2 , 3 , ..... }

sMNMucMnYnKtrWLaTIhV Z = { ... , 2 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , ... }
m

cMnYnsniTanmanTRmg Edl m nig n CacMnYnKtrILaTIb
n

sMNMucMnYnsniTantageday Q

-7-
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

RKbcMnYnBitviCman a nig b eKn a<b a < b

cMeBa a > b nig b > 0 eKn
ab = a . b , a 2 = ( a )2
a a
=
b b

TRmgBnatnRbB&nrbeKal 10 manrag
abcd10 = a 103 + b 102 + c 10 + d

TRmgBnatnRbB&nrbeKal 2 manrag
abcd 2 = a 23 + b 22 + c 2 + d
2 kFa nig BhuFa

kFaKWCakenamEdlRbmaNviFIelIGefrmanEtviFIKuN nig
sV&yKuNEdlmanniTsnKtviCman sUn .

kFadUcKa KWCakFaEdlmanEpkGefrdUcKa .

dWeRknkFa CaplbUkniTsnrbsGefrnImYy@nkFa .

BhuFa CaplbUkneRcInkFaxus@Ka .

dWeRknBhuFa KWCadWeRkrbstYEdlmandWeRkx<sCageK .

-8-
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
3 RbmaNviFIelI BhuFa

edIm,IbUk dkBIrBhuFa eKRtUvbUk dkkFaEdldUcKa .

edIm,IKuNBhuFa nig BhuFaeKyktYnImYy@nBhuFaTImYyKuN
RKbtYnBhuFaTIBIr rYceFIVRbmaNviFI .
4 rUbmn
1 (a + b) = a + 2ab + b
2 2 2

2 (a b) = a 2ab + b
2 2 2

3 (a b)(a + b) = a b 2 2

4 (a + b + c) = a + b + c + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

2 2 2 2

5 (a + b) = a + 3a b + 3ab + b
3 3 2 2 3

6 (a b) = a 3a b + 3ab b
3 3 2 2 3

7 (a + b)(a ab + b ) = a b
2 2 3 3

8 (a b)(a + ab + b ) = a + b
2 2 3 3

9 acx + (ad + bc)x + bd = (ax + b)(cx + d)

2

5 RbmaNviFIEckBhuFa

bmafaeKmankenamBIr A nig B EdlmanGefrdUcKa
ehIymandWeRkerogKa m nig n . ebI m n eKGacrkkenam

-9-
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
BICKNitBIr Q nig R Edl A = B Q + R .
dWeRkn R tUcCagdWeRkn B . Q CaplEck ehIy R Ca
sMNlnkgviFIEck . plEck Q mandWeRk m n .

ebI R = 0 eKn A = B Q enaeKfa A Eckdacnwg B
6 tYEckrYmFMbMput nig BhuKuNrYmtUcbMput

tYEckrYmFMbMputnkenam A nig B KWCaplKuNktarYmEdl
manniTsntUcCageK .

BhuKuNrYmtUcbMput KWCaplKuNRKbktarYmEdlmanniTsn
FMCageK .
7 viFan

edIm,IKNnatYEckrYmFMbMput
1-dakCplKuNkta RKbtYTaMgGs
2-eRCIserIsykEtktarYmEdlmanniTsntUcCageK.
3-tYEckrYmFMbMput CaplKuNnktarYmTaMgena .

edIm,IKNnatYEckrYmtUcbMput
1-dakCplKuNkta RKbtYTaMgGs
2-eRCIserIsykEtktaminrYm nig karYmEdlmanniTsn

- 10 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
FMCageK.
3-BhuKuNrYmtUcbMput CaplKuNnktaTaMgena .
8 RbmaNviFIbUk dkkenamRbPaK
A B +B A B AB
C C
+ =
C
ni g =
C C C
Edl C 0 .
9 viFan

edIm,IeFIV viFIbUk dkkenamRbPaKeKRtUv
1-tRmUvRbPaKnImYy@[manPaKEbgrYmdUcKa
2-eFIVRbmaNviFIbUk dkEtPaKyk rkaTukPaKEbgrYm
3-sRmYllTpl
10 RbmaNviFIKuN nig RbmaNviFIEck
A C AC A C AD
=
B D BD
ni g =
B D BC
Edl B , C , D xusBIsUn .
11 viFan

dakPaKyk nig PaKEbgnkenamTaMgGsCaplKuNkta

sRmYlkenamRbPaKnImYy@

eFIVRbmaNviFIKuN viFIEcktamrUbmnxagelI .

- 11 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
CMBUkTI04
smIkar nig vismIkar
1-smIkardWeRkTIBIrmanmYyGBaat
k-niymn&y
smIkarEdlmanragTUeTA ax + bx + c = 0 ehAfasmIkardWeRkTIBIr
2

manmYyGBaatEdl x CaGBaat ehIyelxemKuN a , b , c CacMnYnefr

nig a 0 .
x-dMeNaRsaysmIkardWeRkTIBIr
sntfaeKmansmIkar ax + bx + c = 0 , a 0
2

DIsRKImINg;smIkar = b 4ac2

-ebI > 0 smIkarmanbsBIrCacMnYnBitepSgKaKW

b+ b
x1 = ; x2 =
2a 2a
-ebI = 0 smIkarmanbsDb x = x = 2ba1 2

-ebI < 0 smIkarmanbsBIrepSgKaCacMnYnkMupicqas;Ka

b+i bi
x1 = ; x2 =
2a 2a

- 12 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
K-TMnakTMngs nig elxemKuN
ebI nig Cabsrbs;smIkar ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , a 0 enaHeKman
-plbUkbs S = + = ba
-plKuNbs P = . = ac
X-muFaKNnasnsmIkardWeRkTIBIrgay
]bmafaeKmansmIkardWeRkTIBIr ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , a 0
-ebI a + b + c = 0 smIkarmanbs x1 = 1 ; x 2 = ac
-ebI b = a + c smIkarmanbs x1 = 1 , x 2 = ac
g-rUbmndakCaplKuNkta
ebI nig Cabsrbs;smIkar ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , a 0 enaHeK)an
ax 2 + bx + c = a( x )( x ) .
c-begItsmIkardWeRkTIBIr
ebIeKdwgplbUk + = S nig plKuN = P enaH nig
CabssmIkardWeRkTIBIr x 2 Sx + P = 0 .

- 13 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
2-vismPaB
k-lkNvismPaB
!> cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit a , b , c ebI a > b enaHeK)an a + c > b + c
b a c > b c .
@> cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit a , b , c eKman
-ebI a > b nig c > 0 enaH ac > bc
-ebI a > b nig c < 0 enaH ac < bc
x-vismPaBmFmnBVn nig mFmFrNImaRt
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit a 0 nig b 0 eKman
a+b
ab .
2
vismPaBenHkayCasmPaBluHRtaEt a = b .
3-vismIkartmdacxat
ebI > 0 enaHeK)an
!> | ax + b |< ax + b < nig ax + b >
@> | ax + b |> ax + b > b ax + b <
#> | ax + b |= ax + b =

- 14 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
4-sBaarbseTVFadWeRkTImYy
cMeBaHeTVFa f (x) = ax + b man x = ba Cabs eKkMNt;sBaaeTVFaenH
eTAtamsBaarbs; a dUctaragxageRkam
b
x +
a
f ( x ) = ax + b sBaapyBI a sBaadUc a
5-sBaarbsRtIFadWeRkTIBIr
cMeBaHRtIFa f (x) = ax + bx + c manbsBIr nig Edl < .
2

x +

f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c sBaadUc a sBaapyBI a sBaadUc a

6-cemIyvismIkardWeRkTIBIr
-krNI > 0 nig a > 0 mans , ( < )
k> ax + bx + c > 0 mancemIy x < , x > .
2

x> ax + bx + c < 0 mancemIy < x < .

2

K> ax + bx + c 0 mancemIy x , x .
2

X> ax + bx + c 0 mancemIy x .
2

-krNI = 0 nig a > 0 mansDb

- 15 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
k> ax + bx + c > 0 mancemIyRKb;cMnYnBitelIkElgEt x = 2ba
2

x> ax + bx + c < 0 KancemIy .

2

K> ax + bx + c 0 mancemIyRKb;cMnYnBitTaMgGs; .
2

X> ax + bx + c 0 mancemIy x = 2ba .

2

-krNI < 0 nig a > 0 mansCacMnYnkMupic

k> ax + bx + c > 0 mancemIyRKb;cMnYnBitTaMgGs; .
2

x> ax + bx + c < 0 KancemIy .

2

K> ax + bx + c 0 mancemIyRKb;cMnYnBitTaMgGs; .
2

X> ax + bx + c 0 KancemIy .
2

- 16 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
CMBUkTI05
sIVtncMnYnBit
I- sIVtnBVn nig sIVtFrNImaRt
1-sIVtcMnYnBit
sIVtncMnYnBitKWCaGnuKmn_elxEdlkMnt;BIsMNMu IN eTAsMNMu IR .
eKkMnt;sresrsIVtmYyeday (Un ) b (U n ) nIN Edl Un = f (n)
2>GefrPaBnsIVt
k-sIVtekIn
eKfasIVt (Un ) CasIVtekInelI IN kalNaRKb; n IN
eKman U > Un +1 n

x-sIVtcuH
eKfasIVt (U ) CasIVtcuHelI IN kalNaRKb; n IN
n

eKman U n+1 < U n

K-sIVtm:UNUtUn
eKfasIVt (U ) CasIVtm:UNUtUnkalNavaCasIVtekInCanic b CasIVt
n

cuHCanic .

- 17 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
3>sIVtTal;
k-sIVtTal;elI
eKfasIVt (U ) CasIVtTal;elIkalNamancMnYnBit M EdlbMeBj
n

lkxN n IN : U n M .
x-sIVtTal;eRkam
eKfasIVt (U ) CasIVtTal;eRkamkalNamancMnYnBit m Edl
n

cMeBaH n IN : Un m .
K-sIVtTal;
eKfasIVt (U ) CasIVtTal;kalNavaCasIVt Tal;elIpg nigTal;
n

eRkampg .
4>sIVtxYb
eKfasIVt (U ) CasIVtxYbEdlmanxYbesI p kalNa
n

cMeBaH n IN : Un + p = Un , p IN * .
2-sIVtnBVn
-sIVtnBVn KWCasIVtncMnYnBitEdlmantYnImYy eRkABItYTImYy
esInwgtYmunbnab;bUkcMnYnefr d mYyehAfaplsgrYm b ersugnsIVt
rUbmnplsgrYm d = un+1 un .
-tYTI n nsIVtnBVn un = u1 + (n 1)d

- 18 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-plbUk n tYdMbUgnsIVtnBVn
n n ( u1 + u2 )
Sn = (uk ) = u1 + u2 + u3 + ... + un = 2
k =1
3-sIVtFrNImaRt
-sIVtFrNImaRt KWCasIVtncMnYnBitEdlmantYnImYy eRkABItYTImYy
esInwgtYmunbnab;KuNnwgcMnYnefr q mYyEdlxusBIsUn .
cMnYnefr q ehAfapleFobrYm b ersugnsIVt .
rUbmnpleFobrYm q = uun+1 .
n
-tYTI n nsIVtFrNImaRt un = u1 q n1
-plbUk n tYdMbUgnsIVtFrNImaRt
n qn 1
S n = (uk ) = u1 + u2 + u3 + ... + un = u1
k =1 q1
4-rUbmnplbUksIVtnBVnmanlMdabx<s
n n( n + 1)
1/ (k ) = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = 2
k =1

( 2) 2 n( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
n
2 2 2
2/ k = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n =
6
k =1

3/
n
k ( )
3 3 3 3
= 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n =
n 2 ( n + 1) 2
3
4
k =1

- 19 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
II-rebobKNnaplbUktYnsIVtepg@
1-nimitsBaa sRmabplbUknsIVt
plbUk n tYdMbUgnsIVt u , u , u ,...., u kMnt;tageday
1 2 3 n
n
S n = (uk ) = u1 + u2 + u3 + ..... + un
k =1

2-lkNplbUktYnsIVt
n
1> ( ) = + + + ..... + = n
k =1
n n
2> ( u ) = (u ) CacMnYnefr
k k
k =1 k =1
n n n n
3> (u k + v k w k ) = (uk ) + (v k ) (w k )
k =1 k =1 k =1 k =1

4> (u + v ) = (u ) + 2 (u v ) + (v )
n n n n
2 2 2
k k k k k k
k =1 k =1 k =1 k =1

3-rebobKNnaplbUksIVtEdlmanTRmg
S = 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n
n
p p
Edl p = 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ...
p p

edIm,IKNnaplbUkenHeKRtUvGnuvtn_tamCMhanxageRkam
-KNna (n + 1) n p +1 p

-[tm n = 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ....; n
-eFIVviFIbUk .

- 20 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
4-rebobKNnaplbUksIVtEdlmanTRmg
1 1 1 1
Sn = + + + ..... +
a1a 2 a 2a 3 a 3 a4 an an+1
Edl a a = d efr ehIy d 0 .
n +1 n

edIm,IKNnaplbUkenHeKRtUv
-bEmgtY a a1 = d1 . aa a a = d1 a1 a1
n+1 n


n n +1 n n+1 n n +1

-[tm n = 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ....; n
-eFIVviFIbUk
5-rebobKNnaplbUksIVtEdlmanTRmg
1 1 1 1
Sn = + + + ..... +
a1a 2a 3 a 2a 3a4 a 3a4 a5 a n a n + 1a n + 2
Edl a a = d efr ehIy d 0 .
n+ 2 n

edIm,IKNnaplbUkenHeKRtUv
-bEmgtY a a 1 a = d1 . aa a aa = d1 a a1
n+ 2 n

1

a n+1an+ 2
n n +1 n + 2
n n+1 n+ 2 n n +1

-[tm n = 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ....; n
-eFIVviFIbUk

- 21 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
6-rebobKNnaplbUksIVtEdlmanTRmg
S n = a1b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 + ...... + a n bn
Edl (a ) CasIVtnBVnmanplsgrYm d nig (b ) CasIVtFrNImaRmanersug q .
n n

edIm,IKNnaplbUkenHeKRtUvKNna S q S rYcTajrk S . n n n

7-sMKal
n
eK[ S = (u ) = u + u + u + .... + u
n k 1 2 3 n
k =1

edIm,IKNnaplbUkxagelIenHeKRtUv
-sresrtY u Carag u = t t b u = t t ebIGac
k k k +1 k k k k +1

-krNIeKGacsresr u = t t enaHeK)an
k k +1 k
n n
S n = (uk ) = (t k +1 t k ) = t n+1 t1
k =1 k =1

-krNIeKGacsresr u k = t k t k +1 enaHeK)an
n n
S n = (uk ) = (t k t k +1 ) = t1 t n+1
k =1 k =1

- 22 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
III -rebobkMnttYTI n tamplsgtYnsIVt
1-plsgtYlMdabTImYy
-eKmansIVt (a ): a ; a ; a ; ..... ; a
n 1 2 3 n

ehIy b = a a ; b = a a ; b = a a ; ..... enaeKfasIVt

1 2 1 2 3 2 3 4 3

(b ) : b ; b ; b ; .... ; b CaplsgtYlMdabTImYynsIVt (a ).
n 1 2 3 n n

-rUbmnKNnatY a n

eKman b = a a
n n +1 n
n 1 n 1
eKn (b ) = (a a ) k k +1 k
k =1 k =1
n 1
eday (a k +1 ak ) = (a 2 a1 ) + (a 3 a 2 ) + ... + (a n a n1 )
k =1

= a n a1
n 1
eKn (b ) = a a k n 1
k =1
n 1
dUcen a = a + (b ) .
n 1 k
k =1

2-plsgtYlMdabTIBIr
-eKmansIVt (a ): a ; a ; a ; ..... ; a ehIy
n 1 2 3 n

b1 = a2 a1 ; b2 = a 3 a 2 ; b3 = a4 a3 ; .....; bn = an+1 a n
(bn ) : b1 ; b2 ; b3 ; .... ; bn CaplsgtYlMdabTImYynsIVt (an )

- 23 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
n 1
-rUbmnKNnatY a KW a = a + (b ) .
n n 1 k
k =1

-sIVt ( c ) CaplsglMdabTIBIrnsIVt (a ) KWCaplsg

n n

lMdabTImYynsIVt (b ) Edl c = b b ; n = 1 , 2 , 3 , ...

n n n+1 n
n 1
rUbmnKNnatYTI n KW b = c + (c ) ; n 2 .
n 1 i
i =1

IV-vicarGnumanrYmKNitviTa
niymn&y
P (n) CasMeNIEdlTak;TgnwgcMnYnKt; n
edIm,IRsaybBaak;fa P(n)BitcMeBaHRKb; n IN * eKRtUv
!> epgpat;fa P(n) BitcMeBaH n = 1
@> ]bmafa P(n)BitcMeBaHtm n
#> RsaybBaak;fa P(n) BitnaM[)an P(n + 1) Bit

- 24 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
IV -rebobKNnatYTUeTAnsIVttamTMnakTMngkMeNIn
1-krNIs:alTMnakTMngkMeNIn un +1 = a un + b
ebIeKs:alfa (un ) CasIVtncMnYnBitehIyepgpat
TMnakTMngkMeNIn un +1 = a un + b cMeBaRKb n IN *
nigmantY u1 = ( | a | 1 , a 0 ) .
edIm,IkMntrktY un eKRtUvBicarNadUcxageRkam
 rkssmIkar r = a r + b (ehAfasmIkarsMKalnsVIt)
 tagsIVtCMnYy Vn = un r rYcRtUvbgHajfa (Vn )
CasIVtFrNImaRt .
 rk[eXIjnUvtY Vn bnabmkeKTaj un = Vn + r .
2-krNIs:alTMnakTMngkMeNIn un + 2 = a un +1 + bun
ebIeKs:alfa (un ) CasIVtncMnYnBitehIyepgpat
TMnakTMngkMeNIn un + 2 = a un +1 + b un cMeBaRKb n IN *
nigmantY u1 = , u2 =
edIm,IkMntrktY un eKRtUvBicarNasmIkar r 2 = a r + b
( E ) : r 2 a .r b = 0 ( ehAfasmIkarsMKalnsVIten )
eKRtUvsikakrNIepg@dUcxageRkam
 ebI = a 2 + 4b > 0
- 25 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
smIkarsMKal (E ) mansBIrepgKaCacMnYnBit r1 nig r2 .
kgkrNIenedIm,IKNna un eyIgRtUvGnuvtn_dUcxageRkam
-tagsIVtCMnYyBIrKW
x n = un + 1 r1 un nig y n = un + 1 r2 un

-rkRbePTnsIVt ( xn ) nig ( yn )
rYcKNna xn nig yn CaGnuKmn_n n .
bmafaeKn xn = f (n) nig yn = g(n)
un + 1 r1un = f ( n)
-eyIgnRbB&nsmIkar u r u = g(n)
n+1 2 n
f ( n) g( n)
-edaRsayrk un eKTTYln un =
r2 r1
.
 ebI = a 2 + 4b = 0
smIkarsMKal (E ) mansDub r1 = r2 = r0
kgkrNIenedIm,IKNna un eyIgRtUvGnuvtn_dUcxageRkam
-tagsIVtCMnYy Vn = un+1 r0 un rYcrkRbePTnsIVt (Vn )
nigKNna Vn CaGnuKmn_n n . bmafa Vn = f (n) .
-eKTajnsmIkar un +1 r0un = f (n)
rYcRtUvbMElgCaTRmg
u n + 1 un
n+1

n
=
f ( n)
n+1
( EcksmIk arnw g r0 n + 1 )
r0 r0 r0

- 26 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
n 1 f ( k )
-Taj[n n u1
un = r0 + [ ] .
r0 k = 1 r0 k + 1

 ebI = a 2 + 4b < 0
smIkarsMKal (E) mansBIrCacMnYnkMupicqasKa
KW r1 = p + i .q , r2 = p i .q , p , q IR .
kgkrNIenedIm,IKNna un eyIgRtUvGnuvtn_dUcxageRkam
-tagsIVtCMnYy Z n = un +1 ( p + i .q) un rYcRtUvRsayfa
( Z n ) CasIVtFrNImaRtncMnYnkMupic .

rUcKNna Z n CaGnuKmn_n n .
-bmafa Z n = An + i .Bn ; An , Bn IR , n IN * .
-eKnsmIkar un +1 ( p + iq) un = An + i .Bn
-Taj[nfa un = Bqn .
3-krNIs:alTMnakTMngkMeNIn un + 2 = a un +1 + bun + c
ebIeKs:alfa (un ) CasIVtncMnYnBitehIyepgpat
TMnakTMngkMeNIn un + 2 = a un +1 + b un cMeBaRKb n IN *
nigmantY u1 = , u2 = .
edIm,IkMntrktY un eKRtUvGnuvtn_dUcxageRkam
 tagsIVtCMnYy wn = un +

- 27 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
 eKn un = wn , un+1 = wn+1 , un+ 2 = wn+ 2
 yk un , un +1 , un + 2 CMnYskg un + 2 = a un +1 + bun + c
eKnsmIkar
w n + 2 = a ( w n + 1 ) + b( w n ) + c
w n + 2 = a w n + 1 + b w n + (1 a b ) + c
RtUv[ eKTajn
(1 a b ) + c = 0 =
c
a + b1
( Edl a + b 1 ) .
 kgkrNIeneKnTMnakTMngkMeNIn
wn + 2 = a wn +1 + b wn
 edaRsayrktY wn tamviFIsaRsEdlnsikarYcehIy
xagelI bnabmkTajrktY un = wn = wn a + cb 1

CMBUkTI06 GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt

- 28 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

1 TMnakTMngRKw
!> sin 2 + cos2 = 1 $> tan . cot = 1
sin
@> tan = cos
%> 1 + tan 2 = 12
cos

#> cot = cos
sin
^> 1 + cot 2 = 12
sin

2 rUbmnplbUk nig pldk

!> sin(a + b) = sin a cos b sin b cos a
@> cos(a + b) = cos a cos b sin a sin b
a + tan b
#> tan(a + b) = 1tan tan a tan b
$> sin(a b) = sin a cos b sin b cos a
%> cos(a b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin b
a tan b
^> tan(a b) = 1tan+ tan a tan b
3 rUmnmMuDub
!> sin 2a = 2 sin a cos a
@> cos 2a = cos2 a sin 2 a = 2 cos2 a 1 = 1 sin 2 a
$> cot 2a = cot2 cota a 1
2
#> tan 2a = 2 tan a2
1 tan a

- 29 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
4 rUbmnknmMu
!> sin a2 = 1 cos
2
2
a

a 1 + cos a
@> cos 2
2
=
2
a 1 cos a
#> tan 2 =
2 1 + cos a
x
5 kenam sin x , cos x , tan x CaGnuKmn_n t = tan
2
2t
!> sin x =
1 + t2
1 t2
@> cos x = 2
1+ t
1 t2
#> tan x = 2
1+ t
6 kenam sin 3a , cos 3a , tan 3a
!> sin 3a = 3 sin a 4 sin 3 a
@> cos 3a = 4 cos3 a 3 cos a #> tan 3a = 3 tan a tan a
3

1 3 tan a 2

7 rUbmnbMElgBIplKuNeTAplbUk
!> cos a cos b = 12 [ cos(a + b) + cos(a b) ]
@> sin a sin b = 12 [ cos(a b) cos(a + b) ]

- 30 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
#> sin a cos b = 12 [ sin(a + b) + sin(a b) ]
$> sin b cos a = 12 [ sin(a + b) sin(a b) ]
6 rUbmnbMElgBIplbUkeTAplKuN
!> cos p + cos q = 2 cos p +2 q cos p 2 q
@> cos p cos q = 2 sin p +2 q sin p 2 q
#> sin p + sin q = 2 sin p +2 q cos p 2 q
$> sin p sin q = 2 sin p 2 q cos p +2 q
sin(p + q )
%> tan p + tan q = cos p cos q
sin(p q )
^> tan p tan q = cos p cos q
p + q)
&> cot p + cot q = sin(
sin p sin q
q p)
*> cot p cot q = sin(
sin p sin q
7 smIkarRtIekaNmaRt
!> smIkar sin u = sin v mancemIy
u = v + 2k
u = v + 2k , k Z

- 31 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
@> smIkar cos u = cos v mancemIy
u = v + 2k
u = v + 2k , k Z

#> smIkar tan u = tan v mancemIy u = v + k
8 rUbmnbEmgFEdlKYktsMKal

sin ( ) = cos
2
sin ( ) = sin
!> cos ( 2 ) = sin @>
cos ( ) = cos
tan ( ) = tan

tan ( ) = cot
2

sin ( 2 + ) = cos

#> cos ( 2 + ) = sin


tan ( + ) = cot
2
sin ( + ) = sin
$> cos ( + ) = cos
tan ( + ) = tan

sin ( + 2k ) = sin
%> cos ( + 2k) = cos
tan ( + k ) = tan , k Z

- 32 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
9 RkahVikGnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
!> ExekagGnuKmn_ y = sin x
y

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10x

-1

-2

@> ExekagGnuKmn_ y = cos x

y

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10x

-1

-2

- 33 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
#> ExekagGnuKmn_ y = tan x
y

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
-1

-2

$> ExekagGnuKmn_ y = cot x

y

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x

-1

-2

-3

-4

- 34 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
CMBUkTI07
GnuKmn_Gics,NgEsl nig GnuKmn_elakarIt
1-


y = f ( x ) = a x x IR a
1

(C) : y = a x , (a > 1)
3

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 x

- 35 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
y

1 (C) : y = a x , ( 0 < a < 1)

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 x

a > 0 a 1
1/ a x = ak x=k
2/ af ( x ) = ag ( x ) f ( x ) = g( x )

- 36 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
2-

y = ax x = loga y
y > 0 , a > 0 a 1
f ( x) = a x f 1 ( x) = log a x
y = log a x x
a


x y , a > 0 , a 1

1/ log a ( xy ) = log a x + log a y

x
2/ log a = log a x log a y
y
3/ log a xn = n log a x
1
4/ log a x =
log x a
5/ log a a = 1
6/ log a 1 = 0
7/ alog a b = b

- 37 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa


y

2
y = log a x , a > 1

-1 0 1 2 3 4 x

-1

2
y = log a x , 0 < a < 1

-1 0 1 2 3 4 x

-1

- 38 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
CMBUkTI08
lImIt nig PaBCabnGnuKmn_
1-lImItnGnuKmn_RtgcMnYnkMNt

niymny
GnuKmn_ f manlImItesI L kalNa x xitCit a ebIRKb;
cMnYn > 0 mancMnYn > 0 Edl 0 <| x a |< naM[
| f ( x ) L |< . eKsresr lim f ( x) = L .
xa

niymny
eKfaGnuKmn_ f xiteTA + b kalNa x xiteTACit
a ebIcMeBaHRKb;cMnYn M > 0 man > 0 Edl
0 <| x a |< naM[ f ( x ) > M b f ( x ) < M .
eKsresr lim f (x) = + b lim f (x) = .
xa xa

2-lImItnGnuKmn_RtgGnn

eKfaGnuKmn_ f manlImItesI L kalNa x eTACit +
b ebIcMeBaHRKb;cMnYn > 0 eKGacrk N > 0 Edl x > N
b x < N naM[ | f (x) L |< .
- 39 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
eKsresr lim f (x) = L b lim f (x) = L .
x + x

eKfaGnuKmn_ f manlImIt + kalNa x eTACit +

ebIcMeBaHRKb;cMnYn M > 0 eKman N > 0 Edl x > N naM[
f ( x) > M .eKsresr lim f ( x ) = + .
x +

eKfaGnuKmn_ f manlImIt + kalNa x eTACit

ebIcMeBaHRKb;cMnYn M > 0 eKman N > 0 Edl x < N naM[
f ( x) > M .eKsresr lim f ( x ) = + .
x

3-RbmaNviFIelIlImIt
ebI lim f (x) = L ; lim g(x) = M nig lim h(x) = N
xa xa xa

Edl L ; M ; N CacMnYnBitenaHeK)an
1 / lim[f ( x ) g( x )] = L M a CacMnYnkMNt; bGnn
xa

2 / lim[f ( x ) + g( x) h( x )] = L + M N
xa

3 / lim
xa

[k f ( x)] = k lim
xa
[f ( x)]

4 / lim
xa

[f ( x).g( x).h( x)] = L.M .N
f ( x) L
5 / lim
xa = ;M0
g( x ) M
6 / lim
xa
[f ( x ) ] =
n
Ln
Edl n CacMnYnKt;FmCatiminsUn .

- 40 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
4-lImItnGnuKmn_GsniTan
1 / lim ( x ) = a cMeBaH a 0 nig n IN
n n

xa

2 / lim ( x ) = a cMeBaH a < 0 nig n CacMnYnKt;ess

n n

xa

xa

[ ]
3 / lim n f ( x ) = n lim[f ( x )] = n L
xa

ebI L 0 nig n CacMnYnKt;KU b L < 0 nig n CacMnYnKt;ess.

5-lImItnGnuKmn_bNak
ebI f nig g CaGnuKmn_Edlman lim[g(x)] = L xa

nig lim f (x) = f (L) enaH lim f [g ( x )] = f ( L ) .

xL xa

6-lImIttamkareRbobeFob

ebIeKmanGnuKmn_ f ; g nigcMnYnBit A Edl lim g( x) = + x +

nig f (x) g(x) cMeBaHRKb; x A enaH lim f (x) = .x +

ebIeKmanGnuKmn_ f ; g nigcMnYnBit A Edl lim g( x) = + x +

nig f (x) g(x) cMeBaHRKb; x A enaH lim f (x) = .x +

ebIeKmanGnuKmn_ f ; g; h nigcMnYnBit A Edl

lim g( x ) = lim h( x ) = nig g( x ) f ( x ) h( x )
x + x +

cMeBaHRKb; x A enaH lim f (x) = .

x +

- 41 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

ebIeKmanGnuKmn_ f ; g nigcMnYnBit A Edl lim f (x) =
x +

lim g( x) = ' nig f ( x ) g( x ) cMeBaHRKb; x A

x +

enaH ' .
7-lImItragminkMnt

lImItEdlmanragminkMnt;t
0
0
viFan edIm,IKNnalImItEdlmanragminkMnt; 00 eKRtUvbMEbk
PaKyk nig PaKEbgCaplKuNkta ehIysRmYlktarYm rYcKNna
lImItnkenSamfI .


lImItEdlmanragminkMnt;t

viFan edIm,IKNnalImItEdlmanragminkMnt; eKRtUvdak;tY
EdlmandWeRkFMCageKenAPaKyk nig PaKEbgCaplKuNkta
ehIysRmYlktarYm rYcKNnalImItnkenSamfI .

lImItEdlmanragminkMnt;t +
viFan edIm,IKNnalImItEdlmanragminkMnt; + eKRtUv
dak;tYEdlmandWeRkFMCageKenAPaKyk nig PaKEbgCaplKuN

- 42 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
nkta ehIysRmYlktarYm rYcKNnalImItnkenSamfI .
8-lImItnGnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
-ebI a CacMnYnBitsienAkgEdnkMnt;nGnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRtEdl
[enaHeK)an lim sin x = sin a ; lim cos x = cos a
xa xa

nig lim tan x = tan a .

xa

-viFan ebI x Cargjvas;mMu bFKitCar:adg;enaHeK)an

1 cos x
= 1 nig lim =0 .
sin x
lim
x0 x0
x x
9-lImItnGnuKmn_Giucs,:NgEsl
1 / xlim e x = +
+

2 / xlim e x = 0

ex
3 / xlim
+
= +
x
ex
4 / lim n = + ( n > 0)
x +
x
xn
5 / xlim
+ x
= 0 (n > 0)
e

- 43 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
10-lImItnGnuKmn_elakarItenEB
1 / lim ln x = +
x +

2 / lim ln x =
x 0+

ln x
3 / lim =0
x +
x
4 / lim
x0
x ln x = 0

ln x
5 / xlim = 0 (n > 0)
+ x n
+

6 / lim x n ln x = 0
x0+

11-lImItsIVt nig esrI

 RbmaNviFIelIlImIt

eKmansVIt (a ) nig (b ) Edlman lim a = M

n n
n +
n

nig lim b = N eK)an

n +
n

k> lim ka = k .M
n +
n

x> lim (a + b ) = M + N , lim (a b ) = M N

n +
n n
n +
n n

K> lim (a b ) = M.N

n +
n n

ebI N 0 enaH lim ba = MN

n +
n

- 44 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
 lImItsVItFrNImaRtGnn
k>ebI r > 1 enaH lim r = + ehIy r CasVItrIkeTArk +
n +
n n

x>ebI r = 1 enaH (r ) CasIVtefrehIy lim r = 1 .

n
n +
n

K>ebI r = 0 enaH (r ) CasIVtefrehIy lim r = 0 .

n
n +
n

X>ebI r 1 enaHsIV (r ) CasIVtqas;ehIykalNa n +

n

eKminGackMNt;lImItn (r ) )aneT .
n

 sVItFrNImaRtGnnEdlrYm sVIt (r ) smmUl 1 r 1

n

 esrIrYm nig esrIrIk

k-ebIesrI (a ) CaesrIrYmenaH lim a = 0
n
n +
n
n =1

x-ebIsIVt (a ) minrYmrk 0 eTenaH (a ) CaesrIrIk .
n n
n =1

 PaBrYmnigrIknesrIFrNImaRtGnn

RKb;esrIFrNImaRtGnn a + ar + ar + ar + .... + ar
2 3 n 1
+ ...

Edl a 0 CaesrIrYm b rIkeTAtamkrNIdUcxageRkam

k-ebI | r |< 1 enaHesrIrYmeTArk 1 a r .
x-ebI | r | 1 enaHesrIrIk .

- 45 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
12-PaBCabnGnuKmn_RtgmYycMnuc

niymny
GnuKmn_ y = f (x) Cab;Rtg;cMnuc x = c kalNa f bMeBj
lkxNTaMgbIdUcxageRkam
!- f kMNt;cMeBaH x = c
@- f manlImItkalNa x c
#- lim f (x) = f (c)
xc

13-lkNnGnuKmn_Cab
ebI f nig g CaGnuKmn_Cab;Rtg; x = c enaHeK)an
1> f (x) g(x) CaGnuKmn_Cab;Rtg; x = c
2> f (x).g(x) CaGnuKmn_Cab;Rtg; x = c
3> gf ((xx)) CaGnuKmn_Cab;Rtg; x = c Edl g(c) 0 .
14-PaBCabelIcena

niymny
-GnuKmn_ f Cab;elIcenaHebIk (a , b ) luHRtaEt f Cab;cMeBaH
RKb;tm x ncenaHebIenaH .
- 46 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-GnuKmn_ f Cab;elIcenaHbiT [a , b ] luHRtaEt f Cab; elIcenaH
ebIk (a , b ) nigmanlImIt lim f (x) = f (a) ; lim f (x) = f (b)
xa + xb

GnuKmn_ f Cab;Rtg; a xagsaM Cab;Rtg; b xageqVg

15-PaBCabnGnuKmn_bNak
ebIGnuKmn_ g Cab;Rtg; x = c nigGnuKmn_ f Cab;Rtg; g(c)
enaHGnuKmn_bNak; (f
g)(x) = f [ g(x) ] Cab;Rtg; c .
16-Gnuvtn_ GnuKmn_bnaytamPaBCab
ebI f CaGnuKmn_minkMnt;Rtg; x = a nigmanlImIt lim f (x) = L
xa

enaHGnuKmn_bnayn f tamPaBCab;Rtg; x = a kMnt;eday

f ( x ) ebI x a
g( x ) =
L ebI x = a

- 47 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
17-RTwsIbTtmkNal
RTwsIbT ebIGnuKmn_ f Cab;elIcenaHbiT [ a , b ] nig k
CacMnYnmYyenAcenaH f (a) nig f (b) enaHmancMnYnBit c
mYyya:gtickgcenaHbiT [a , b ] Edl f (c) = k .
y
(c ) : y = f ( x )

f (b )

k
f (a )

O a c b x

- 48 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
CMBUkTI09
edrIevnGnuKmn_
1-edrIevnGnuKmn_Rtg x 0

niymny
edrIevnGnuKmn_ y = f (x) CalImIt ebIman npleFob
kMenIn yx kalNa x xiteTACit 0 .
eKkMnt;sresr
y f ( x) f ( x 0 ) f (x 0 + h) f (x 0 )
y'0 = lim = lim = lim
x 0
x x x 0 x x 0 h0
h
2-PaBmanedrIev nig PaBCab
sntfaGnuKmn_ f (x) kMnt;elIcenaH I ehIy x0 CacMnYnBitenAkg
cenaH I nig h CacMnYnBitminsUnEdl x0 + h Carbs; I .
-cMnYnedrIeveqVgRtg;cMnYn x0 nGnuKmn_ f (x) kMnt;tageday
f (x + h) f (x )
f ' ( x ) = lim
0
0 0
.
h0 h
-cMnYnedrIevsaMRtg;cMnYn x0 nGnuKmn_ f (x) kMnt;tageday
f (x + h) f (x )
f ' ( x ) = lim
+ 0
0 0
.
h0+ h
-edrIevnGnuKmn_ f (x) Rtg; x0 ebIman kMnt;tageday
- 49 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
f (x0 + h) f (x0 )
f ' ( x 0 ) = lim
h0 h
f (x0 + h) f (x0 )
ehIy lim
h0 h
mankalNa
f (x0 + h) f (x0 ) f (x0 + h) f (x0 )
lim = lim .
h0 h h0+ h
3-GnuKmn_edrIev
kni
kniymn&mny&
-ebI f CaGnuKmn_mYykMntelIcena I nigmanedrIevRtgRKbcMnuc
enAkgcena I enaeKfaGnuKmn_ f manedrIevelIcena I .
-GnuKmn_EdlRKb x I pMncMnYnedrIevn f Rtg x ehAfa
GnuKmn_edrIevn f EdleKkMntsresr f : x f ' (x) .
y

( C ) : y = f (x) (T)

0 1 x

cMnYnedrIevnGnuKmn_ f ( x) RtgcMnuc x0 KWCaemKuNRbTisn

- 50 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
bnatbnwgExekag (c) : y = f (x) RtgcMnucmanGabsIus x = x0

ehIysmIkarbnatbenakMnteday
( T) : y y = f ' ( x ) ( x x )
0 0 0 .

4-edrIevnGnuKmn_bNak
ebI y = f (u) nig u = g(x) enaHeK)an
= y'u' b
dy dy du d
= f [u( x)] = f ' (u ) u' ( x )
dx du dx dx
5-rUbmnedrIevnGnuKmn_
GnuKmn_ edrIev
!> y = k y' = 0
@> y = xn y' = n x n 1
1
#> y = 1 y' = 2
x x
1
$> y = x y' =
2 x
%> y = e x y' = e x
^> y = a x y' = a x ln a
1
&> y = ln x y' =
x
*> y = sin x y = cos x
(> y = cos x y' = sin x

- 51 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
1
!0> y = tan x y' = 2
= 1 + tan 2
x
cos x
1
!!> y = cot x y' = 2 = (1 + cot 2 x )
sin x
1
!@> y = arcsin x y' =
1 x2
1
!#> y = arccos x y' =
1 x2
1
!$> y = arctan x y' =
1 + x2
 CaTUeTA
GnuKmn_ edrIev
!> y = un y' = n.u'.u n 1
u'
@> y = u y' =
2 u
#> y = u.v y' = u' v + v' u
u' v v' u
$> y = u y' =
v v2
u'
%> y = ln u y' =
u
^> y = sin u y' = u'. cos u
&> y = cos u y' = u' sin u
*> y = eu y' = u'.eu
(> y = tan u y' = u' (1 + tan 2 u )
u'
!0> y = arcsin u y' =
1 u2

- 52 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
u'
!!> y = arccos u y' =
1 u2
u'
!@> y = arctan u y' =
1 + u2
u'
!#> y = u V y' = u V v' ln u + v
u
6-edrIevlMdabx<s
ebIGnuKmn_ y = f (x) manedrIevbnbnab;dl;lMdab; n
enaH y = f (x) ehAfaedrIevTI n nGnuKmn_ y = f (x)
(n) (n )

ehIy f (x) = dxd f (x) .

(n ) ( n 1)

7-el,nnclna

niymny
el,nnclnamYyenAxN t KW V(t ) = S' (t ) = dS dt
Edl S(t ) CacmayenAxN t .
8-sMTunclna
sMTuHnclnamYyenAxNH t KW a(t ) = dVdt(t ) = V' (t )
Edl V(t ) Cael,nnclnaenAxN t .

- 53 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
9-GnuKmn_GsniTan
>GnuKmn_ y = ax + b Edl a 0
EdnkMNt; GnuKmn_mannykalNa ax + b 0
-ebI a > 0 enaH x ba ehIy D = [ ba , + )
-ebI a < 0 enaH x ba ehIy D = ( , ba ]
edrIev y' = 2 axa + b
-ebI a < 0 enaH y' < 0 naM[GnuKmn_cuHCanicelIEdnkMNt;.
-ebI a > 0 enaH y' > 0 naM[GnuKmn_ekInCanicelIEdnkMNt; .
>GnuKmn_ y = ax + bx + c man = b 4ac
2 2

EdnkMNt; GnuKmn_mannykalNa ax + bx + c 0 2

-krNI a > 0
Rkabn y = ax + bx + c manGasIumtUteRTtBIrKW
2

k-ebI x + enaH y = a(x + 2ba ) CaGasIumtUteRTt .

k-ebI x enaH y = a (x + 2ba ) CaGasIumtUteRTt
-krNI a < 0

- 54 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
RkabnGnuKmn_ y = ax + bx + c KanGasIumtUteT .
2

2ax + b
edrIev y' = mansBaadUc 2ax + b
2 ax + bx + c
2

-ebI a < 0 GnuKmn_manGtibrmamYyRtg; x = 2ba .

-ebI a > 0 GnuKmn_manGb,brmamYyRtg; x = 2ba .
10-GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRtcRmu
>cMNucsMxan;sRmab;sikSaGnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
-EdnkMNt;
-xYbnHnuKmn_
-PaBKUessnGnuKmn_
-TisedAGefrPaBnGnuKmn_
>xYbnGnuKmn_
-xYbnGnuKmn_ y = sin(ax) KW |2a|

-xYbnGnuKmn_ y = cos(ax) KW | a |
2

>PaBKUessnGnuKmn_
-GnuKmn_ f (x) CaGnuKmn_esselI I kalNa x I , x I

- 55 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
ehIy f ( x) = f (x) .
-GnuKmn_ f (x) CaGnuKmn_KUelI I kalNa x I , x I
ehIy f ( x) = f (x) .
11-RTwsIbT
ebImanBIrcMnYnBit m nig M EdlcMeBaHRKb;
x I : m f ' ( x ) M enaHRKb;cMnYnBit a , b I Edl a < b

eK)an m(b a) f (b) f (a) M(b a) .

 eK[GnuKmn_ f manedrIevelIcenaH [a , b ] . ebImancMnYn M

EdlRKb; x [a , b ] : | f ' (x) | M enaHeK)an

| f (b ) f (a ) | M | b a | .

 ebI f CaGnuKmn_Cab;elIcenaH [a , b ] manedrIevelI

cenaH (a , b ) nig f (a) = f (b) enaHmancMnYnc (a , b ) mYy

y:agticEdl f ' (c) = 0 .
 ebI f CaGnuKmn_Cab;elIcenaH [a , b ] manedrIevelI

cenaH (a , b ) enaHmancMnYn c (a , b ) mYyy:agtic

Edl f ' (c) = f (bb) fa(a) .

- 56 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

CMBUkTI10 GaMgetRkal
1-GaMgetRkalminkMNt

RBImITIv
k> niymn&y
sntfa f (x) CaGnuKmn_kMntelIcena I .
eKfa F(x) CaRBImITIvn f (x) elIcena I kalNa
F' ( x ) = f ( x ) RKb x I .

TahrN_1 GnuKmn_ F(x) = x CaRBImITIvmYynGnuKmn_

3

f ( x ) = 3x elIcena ] , + [
2

BIeRBa F' (x) = 3x = f (x) cMeBaRKb x ] , + [

2

TahrN_2 GnuKmn_ F(x) = sin x CaRBImITIvmYynGnuKmn_

f ( x ) = cos x elIcena ] , + [

BIeRBa F' (x) = cos x = f (x) cMeBaRKb x ] , + [ .

TahrN_3 GnuKmn_ F(x) = ln x CaRBImITIvmYynGnuKmn_
f ( x) =
1
x
elIcena ] 0 , + [
BIeRBa F' (x) = 1x = f (x) cMeBaRKb x ] 0 , + [ .

- 57 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
x> RTwsIbT
ebIGnuKmn_ F(x) nig G(x) CaRBImITIvnGnuKmn_ f (x)
elIcena I enaeKman F(x) = G(x) + c cMeBaRKb x I .
Edl c CacMnYnefr .

GaMgetRkalminkMnt
k> niymn&y ebIGnuKmn_ F(x) CaRBImITIvnGnuKmn_ f (x)
enaGaMgetRkalminkMntnGnuKmn_ f (x) kMnteday
f ( x).dx = F( x) + c Edl c CacMnYnefr .
x> RTwsIbT
sntfa f (x) nig g(x) CaGnuKmn_BIrmanRBImITIvelIcenarYm
I eKman
a/ [ f ( x) + g( x) ]dx = f ( x).dx + g( x).dx
b/ [ k . f ( x)]dx = k f ( x) .dx

rUbmnGaMgetRkalsMxan@
1> k .dx = kx + c
2> xn .dx = n 1+ 1 .xn + 1 + c , n 1
+
3> dxx = ln | x | + c
4> dx2 = 1x + c
x

- 58 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
dx
5> = 2 x+c
x
dx 1
6> = ln | ax + b | + c
ax + b a
dx 2
7> = ax + b + c
ax + b a
8> exdx = ex + c
9> eax .dx = a1 eax + c
10> a x .dx = ln1a . a x + c
11> dx2 = tan x + c
cos x
dx
12> 2
= cot x + c
sin x
13> sin x.dx = cos x + c

14> cos x.dx = sin x + c

15> tan x.dx = ln | cos x | +c
16> cot x.dx = ln | sin x | +c
dx 1 xa
17> = . ln
+
+c
x a
2 2 2 a x a
dx 1 x
18> = arctan +c
x2 + a2 a a
dx
19> = ln | x + x 2 + a 2 | + c
x2 + a2

- 59 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
dx
20> = ln | x + x 2 a 2 | + c
x2 a2
dx x
21> = arcsin + c
a2 x2 a
x 2 a2
22> x + a .dx =
2 2
2
x + a + ln | x + x 2 + a 2 | + c
2
2
x 2 a2
23> x a .dx =
2 2
2
x a ln | x + x 2 a 2 | + c
2
2
x 2 a2 x
24> a x .dx =
2 2
a x + arcsin + c
2
2 2 a

viFIbrGefrkgGaMgetRkalminkMnt
1-bmafaeKmanGaMgetRkal I = f [g(x)].g' (x).dx
ebIeKtag u = f (x) ena du = f ' (x).dx
eKn I = f [g(x)].g' (x).dx = f (u).du = F(u) + c .
2-bmafaeKmanGaMgetRkal I = f (x).dx
tag x = (t ) ena dx = ' (t ).dt
eKn I = f (x).dx = f [(t )].' (t ).dt .

3-rUbmnRKw
k- k P' (x).dx = k .P(x) + c

- 60 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
x- [P ( x ) ]n
. P ' ( x ).dx =
1
n+1
.P n + 1 ( x ) + c , n 1

K- P' ( x )
P( x) .dx = ln | P( x) | + c
X- P' ( x)
P( x) .dx = 2 P( x) + c
g- e P ( x ) .P' ( x ).dx = e P ( x ) + c

c-
P' ( x )
2
P ( x)
.dx =
1
P( x )
+c

GaMgetRkaledayEpk
ebIeKman u = f (x) nig v = g( x ) eKn
u . dv = u .v v .du .
2-GaMgetRkalkMNt
>niymny
f CaGnuKmn_Cab;elIcenaH [a , b ] .

GaMgetRkalkMNt;BI a eTA b n y = f (x) kMNt;eday

b

f ( x).dx = F(b) F(a) Edl F' (x) = f ( x) .

a

>pRkLanEpkbg;
-ebIGnuKmn_ y = f (x) Cab;elIcenaH [a , b ] enaHpRkLa
nEpkbg;EdlxNedayExSekag GkSGab;sIus bnat;Qr
- 61 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
b
x=a , x=b kMNt;eday S = f (x).dx ebI f (x) 0
y a

C : y = f ( x)
A
B
S

a b x
-ebIGnuKmn_ y = f (x) Cab;elIcenaH [a , b ] enaHpRkLa
nEpkbg;EdlxNedayExSekag GkSGab;sIus bnat;Qr
b
x = a , x = b kMNt;eday S = f ( x ).dx ebI f ( x ) 0 .
y a

a b
x

S (C) : y = f ( x )
B
A

-ebI f nig g CaGnuKmn_Cab;elI [a , b ]enaHeK)anpRkLa

enAcenaHExSekagtagGnuKmn_TaMgBIrkMNt;eday

- 62 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
b
S= [f ( x) g(x)].dx
a

Edl f (x) g(x) RKb; x [a , b ] .

y
A
B

D C

a b x

3-maDsUlId nig RbEvgF

ebIGnuKmn_ f viCmanehIyCab;elIcenaH [a , b ] enaHmaDnsUlId
brivtn_)anBIrgVilCMuvijGkSGab;sIusnpEdlxNedayRkabtag
GnuKmn_ y = f (x) GkSGab;sIus bnat;Qr x = a nig x = b
kMNt;eday V = lim [f (x ).x] = f (x).dx .
n b
2 2
k
n +
k =1 a

maDnsUlIdbrivtkMNt;)anBIrgVilCMuvijGkS (ox) np
xNeday Rkab y = f (x) nig y = g(x) elIcenaH [a , b ]

- 63 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
Edl f (x) g(x) kMNt;eday V = [f ]
b
2
( x ) g 2 ( x ) .dx .
a
x
GnuKmn_ F EdlkMNt;elIcenaH [a , b ] eday F(x) = f (t ).dt
a

ehAfaGnuKmn_kMNt;tamGaMgetRkalkMNt; .
b
tmmFmn f kMNt;Cab;elI [a , b ] KW y =
1
ba f ( x ).dx
m
a
b
 RbEvgFnRkabtag f elI[a , b ] KW L = 1 + f '2 ( x ) .dx
a

- 64 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
CMBUkTI11
smIkarDIeprgEsl
1-smIkarDIeprgEsllMdabTI1
smIkarDIepr:g;EsllMdab;TI ! manragTUeTA
> dy
dx
= f ( x ) mancemIyTUeTA y = f ( x ).dx + c

> g(y ). dy
dx
= f ( x ) mancemIyTUeTA G ( y ) = F( x ) + C

Edl G(y ) = g(y ).dy .

> y'+ay = 0 b dy dx
+ ay = 0 mancemIyTUeTA y = A.e
ax

Edl A CacMnYnefr .
> y'+ay = p(x) mancemIyTUeTA y = y + y Edl y e p e

CacemIynsmIkar y'+ay = 0 nig y CacemIyBiessmYy

p

nsmIkar y'+ay = p(x) .

- 65 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
2-smIkarDIeprgEsllMdabTI2
k-smIkarDIeprgEsllIenEGlMdab2
niymny
smIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TI2 GUm:UEsn nigman
emKuNCacMnYnefrCasmIkarEdlGacsresrCaragTUeTA ]
ay' '+ by'+ cy = 0 Edl a 0 , a, b, c IR .
x-dMeNaRsaysmIkarDIeprgEsllMdabTI2
-smIkarsmal;
smIkarsmal;nsmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TI2
GUmU:Esn nigmanemKuNCacMnYnefr ay' '+by'+cy = 0
CasmIkardWeRkTIBIr a + b + c = 0 Edl a 0 , a, b, c IR
2

-viFIedaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;2
]bmafaeKmansmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;@dUcxageRkam
(E) : y' '+ by'+ cy = 0 Edl b , c IR .

smIkar ( E) mansmIkarsmal; + b + c = 0 (1)

2

KNna = b 4c
2

-krNI > 0 smIkar (1) manbsBIrCacMnYnBitepSgKaKW

- 66 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
1 = nig = enaHsmIkar (E) mancemIyTUeTA
2

CaGnuKmn_rag y = A.e + B.e

x x

Edl A , B CacMnYnefrmYyNak)an .
-krNI = 0 smIkar (1) manbsDbKW = = 1 2

enaHsmIkar (E) mancemIyTUeTACaGnuKmn_rag

y = Ax.e x + B.e x
Edl A , B CacMnYnefrmYyNak)an .
-krNI < 0 smIkar (1) manbsBIrepSgKa
CacMnYnkMupicqas;KaKW = + i. nig = i.
1 2

, IR enaHsmIkar (E) mancemIyTUeTACaGnuKmn_rag

y = ( A cos x + B sin x )e x
Edl A , B CacMnYnefrmYyNak)an .
K-dMeNaRsaysmIkarDIeprgEsllMdabTI2minGUmUEsn
]bmafaeKmansmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TI@minGUmU:Esn
y' '+ by'+ cy = P( x ) Edl P( x ) 0 .

edIm,IedaHRsaysmIkarenHeKRtUv
EsVgrkcemIyBiessminGUmU:Esn tageday y P

- 67 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
rbs;smIkar y' '+by'+cy = P(x) Edl y manTRmg;dUc P(x) .
P

rkcemIyTUeTAtageday y nsmIkarlIenEG
c

lMdab;TI@GUmU:Esn y' '+by'+cy = 0 .

eK)ancemIyTUeTAnsmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TI@
minGUm:UEsnCaplbUkrvag y nig y KW y = y + y .
P c P C

- 68 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

CMBUkTI12 viucTr&kglMh
-

/

AB

A B


AB

/



(O, i , j , k )
P ( a , b , c )

U = OP = a . i + b . j + c . k (a , b , c )

P P(a , b , c )

-

v
/

O
u

- 69 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

-
u v


u . v = | u | .| v | cos

u v )
(

- u = 0 v = 0 u . v = 0

/

z

k

i y
o j

( i , j , k ) | i | = | j | = | k | = 1

i . j = j . k = k . i = 0

- 70 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
/

u = ( x1 , y 1 , z1 ) v = ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 )

u . v = x1x 2 + y 1y 2 + z1z 2

/

-
u = ( x1 , y 1 , z1 ) v = ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 )

u . v = 0

u v x1 x 2 + y 1 y 2 + z 1 z 2

u = (a , b , c )
-

( u ) =a +b +c
2 2 2 2
| u | = a 2 + b 2 + c 2

u = ( x1 , y 1 , z1 ) v = ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 )
-

u.v
u . v = | u | .| v | cos cos =
| u |.| v |
x1 x 2 + y 1 y 2 + z 1 z 2
cos =
x1 + y 1 + z 1 . x 2 + y 2 + z 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

- 71 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-

z
c
P
I

(S )
k

b
i y
j
a
x

P( x , y , z )

I R
R I(a ; b ; c )

(S ) : ( x a ) 2 + ( y b ) 2 + ( z c ) 2 = R 2

- 72 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-

z

u

(L)
A

k

i y
j

(L )
A( x A , y A , z A )

u (a , b , c )

x = x A + at

(L ) : y = y A + bt ( )
z = z + ct ; t IR
A
x xA y y A z z A
(L ) : = = ( )
a b c

- 73 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-=


/=




A( x A , y A , z A )

n(a ; b ; c )

( P ) : a( x x A ) + b( y y A ) + c( z z A ) = 0

/

=

d( A ; ( P )) H

A
k

i y
j

A( x A ; y A ; z A ) ( P )

- 74 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
ax + by + cz + d = 0
| ax A + by A + cz A + d |
d( A ; ( P )) =
a +b +c
2 2 2

-


!>niymnyplKuNnBIrviucTr

ebI u = u . i + u . j + u . k nig v = v . i + v . j + v . k
1 2 3 1 2 3

CaviucTrkglMh .

plKuNnviucTr u nig v KWCaviuTrkMNt;eday

u v = (u2 v3 u3 v2 ) i (u1 v3 u3 v1 ) j + (u1v2 u2 v1 ) k

edIm,IgayRsYlkgkarKNnaplKuNnBIrviucTr u nig v eKsnt
eRbIedETmINg;lMdab;bIdUcxageRkam

i j k

u v = u1 u2 u3
v1 v2 v3
u2 u 3 u1 u3
u1 u2
u v = i j+ k
v2 v3 v1 v3 v1 v2

- 75 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
@>lkNnplKuNnBIrviucTr

ebI u , v nig w CaviucTrkglMh nig c CacMnYnBitenaHeK)an

k> u v = ( v u )

x> u ( v + w ) = u v + u w

K> c ( u v ) = (c u ) v = u (c v )

X> u o = o u = o

g> u u = o c> u .( v w ) = ( u v ). w
#>bMNkRsaynplKuNnBIrviucTrtamEbbFrNImaRt

u v

v

O
u
ebI u nig v CaviucTrminsUnenAkglMh nigtag CamMurvagviucTr

u nig v enaHeK)an

- 76 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

k> u v GrtUkUNal;eTAnwg u pg nig v pg .

x> | u v |= | u | . | v | . sin

K> ebI u v = o enaH u nig v CaviucTrkUlIenEGnwgKa .

X> | u v | CapRkLanRbelLRkamEdlsg;elI u nig v .

g> 12 | u v | CapRkLanRtIekaNEdlsg;elI u nig v .

$>m:Um:g; M nkmaMg F cMeBaHcMNuc P

P

F

ebI Q CacMNuccab;nkmaMg F enaHm:m:g;nkmaMg F cMeBaHcMNuc


P KW | M | = | PQ F | .

- 77 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
%>plKuNcRmuHnbIviucTrkuglMh
k>niymny

eKmanviucTrbI u , v nig w enAkglMh . plKuNcRmuHn u , v

nig w tamlMdab;KWCacMnYnBitkMNt;eday u .( v w ) = r .
x>RTwsIbTTI1

ebIeKmanviucTr u = u . i + u . j + u . k
1 2 3

v = v . i + v . j + v . k nig w = w . i + w . j + w . k
1 2 3 1 2 3

u1 u2 u3

u .( v w ) = v 1 v2 v3
w1 w2 w3
K>RTwsIbTTI2

maDrbs;RbelBIEb:tEkgEdlsg;elIviucTr u , v nig w KW

nigmaD W rbs;etRtaEGtKW W = | u .( v6 w ) |

V = | u .( v w ) |

)annyfaykmaDrbs;etRtaEGtEcknwg 6 .

- 78 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
^>bnat; nig bg;kglMh
k-bnatkglMh
RTwsIbT

eKmanbnat; L mYyRsbnwgviucTr v = (a, b, c) ehIykat;tam
cMnuc P (x , y , z ) enaHsmIkar)a:ra:Em:Rtnbnat; L KW
0 0 0 0

x = x 0 + at , y = y 0 + bt , z = z 0 + ct ( t IR )
x = x 0 + at

b y = y 0 + bt ; t IR .
z = z + ct
0

ebI a , b , c xusBIsUnenaHsmIkarqHnbnat; L KW
xx yy zz
L:
a
= 0
b
= 0
c
. 0

x-bgkglMh
RTwsIbT ebIbg;mYykat;tamcMNuc P(x , y , z ) 0 0 0

nigmanviucTrNrm:al; n = (a, b, c) enaHbg;mansmIkarsg;da
a( x x 0 ) + b( y y 0 ) + c( z z 0 ) = 0
edayBnatsmIkarenHehIytag d = (ax + by 0 0 + cz 0 )

enaHeK)ansmIkarTUeTA ax + by + cz + d = 0 .
- 79 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
K-mMurvagbgBIr

eKmanbg;BIr nig manviucTrNrm:al;erogKa n nig n
1 2 1 2

enaHmMu rvagBIrviucTrenH CamMurvagbg;TaMgBIrEdlGackMNt;)an

tamTMnak;TMng cos = | n1 . n 2 |

.
| n1 | . | n 2 |
X-smIkarEsV
smIkarsg;danEsVEdlmanpit C(x , y , z ) nigkaM r KW 0 0 0

(x x ) + (y y ) + (z z ) = r .
0
2
0
2
0
2 2

BnatsmIkarsg;daeK)ansmIkarTUeTAnEsVEdlmanrag
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2x 0 x 2 y 0 y 2 z 0 z + k = 0
Edl k = x + y + z r .
0
2
0
2
0
2 2

g-cmayBIcMNucmYyeTAbgkglMh
RTwsIbT cmayBIcMnuc Q eTAbg; EdlcMNuc Q minenAkgbg;



kMNt;eday D = | PQ . n |

Edl P CacMNucenAkgbg;ehIy n
|n|
CaviucTrNrm:al;nbg; .

- 80 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
ebI Q(x , y , z ) nig : ax + by + cz + d = 0
0 0 0

ehIy n = (a, b, c) enaH D = | ax + by + cz + d | .

0 0 0

a +b +c 2 2 2

c-cmayBIcMNucmYyeTAbnatkglMh
RTwsIbT cmayBIcMnuc Q eTAbnat; L kglMhkMNt;eday


| PQ u |
D=
Edl P CacMNucenAelIbnat;ehIy u CaviucTr
|u|
R)ab;Tisnbnat; L .

- 81 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

CMBUkTI13 cMnYnkMupic
1-niymny
> cMnYnkMupicCacMnYnEdlmanTRmg; z = a + i.b Edl a nig b CaBIrcMnYnBit
ehIy i ehAfaktanimitEdl i = 1 b i = 1 .
2

> eKtagsMNMucMnYnkMupiceday .
> a ehAfaEpkBitEdleKkMnt;tageday Re(z ) = a .
> b ehAfaEpknimitEdleKkMnt;tageday Im( z ) = b .
2-RbmaNviFIelIcMnYnkMupic
k> RbmaNviFIbUk nig RbmaNviFIdk
sntfaeKman z1 = a1 + i.b1 nig z 2 = a 2 + i.b 2
Edl a1 , a 2 , b1 , b 2 IR .
eK)anrUbmn z + z = (a + a ) + i.(b + b )
1 2 1 2 1 2

nig z 1 z 2 = (a1 + a 2 ) i .(b1 + b 2 )

- 82 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
x> RbmaNviFIKuN nig RbmaNviFIEck
sntfaeKman z1 = a1 + i.b1 nig z 2 = a 2 + i.b 2
Edl a1 , a 2 , b1 , b 2 IR .
eK)anrUbmn z z = (a a b b ) + i.(a b + a b )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1

z 1 a 1a 2 + b 1b 2 a 2 b 1 a 1b 2
nig z2
=
a 22 + b 22
+ i .
a 22 + b 22
.
3-cMnYnkMupicqas;nigm:UDlncMnYnkMupic
> cMnYnkMupicqas;ncMnYnkMupic z = a + i.b KWCacMnYnkMupicEdltageday
z = a i .b .
> kgtRmuyGrtUnrm:al; eKGactagcMnYnkMupic z = a + i.b edaycMnuc
P(a , b ) .
y

b P

| z |= r

x' 0 a x

y'

- 83 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
> rgVas; OP = r =| z | ehAfam:UDlncMnYnkMupic z = a + i .b

eKkMnt;sresr | z |= r = a + b . 2 2

5-sVyKuNn i
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt; k IN eKmansVyKuNn i dUcxageRkam
i =1 , i
4k 4k +1
=i , i = 1 nig i
4k + 2
= i . 4k + 3

]TahrN_
TahrN KNna S = 1 + i + i + i + ..... + i .
2 3 2006

1 q n +1
tamrUbmnplbUksIVtFrNImaRt 1 + q + q + q + ..... + q
2 3 n
=
1 q
1 i 2007
eK)an S=
1 i
eday i 2007 = i 4501+ 3 = i

1+ i (1 + i ) 2 1 + 2i 1 2i
dUcenH S= =
1 i (1 i )(1 + i )
=
1+1
=
2
= i .
6-Gnuvtn_kgdMeNaHRsaysmIkardWeRkTIBIr
eKmansmIkardWeRkTIBIr az 2 + bz + c = 0
Edl a 0 nig a, b, c IR .
DIsRKImINg;nsmIkarKW = b 2 4ac .
-ebI > 0 smIkarmanbsBIrCacMnYnBitKW
b+ b
z1 =
2a
, z2 =
2a
.
-ebI = 0 smIkarmanbsDbCacMnYnBitKW z1 = z 2 =
b
2a
.

- 84 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-ebI < 0 smIkarmanbsBIrCacMnYnkMupicqas;KaKW
b+i || bi ||
z1 =
2a
, z2 =
2a
.
7-rebobKNnabskaerncMnYnkMupic
edIm,IKNnabskaerncMnYnkMupic z = a + i.b eKRtUvGnuvtn_dUcteTA
-tag W = x + i.y ; x, y IR Cabskaern z = a + i.b .
-eK)an W = z eday W 2 = (x + i.y )2 = (x 2 y 2 )+ 2ixy
2

-eK)an (x y )+ 2ixy = a + i.b

2 2

x 2 y 2 = a
-eKTaj)anRbBn 2xy = b
=
RtUvedaHRsayRbBnenHrkKUcemIy x; y
8-TRmg;RtIekaNmaRtncMnYnkMupic
y

Q
b P
| z |= r

R
x' a
0

y'
enAkgbg;kMupic (xoy) eK[cMnuc P(a ;b) tag[cMnYnkMupic z = a + i.b .

- 85 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

tag CamMutUcbMputn 0x ; 0P

.

EdlehAfaGaKuym:g;ncMnYnkMupic z = a + i.b .
kgRtIekaNEkg OPR eKman OP = OR + RP 2 2 2

OP = r =| z |

eday OR = a
RP = OQ = b

eK)an r 2
= a2 + b2 b r = a2 + b2 ehAfam:UDln z = a + i.b .
OR a
cos = =
a = r . cos
ma:geTot
OP r
naM[
sin = RP = b b = r . sin
OP r
eK)an z = a + i.b = r. cos + i.r. sin = r(cos + i. sin )
a b
cos = ; sin =
dUcenH z = r .(cos + i . sin ) Edl r r

r = a + b > 0
2 2

9-RbmaNviFIelIcMnYnkMupicRtIekaNmaRt
k> rUbmnviFIKuN
sntfa Z = r (cos + i. sin ) nig Z = r (cos + i. sin
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 )
eK)an Z Z = r .r [cos( + ) + i. sin( + )] .
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

x> rUbmnviFIEck

- 86 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
sntfa Z = r (cos + i. sin ) nig Z = r (cos
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 + i . sin 2 )

eK)an ZZ1 = rr1 [cos(1 2 ) + i. sin(1 2 )] .

2 2

K> sVyKuNTI n ncMnYnkMupicRtIekaNmaRt

sntfaeKman Z = r (cos + i. sin ) nigRKb;cMnYnKt; n Z
eK)an Z = [r. (cos + i. sin )] = r [cos(n) + i. sin(n)]
n n n

X> rUbmndWmr
cMeBaHRKb; n Z eKman (cos + i. sin )n = cos(n) + i. sin(n)

10-bsTI n ncMnYnkMupic
RTwsIbT sntfa Z = r (cos + i. sin )CacMnYnkMupicminsUn
ehIy n IN * .
ebI Wk CabsTI n ncMnYnkMupicxagelIenaHeK)an
+ 2k + 2k
Wk = n r cos + i . sin
n n
Edl k = 0 , 1, 2, 3 ,......,n 1 .
11-TRmg;Giucs,:Ng;EslncMnYnkMupic
cMnYnkMupic Z Edlmanm:UDl | Z |= r nig GaKuym:g; arg(Z) =
manTRmg;Giucs,:Ng;EslkMnt;eday Z = r . ei . .

- 87 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
CMBUkTI14
RTwsIbTkgRtIekaN
-



ABC
A AH

1/ AB = BH .BC
2

2/ AC = HC.BC
2

3/ AH = BH .HC
2

4/ BC = AB + AC
2 2 2
(
)
5/ AH .BC = AB.AC
1 1 1 A
6/ = +
AH 2 AB 2 AC 2
AB
7/ sin =
BC
AC
8/ cos =
BC
AB B H C
9/ tan =
AC

- 88 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-




A

b
c

B a C

ABC
R BC = a ; AC = b
AB = c
a b c
= = = 2R
sin A sin B sin C
-

ABC BC = a ; AC = b
AB = c
1/ a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bccsoA
2/ b 2 = c 2 + a 2 2ca cos B
3/ c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C

- 89 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-

ABC BC = a ; AC = b
AB = c
A
1/ a = b cos C + c cos B
2/ b = c cos A + a cos C
3/ c = a cos B + b cos A

-

B A' C

ABC BC = a ; AC = b
AB = c
AB
tan
ab 2
1/ =
a+b A+B
tan
2
BC
tan
bc 2
2/ =
b+c B+C
tan
2
C A
tan
ca 2
3/ =
c+a C+ A
tan
2

- 90 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-

ABC BC = a ; AC = b
a+b+c
AB = c p =
2
rA , rB , rC A , B , C
ABC

K

C rA
J
rA
H rA
(rA )
A B L
A pc pb
1/ rA = p. tan = =
2 B C
tan tan
2 2
B pa pc
2/ rB = p. tan = =
2 C A
tan tan
2 2
C pb pa
3/ rC = p. tan = =
2 A B
tan tan
2 2

- 91 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-

ABC BC = a ; AC = b
a+b+c
AB = c p =
2
r

A B C
r = (p a ) tan = (p b ) tan = (p c) tan
2 2 2

L
K

B H C

- 92 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-

ABC BC = a ; AC = b
AB = c p = a + b + c
2
r R
, rA , rB , rC
h a , h b , h c
A , B , C
1 1 1
1/ S = a.h a = b.h b = c.h c
2 2 2
abc
2/ S = = pr
4R
3/ S = p(p a )(p b )(p c)
1 1 1
4/ S = b.c sin A = c.a sin B = a.b sin C
2 2 2
A B C
5/ S = p(p a ) tan = p(p b ) tan = p(p c ) tan
2 2 2
6/ S = 2R 2 sin A sin B sin C
7/ S = (p a )rA = (p b )rB = (p c )rC
8/ S = r . rA . rB . rC

- 93 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-




ABC BC = a ; AC = b
AB = c AL = m a ; AM = m b ; AN = m c
ABC

P M
G

B L C

b2 + c2 a2
1/ m a =
2

2 4
c + a b2
2 2

2/ m b =
2

2 4
a + b c2
2 2

3/ m c =
2

2 4

- 94 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-
-




ABC BC = a ; AC = b
AB = c AA' = L a ; BB' = L b ; CC' = L c
A , B , C
A

C' B'
I

B A' C

2bc A
1/ L a = cos
b+c 2
2ac B
2/ L b = cos
a+c 2
2ab C
3/ L c = cos
a+b 2

- 95 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-
- cos
A B C
; cos ; cos
2 2 2
A p(p a ) B p(p b )
cos = ; cos =
2 bc 2 ac
C p(p c )
cos =
2 ab
-
- sin ; sin ; sin
A B C
2 2 2
A (p b )(p c ) B (p a )(p c )
sin = ; sin =
2 bc 2 ac
C (p a)(p b )
sin =
2 ab
-
- tan ; tan ; tan
A B C
2 2 2
A (p b )(p c) B (p a )(p c )
tan = ; tan =
2 p( p a ) 2 p(p b )
C (p a )(p b )
tan =
2 p(p c )

- 96 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-
-

ABC

A B C
1/ sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
2/ cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
3/ tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
4/ cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
A B C A B C
5/ cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B B C C A
6/ tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
7/ sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C = 1 2 cos A cos B cos C
8/ cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C = 2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C
A B C A B C
9/ cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 = 2 + 2 sin sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
10/
10/ sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 = 1 2 sin sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2

- 97 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-
-

Ceva
A

E
K

B D C
ABC , AD ; BE ; CF
K
AF BD CE
. . =1
FB DC EA

- 98 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-
-

Menelaus
A

B C D

F , D , E
AB , BC , AC

ABC F , D , E
AF BD CE
. . =1
BF CD AE

-
-

ABC a ; b ; c

O R G

- 99 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
a2 + b2 + c2
ABC OG = R 2 2

9

-
-

Stewart

L BC ABC

AL = l ; BL = m ; LC = n , a , b , c

a ( l 2 + mn ) = b 2 m + c 2 n

- 100 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa

CMBUkTI15 vismPaBcMnYnBit
/

(The AM-GM Inequality )

a1 ,a 2 ,a 3 ,...,an

a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + an n
a1 .a 2 .a 3 ...an
n


a1 = a 2 = a 3 = .... = an

a1 + a 2
-eKman 2 a1a2 smmUl ( a1 a2 )2 0
dUcenvismPaBBi Ba n = 2 .
mPaBBitcMeBa
-bmafasmPaBen
bmafasmPaBenBitdltYTI n=k KW
a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ...... + ak
k
k a1 .a 2 .a 3 ......ak Bit
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdltYTI k +1 KW
a1 + a 2 + a 3 + .... + ak + ak +1
k +1 a1 .a 2 .a 3 ...ak .ak +1
k +1

- 101 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
tagGnuKmn_
mn_
(x + a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ...... + ak )k +1
f (x) =
x
Edl x > 0 , ak > 0 , k = 1 , 2 , 3 , ... .
eyIgn
(k + 1)(x + a1 + .... + ak )k x (x + a1 + ... + ak )k +1
f '(x) =
x2
(x + a1 + .... + ak )k [ (k + 1)x (x + a1 + .... + ak )]
=
x2
(x + a1 + a2 + .... + ak )k ( kx a1 a2 .... ak )
=
x2
a1 + a 2 + ..... + ak
ebI f '(x) = 0 naM[ x = k
cMeBa x = a1 + a2 +k..... + ak eKn
eKn
a1 + a 2 + ... + ak k +1
a + a 2 + .... + ak ( + a 1 + ... + a k )
f( 1 )= k
k a1 + a 2 + ... + ak
k
a + a 2 + ...... + ak a + a 2 + ... + ak
k
f( 1 ) = (k + 1)k +1 1
k k
cMeBa
Ba x 0 eyIgTajn

- 102 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
a1 + a 2 + .... + ak
f (x) f ( )
k
+ + + +
k
a a a ..... a k
f (x) (k + 1)k +1 1 2 3

k
a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ..... + ak
tamkarbma k a1 .a 2 .a 3 ......ak
k
a1 + a 2 + .... + ak
k
smmUl a1 .a 2 ...ak
k
(x + a1 + a 2 + .... + ak )k +1
(k + 1)k +1 a1a2 ...ak
x
x + a1 + a 2 + ..... + ak
k +1 a1 .a 2 .......ak x (*)
k +1
yk x = a k +1 > 0 CYskg (*) eKn
a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + ak + ak +1 k +1
a1 .a 2 .a 3 ......ak .ak +1
k +1
a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + an n
dUcen n
a1 .a 2 .a 3 ...an

/ -
(Cauchy-Schwarzs Inequality)

-


a1 ; a 2 ;...; an ; b1 ; b 2 ; ...; b n

- 103 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
(a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + anbn )2 (a12 + a22 + ... + an2 )(b12 + b22 + ... + bn2 )
2
n
( ) ( )
n n
( a )
k k
b a 2
k b 2
k
k =1 k =1 k =1

a1 a 2 a 3 a
= = = ... = n
b1 b 2 b 3 bn

eyIgeRCIserIsGnuKmn_
mnmY_my
Y kMnt x IR eday
f (x) = (a1x + b1 )2 + (a 2 x + b 2 )2 + ..... + (an x + bn )2

( )x ( )
n n n
f (x) = ak2 2
+ 2 ( ak bk ) x + bk2
k =1 k =1 k =1
af > 0
eday x IR RtIFa f (x) 0 Canicena
' 0
eday af = a12 + a22 + ..... + an 2 > 0
ehtueneKnCanic ' 0
2
n
( ) ( )
n n
' = ( ak bk ) ak bk2 0
2

k =1 k =1 k =1
2
n
( ) ( )
n n
( ak bk ) ak bk2
2

k =1 k =1 k =1

- 104 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
2/ Cauchy-Schwarz in Engle form
x1 , x 2 ,..., xn , y 1 , y 2 ,..., y n > 0

x1 2 x 2 2 xn 2 (x1 + x 2 + ... + xn )2
+ + ... +
y1 y 2 yn y1 + y 2 + ... + y n


x1 x 2 x 3 xn
= = = ... =
y1 y 2 y 3 yn

2
n
( ) ( )
n n

( a )
k k
b a 2
k b 2
k
k =1 k =1 k =1
xk
ak = , bk = y k
yk
2
xk n n x 2 n
. yk ( yk )
k
k =1 y k =1 y k k =1
k
2
n

n x 2 ( x )
k
k k =n1 ,
k =1 y k
(y ) k
k =1

- 105 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
x1 2 x 2 2 xn 2 (x1 + x 2 + ... + xn )2
+ + ... +
y1 y 2 yn y1 + y 2 + ... + y n
/ (Hlders Inequality)

a i,j ,1 i m , 1 j 1
m

m n m n m
aij a ij
i =1 j=1 j=1 i =1
Hlders Inequality

x1 , x 2 ,...., xn
y 1 , y 2 ,..., y n

1 1
p > 0,q > 0 + = 1
p q
1 1
n
p
n
n

( )
p q

k k k
x y x yk q
k =1 k =1 k =1
/
(Minkowskis Inequality)

a1 ,a 2 ,...,an

b1 ,b 2 ,....,bn ; n
p 1 :

- 106 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
1 1 1
n
p p n
p p n
p p
(a k + b k ) a k + bk
k =1 k =1 k =1

a1 ,a 2 ,...,an

b1 ,b 2 ,....,bn ; n n 2

n n n
n
( ak ) + n ( bk ) n ( ak + bk )
k =1 k =1 k =1

/ ( Bernoullis Inequality)

x > 1 , a (0,1) :
: (1 + x) < 1 + ax
a

x > 1,n < 1 : (1 + x)a > 1 + ax

/
CHEBYSHEV(Chebyshevs Inequality)

a1 ,a 2 ,...,an
b1 ,b 2 ,....,bn
n*

- a1 a 2 ... an
b1 b 2 ... bn

- 107 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
n 1 n n
: ( ak bk ) ( ak ) ( bk )
k =1 n k =1 k =1

- a1 a 2 ... an
b1 b 2 ... bn
n 1 n n
( ak bk ) ( ak ) ( bk )
k =1 n k =1 k =1

/ JENSEN (Jensens Inequality)

JENSEN

n

x1 ,x 2 ,...,xn I

f ''(x) < 0
xk I :
:

1 n 1 n
[ f (x k ) ] f k
(x )
n k =1 n k =1
f ''(x) > 0
xk I :
:

1 n 1 n
[ f (xk )] f (xk )
n k =1 n k =1

- 108 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
JENSEN

n

x1 ,x 2 ,...,xn I
n


a1 ,a 2 ,...,an ( ak ) = 1
k =1

f ''(x) < 0
xk I :
:

n
n
k k[ a f (x ) ] f k k
(a x )
k =1 k =1
f ''(x) > 0
xk I :
:

n
n
[ f (a x
k k ) ] f k k
(a x )
k =1 k =1

JENSEN

n

x1 ,x 2 ,...,xn I

a1 ,a 2 ,...,an

f ''(x) < 0
xk I :
:

- 109 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
n
n
k k[ a f (x ) ] k k
(a x )

k =1 k =1
n
f n
( ak ) ( ak )
k =1 k =1
f ''(x) > 0 xk I : :
n
n
[ k k ] k k
a f (x ) (a x )
k =1
n
f k =1n
( ak ) ( ak )
k =1 k =1

/ Schur (Schurs Inequality)

a ,b ,c n > 0

an (a b)(a c) + bn (b c)(b a) + cn (c a)(c b) 0

a = b = c
/ (Rearrangements Inequality)

( an )n1 ( bn )n1

(cn )

n n n
( bn ) ( ak bk ) ( ak ck ) ( ak bnk +1 )
k =1 k =1 k =1

- 110 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
CMBUkTI16
PaBEckdac nig viFIEckGWKIt
!>PaBEckdac;kg Z
k-niymny
-cMnYnKt;rWuLaTIb a CaBhuKuNncMnYnKt;rWLaTIb b luHRtaEtman
cMnYnrWuLaTIb q mYyEdl a = b.q .
kgkrNIenH b ehAfatYEckn a .
-ebI b 0 enaHeKfa b CatYEckmYyn a b b Eckdac; a ehIy
eKkMnt;sresr b | a Ganfa b Eckdac; a .
x-lkNHEckdac;nplbUknigpldk
man a , b , c nig x CacMnYnKt;rWLaTIbEdl x xusBIsUn .
ebI x | a , x | b nig x | c enaH x | (a + b c) .
K-lkNHEckdac;nwgmYycMnYn
-mYycMnYnKt;Eckdac;nwg 2 luHRtaEtelxxg;rayEckdac;nwg 2
)annyfacMnYnenaHRtUvmanelxxagcugCaelxKU
( 0, 2, 4 , 6,8 ) .

- 111 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
-mYycMnYnEckdac;nwg 5 luHRtaEtvamanelxcug 0 b % .
-mYycMnYnEckdac;nwg $ luHRtaEtcMnYnBIrxg;xagcugEckdac;nwg $
-mYycMnYnEckdac;nwg @% luHRtaEtcMnYnBIrxg;xagcugEckdac;nwg @%
KW 00 , 25 , 50 , 75 .
-mYycMnYnEckdac;nwg # nwg ( luHRtaEtplbUkelxRKb;xg;n
cMnYnenaHEckdac;nwg # nwg ( .
-mYycMnYnEckdac;nwg !! luHRtaEtpldkrvagplbUkelxxg;ess
nigplbUkelxxg;KUncMnYnenaH rab;BIsaMeTAeqVg Eckdac;nwg !! .
@>viFIEckEbbGWKIt
k-niymny
eFIVviFIEckEbbGWKItncMnYnKt;rWLaTIb a nigcMnYnKt;FmCati b KW
kMNt;cMnYnKt;rWuLaTIb q nigcMnYnKt;FmCati r Edl a = bq + r
eday 0 r < b .
a ehAfatMNaMgEck , b ehAfatYEck , q ehAfaplEck nig r

ehAfasMNl; .

- 112 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
x-RTwsIbT ebI a CacMnYnKt;rWLaTIb nig b CacMnYnKt;FmCati
enaHmancMnYnKt; rWuLaTIb q EtmYyKt; nig cMnYnKt;FmCati r
EtmYyKt;Edl a = b.q + r eday 0 r < b .
cMnYnbzm tYEckrYm nig BhuKuNrYm

cMnYnbfm
-eKfacMnYnKt;FmCati n CacMnYnbfmkalNa n mantYEck
EtBIKt;KW 1 nig n xng .
-RKb;cMnYnKt;FmCati n > 1 mantYEckCacMnYnbfmmYyEdlCa
tYEcktUcbMputeRkABI 1 .
-ebI n IN ehIy n minEmnCacMnYnbfm enaHmancMnYnbfm b
Edl n Eckdac;nwg b nig b2 n .
-edIm,Isal;facMnYnKt;FmCati a NamYyCacMnYnbfm eKRtUvEck
a nigcMnYnbfmtKaEdltUcCagva . ebIKanviFIEckNamYypl;
sMNl;sUneTenaH nig plEcktUcCagtYEckEdl)anykmkeRbI
enaH a CacMnYnbfm .
-ebI n ehIy n Eckmindac;nwgcMnYnbfmEdlmankaertUc

- 113 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
CagbesI n enaH n CacMnYnbfm .
-sVItncMnYnbfm CasIVtGnntY .
-RKb;cMnYnKt;FmCatiminbfm ehIyFMCag 1 GacbMEbkCaplKuN
nktabfm)an ehIy)anEtmYyEbKt; .

tYEckrYm nig BhuKuNrYm
-eK[ a nig b CacMnYnKt;FmCati . cMnYnKt;FmCati d CatYEck
rYmn a nig b kalNa d CatYEckn a pg nigCatYEckn b pg.
-tYEckrYmFMbMputncMnYnKt;FmCati a nig b CacMnYnKt;FMCageK
nbNatYEckrYmn a nig b . nimitsBaa = PGCD(a,b)
b = GCD(a,b) CatMNag[tYEckrYmFMbMputncMnYnKt;FmCati
a nig b .
-cMnYnKt;FmCati a nig b CacMnYnbfmrvagKakalNa
tYEckrYmFMbMput GCD(a,b) = 1 nigRcas;mkvij .
-ebI a , b Edl a = bq + r , 0 < r < b enaHeK)an
GCD(a,b) = GCD(b,r) .
-RKb; a , b nigRKb;tYEckrYm d n a nig b eK)an

- 114 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
k> GCD(na ,nb) = nG(a,b) Edl n
x> GCD da , db = GCD(a,b)
d
-RTwsIbT Bezout cMnYnKt;FmCati a nig b
bfmrvagKaluHRtaEtmancMnYnKt;rWuLaTIb u nig v
Edl au + bv = 1 .
-RTwsIbT Gauss :
ebI c | ab nig GCD(a,b) = 1 naM[ c | b .
-ebI a | n ; b | n nig GCD(a,b) = 1 naM[ ab | n .
-BhuKuNrYmtUcbMputnBIrcMnYnKt; a nig b KWCacMnYnKt;FmCati
EdltUcCageKkgbNaBhuKuNrYmviCmanxusBIsUnn a nig b
EdlkMNt;eday = PPCM(a,b) b = LCM(a,b)
-RKb;cMnYnKt;FmCati a ,b nig n nigRKb;tYEckrYm a nig b
eK)an k> LCM(na,nb) = n LCM(a,b)
a b LCM(a,b)
x> LCM( d , d ) = d
-RTwsIbT ebI a nig b CacMnYnKt;FmCatienaHeK)an
GCD(a,b) LCM(a,b) = a b .

- 115 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
CMBUkTI17
GnuKmnGIuEBbUlik
(Hyperbolic Functions)
!>kenSamBICKNitsg;da
GnuKmn_GIuEBbUlikman
x
e e
sIunUsGIuEBbUlik kMNt;edaysmIkar sinh x =
x

2
x
e +e x
kUsIunUsGIuEBbUlik kMNt;edaysmIkar cosh x =
2
x
e e x
tg;sg;GIuEBbUlik kMNt;edaysmIkar tanh x = x
e +e x

e x e x
 kUtg;sg;GIuEBbUlik kMNt;edaysmIkar coth x = x
e + ex
@>TMnak;TMngsMxan;
k> cosh x sinh x = 1
2 2
g> 1 tanh x = cosh1 x
2
2

x> tanh x = cosh

sinh x
x
c> coth x 1 =
2 1
sinh x 2

K> coth x = cosh

sinh x
x

X> tanh x = coth1 x

- 116 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
sRmaybBaak;
x
ex e x + e x
eday sinh x = e 2
nig
cosh x =
2
x 2 x 2
e + e
x
e e
x
eK)an cosh 2 x sinh 2 x =
2

2


e 2x + 2 + e 2x e 2x 2 + e 2x
=
4 4
e 2x + 2 + e 2x e 2x + 2 e 2x
=
4
=1
dUcenH cosh x sinh x = 1 .
2 2

tam cosh x sinh x = 1

2 2

x sinh x
2 2
eK)an cosh cosh x 2
=
1
cosh 2
x
sinh 2 x
1 =
cosh 2 x cosh 2 x
1
eday
tanh x =
sinh x
cosh x
dUcenH 1 tanh 2 x =
1
cosh 2 x
.
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x
ma:geTot sinh 2 x
=
1
sinh 2 x
cosh 2 x
sinh 2 x
1 =
1
sinh 2 x
eday
coth x =
cosh x
sinh x
dUcenH coth 2 x 1 =
1
cosh 2 x
.
- 117 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
#>rUbmnplbUk
!> sinh( x + y ) = sinh x cosh y + sinh y cosh x
@> cosh(x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y
x + tanh y
#> tanh(x + y ) = 1tanh
+ tanh x tanh y
x coth y + 1
$> coth(x + y ) = coth
coth x + coth y
sMraybBaak;
x x
eKman sinh x = e 2e , cosh x = e +2e
x x

e y e y e y + e y
sinh y = , cosh y =
2 2
(e x e x )(e y + e y )
eK)an sinh x cosh y =
4
x+ y ( x+ y )
e e + e x y e ( x + y )
sinh x cosh y = (a )
4
(e y e y )(e x + e x )
ehIy sinh y cosh x =
4
x+ y ( x+ y )
e +e e x y e ( x + y )
sinh y cosh x = (b )
4
bUksmIkar (a) nig (b) eK)an
e x + y e (x y)
sinh x cosh y + sinh y cosh x = = sinh( x + y )
2

- 118 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
(e x + e x )(e y + e y )
m:ageTot cosh x cosh y =
4
e x+ y + e x y + e x+ y + e ( x+ y )
cosh x cosh y = (c )
4
x y
(e e )(e e )
x y
ehIy sinh x sinh y =
4
e x + y e x y e x+ y + e ( x+ y )
sinh x sinh y = (d )
4
bUksmIkar (c) nig (d) eK)an
e x+ y + e ( x + y )
cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y = = cosh(x + y )
2
dUcenH cosh(x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y .
sinh( x + y )
eKman tanh(x + y ) = cosh( x + y)
sinh x cosh y + sinh ycsohx
=
cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y
sinh x sinh y
cosh x cosh y ( + )
cosh x cosh y
=
sinh x sinh y
cosh x cosh y (1 + )
cosh x cosh y
tanh x + tanh y
=
1 + tanh x tanh y
tanh x + tanh y
dUcenH tanh( x + y ) =
1 + tanh x tanh y
.

- 119 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
#>GnuKmn_nGaKuym:g;GviCman
!> sinh( x) = sinh x
@> cosh( x) = cosh x
#> tanh( x) = tanh x
$> coth( x) = coth x
sRmaybBaak;
x
eKman sinh x = e 2e
x

x x
eK)an sinh( x) = e 2 e = e 2e = sinh x
x x

x
ehIy cosh x = e +2e
x

x
eK)an cosh( x) = e 2+ e = cosh x .
x

sinh( x ) sinh x
tanh( x ) = = = tanh x
cosh( x ) cosh x
cosh( x ) cosh x
coth( x ) = = = coth x
sinh( x ) sinh x
%>rUbmnpldk
!> sinh( x y ) = sinh x cosh y sinh y cosh x
@> cosh(x y ) = cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y
- 120 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
x tanh y
#> tanh(x y ) = 1tanh
tanh x tanh y
coth x coth y
$> coth(x y ) = 1coth x coth y
sRmaybBaak;
eKman sinh( x + y ) = sinh x cosh y + sinh y cosh x (i )

cosh( x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y (ii )

tanh x + tanh y
tanh( x + y ) = (iii )
1 + tanh x tanh y
coth x coth y + 1
coth( x + y ) = (iv )
coth x + coth y
edayCMnYs y eday y kg (i), (ii ), (iii ) nig (iv)
eK)an sinh( x y ) = sinh x cosh( y ) + sinh( y ) cosh x
= sinh x cosh y sinh y cosh x

cosh( x y ) = cosh x cosh( y ) + sinh x sinh( y )

= cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y

tanh x + tanh( y ) tanh x tanh y
tanh( x y ) = =
1 + tanh x tanh( y ) 1 tanh x tanh y
coth x coth( y ) + 1 1 coth x coth y
coth( x y ) = =
coth x + coth( y ) coth x coth y

- 121 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
^>rUbmnmMuDub ( DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAS
FORMULAS )

!> sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x

@> cosh 2x = cosh x + sinh
2 2
x

= 2 cosh 2 x 1 = 1 + 2 sinh 2 x
#> tanh 2x =
2 tanh x
1 + tanh 2 x
1 + coth 2 x
$> coth 2x =
2 coth x
sRmaybBaak;
eKman sinh( x + y ) = sinh x cosh y + sinh y cosh x (i )

cosh( x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y (ii )

tanh x + tanh y
tanh( x + y ) = (iii )
1 + tanh x tanh y
coth x coth y + 1
coth( x + y ) = (iv )
coth x + coth y
edayCMnYs y eday x kg (i), (ii ), (iii ) nig (iv) eK)an
sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x

cosh 2x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x

1 + coth 2 x
tanh 2x =
2 tanh x
1 + tanh x2
nig
coth 2x =
2 coth x

- 122 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
&>rUbmnknHmMu ( HALE ANGLE FORMULAS )

!> sinh x2 = cosh2x 1

2

@> cosh x2 = cosh2x + 1

2

cosh x 1
#> tanh x2 = cosh
2
x+1
x+1
$> coth x2 = cosh
2
cosh x 1

*>rUbmnBhumMu ( MULTIPLE ANGLE FORMULAS )

!> sinh 3x = 3 sinh x + 4 sinh x 3

@> cosh 3x = 4 cosh x 3 cosh x

3

x + tanh x 3
#> tanh 3x = 3 tanh
1 + 3 tanh x2

$> sinh 4x = 8 sinh x cosh x + 4 sinh x cosh x

3

%> cosh 4x = 8 cosh x 8 cosh x + 1

4 2

x + 4 tanh 4x 3
^> tanh 4x = 14+tanh
6 tanh x + tanh x
2 4

- 123 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
(>rUbmnplbUk-pldk nig plKuN
( Sum-
Sum-Difference and Product of Hyperbolic Functions )

!> sinh x + sinh y = 2 sinh x +2 y cosh x 2 y

@> cosh x + cosh y = 2 cosh x +2 y cosh x 2 y
#> sinh x sinh y = 2 sin x 2 y cosh x +2 y
$> cosh x cosh y = 2 sinh x +2 y sinh x 2 y
sinh( x + y )
%> tanh x + tanh y = cosh x cosh y
sinh( x y )
^> tanh x tanh y = cosh x cosh y
sinh( x + y )
&> coth x + coth y = sinh x sinh y
sinh( y x )
*> coth x coth y = sinh x sinh y

(> sinh x sinh y = 12 [cosh(x + y ) cosh(x y )]

- 124 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
!0> cosh x cosh y = 12 [cosh(x + y ) + cosh(x y )]
!!> sinh x cosh y = 12 [sinh( x + y ) + sinh( x y )]
!@> sinh y cosh x = 12 [sinh( x + y ) sinh( x y )]
!0>RkabnGnuKmn_GIuEBbUlik
( Graphs of Hyperbolic Functions )

!> y = sinh x
y
5

4
y = sinh x
3

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 x
-1

-2

-3

- 125 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
@> y = cosh x
y

5
y = cosh x
4

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 x

-1

#> y = tanh x
3y

2
y = tanh x
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1

-2

- 126 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
$> y = coth x
y

3 y = coth x
2

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1

-2

-3

!!>TMnak;TMngrvagGnuKmn_GIuEBbUliknigGnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
( Relationships between Hyperbolic and Trigonometry Functions )

!> sin(ix) = i sinh x $> sinh(ix) = i sin x

@> cos(ix) = cosh x %> cosh(ix) = cos x
#> tan(ix) = i tanh x ^> tanh(ix) = i tan x

- 127 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
sRmaybBaak;
e ix + e ix e ix e ix
tamrUbmnGWEl cos x =
2
nig sin x =
2i

CMnYs x eday ix eK)an

e i ( ix ) + e i ( ix ) e x + e x
cos( ix ) = = = cosh x
2 2
e i ( ix ) e i ( ix ) e x e x e x e x
sin( ix ) = = =i = i sinh x
2i 2i 2

ehIy tan(ix) = cos(

sin( ix ) i sinh x
=
ix ) cosh x
= i tanh x .

!@>Gnuvtn_
eKman sinh( x + y ) = sinh x cosh y + sinh x cosh y
CMnYs x = ia nig y = ib eK)an
sinh i(a + b ) = sinh( ia ) cosh(ib ) + sinh( ib ) cos(ia )

eday sinh i(a + b) = i sin(a + b) , sinh(ia) = i sin a

- 128 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
sinh( ib ) = i sin b , cosh(ia ) = cos a , cosh(ib )

eK)an i sin(a + b) = i sin a cos b + i sin b cos a

dUcenH sin(a + b ) = sin a cos b + sin b cos a .
eKman cosh(x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y
CMnYs x = ia nig y = ib eK)an
cosh i(a + b ) = cosh(ia ) cosh(ib ) + sinh( ia ) sinh( ib )

eday cosh i(a + b) = cos(a + b) , sinh(ia) = i sin a

sinh( ib ) = i sin b , cosh(ia ) = cos a , cosh(ib )

eK)an cos(a + b) = cos a cos b + i 2

sin a sin b eday i 2
= 1

dUcenH cos(a + b ) = cos a cos b sin a sin b .

!#>lImItnGnuKmn_GIuEBbUlik
!> lim sinhx x = 1
x0
@> lim tanhx x = 1
x0

- 129 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
sRmaybBaak;
e x e x e 2x 1
eKman sinh x =
2
=
2e x
e2x 1 e 2x 1 1
eK)an lim
x0
sinh x
x
= lim
x 0 2xe x
= lim
x 0 2x e
. x =1 .
!$>edrIevnGnuKmn_GIuEBbUlik
!> y = sinh x y' = cosh x
@> y = cosh x y' = sinh x
#> y = tanh x y' = cosh1 2
x

$> y = coth x y' = sinh1 2

x

!%>GaMgetRkalnGnuKmn_GIuEBbUlik
!> sinh x.dx = cosh x + c #> tanh x.dx = ln(cosh x) + c
2. cosh x.dx = sinh x + c 4. coth x.dx = ln(sinh x ) + c

- 130 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
CMBUkTI18
viPaKbnM nig RbUblIet
I- viPaKbnM
1>hVak;tUErl (Factorial)
EdlehAfahVak;tUErlncMnYn n CaplKuNn n cMnYnKt;viCmandMbUg b
CaplKuNcMnYnKt;viCmantKa BI 1 rhUtdl; n EdleKkMnt;sresr
n! = 1 2 3 ....... n .

2>tMerobminsareLIgvij (Arrangement )
tMerob p FatukgcMeNam n FatunsMnMu E KWCasMnuMrgn E Edlman p
FatuxusKa
erobtamlMdab;mYykMnt; . eKkMnt;tagcMnYntMerob p FatukgcMenam n Fatueday
= n(n 1)(n 2 ).....(n p + 1) .
n!
A(n , p ) =
(n p ) !
3>cMlas;minsaeLIgvij (Permultation )
cMlas; n FatuxusKa KWCatMerob n Fatu kgcMeNam n Fatu .
eKkMnt;cMnYncMlas; n Fatueday P = n! = 1 2 3 ..... n .

- 131 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
4>bnSMminsareLIgvij (Combination )
bnSM p FatukgcMeNam n Fatu CatMerobminKitlMdab;EdlkMnt;eday
(n p ) .
A(n , p ) n!
C(n, p ) = =
p! p!.(n p )!
5>tMerobsareLIgvij Arrangement with Re petition
tMerobsareLIgvij p Fatu kgcMeNam n FatuKWCatMerobEdlFatunImYy
Gacmanvtman 1,2,3,..., n dg .
eKkMnt;sresr A(n, p) = np .
6>cMlas;sareLIgvij (Permultation with Re petition)
eKeGaysMnMu E man n Fatu EdlkgenaH n1 CaFatuRbePTTI1 , n2
CaFatuRbePTTI2 , n CaFatuRbePTTI3 ,........., np CaFatuRbePTTI p
3

Edl n + n + n + .... + n = n
1 2 3 p

cMnYncMlas;sareLIgvijn n Fatu KWCacMlas;GacEbgEck)anEdlkMnt;tageday

P=
n!
n !.n !.n !.....n !
.
1 2 3 p

7>bnSMsareLIgvij (Combiation with Re petition)

bnSMsareLIgvijn p Fatu kgcMenam n FatuKWCabnSM EdlFatunImYyGacman
vtmaneRcIndg.

- 132 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
eKtagbnSMsareLIgvijn p Fatu kgcMenam n Fatueday
(n + p 1) !
C(n, p ) =
p!.(n 1) !
.
8>eTVFajtun Binom de Newton

(a + b )n = Cn0 an + Cn2 an 1 .b + Cn2 an 2 .b 2 + ....... + Cnnbn .

Edl Cpn = C(n, p) = p!(nn! p)! .
sMKal; eTVFasMxan;KYrkt;sMKal;
!> (1 + x)n = Cn0 + C1n x + Cn2 x2 + Cn3 x3 + ........... + Cnnxn
@> (x + 1)n = Cn0 xn + C1n xn 1 + Cn2 xn 2 + .......... + Cn0

II- RbUblIet
RbU)ablIet mansarHsMxan;kgCIvPaBRbcaMfrbs;eyIg EdleyIgeRbIR)as;vasMrab;
vas;kMritnPaBmineTogTat; . kalNaeyIgeRKageFVIGIVmYykalNaGk]tuniym
TsSn_TayGakasFatub RkumhunFanara:b;rgeFIVeKalneya)ayrbs;Rkumhun caM)ac;
RtUveRbI RbU)ablIet edIm,IeFVIesckIsMerccit beFVI kareRCIserIs .

- 133 -
 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
1-RBwtikarN_-lMhsMNak
k>viBaasa
viBaasa KWCakarBiesaFn_mYyEdl
-GaceGayeKdwg nUvsMNMulTplEdl)anekIteLIg
-BMuGacdwgR)akdfa lTplNaEdlnwgekItmaneLIg
-karBiesaFn_ GacsareLIgvij CaeRcIndg kglkxNdUcKa .
x>skl blMhsMNak
sMnMunlTplTaMgGs;EdlGacman rbs;viBasamYy ehAfa skl
EdleKtageday S .
K>RBwtikarN_ CasMNMurg rbs;skl blMhsMNak .
]TahrN_
ebIeyIge)aHkak;Edlmanmux H nigxg T cMnYnmYydgenaHeKGac)anlTpl
H b T .

-sMnMu {H, T} ehAfa lMhsMNak tageday S = {H, T} .

-ebIeKR)afae)aH)anmux H enaHsMNMu {H} ehAfaRBwtikarN_ tageday A = {H}
-cMnYnFatunlMhsMNak ehAfacMnYnkrNIGac eKtageday n(S) = 2 .
-cMnYnFatunRBwtikarN_ ehAfacMnYnkrNIRsb eKtageday n(A ) = 1 .

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 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
2>rUbmneKalnRbU)ab
enAkgBiesaFn_mYy EdlmanlMhsMNak S RbU)ablIetnRBwtikarN_ A
ekIteLIgkMnt;eday
P(A ) =
cMnYnkrNIR sb =
n( A )
eday A S enaH 0 P(A ) 1 .
n(S )
cMnYnkrNIG ac
3>rUbmnKNnaRbU)ablIet
k-rUbmn RbU)ablIetnRbCMuRBwtikarN_BIr
 ebI A nig B CaRBwtikarN_BIrmincuHsMrugKaenaHeK)an

P (A B ) = P (A ) + P (B )

 ebI A nig B CaRBwtikarN_BIrsamBaenaHeK)an

P (A B ) = P (A ) + P (B ) P (A B )

x-rUbmn RbU)ablIetnRbCMuRBwtikarN_bI
 ebI A , B nig C CaRBwtikarN_bImincuHsMrugKaBIenaHeK)an

P (A B C ) = P (A ) + P (B ) + P (C )

 ebI A nig B CaRBwtikarN_bIsamBaenaHeK)an

P(A B C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) P(A B) P(A C) P(B C) + P(A B C)

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 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
K-CaTUeTA
 ebI A , A , A ,......, A CaRBwtikarN_mincuHsMrugKaBIenaHeK)an
1 2 3 n

P (A A ... A ) = P (A ) + P (A ) + ... + P (A ) .
1 2 n 1 2 n

X-rUbmnRbU)abnRBwtikarN_BIrpyKa
ebI A nig A CaRBwtikarN_BIrpyKaenaHeK)an
P(A ) + P(A ) = 1 P(A ) = 1 P(A ) .

g-rUbmnRbU)ablIetmanlkxN
 RbU)ablIetnRBwtikarN_ A edaydwgfa manRBwtikarN_ B )anekIt
eLIgrYcehIy ehAfa RbU)abmanlkxN EdleKtageday P(A / B)
GanfaRbU)abn A eday)andwg B .
dUcenH cMeBaHRBwtikarN_ A nig B eday P(B) 0 eKmanrUbmn
P (A B )
P (A / B ) =
P (B )
beKGacTaj P(A B ) = P(A / B ) P(B )
c-rUbmnRbU)abnRBwtikarN_BIrminTak;TgKa
RBwtikarN_ A nig B EdlGaRsynwgKakgviFIEdlkarekIteLIgnRBwtikarN_mYy
minmanCab;Bak;BnnwgkarekIteLIgnRBwtikarN_mYyeTot eyIgehAfa
RBwtikarN_minTak;TgKa .
P(A / B) = P(A )
 ebI A nig B minTak;TgKasmmUl
P(B / A ) = P(B)

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 RbCMurUbmnKNitviTa
 ebI A nig B CaRBwtikarN_ minTak;TgKaenaHeK)an
P(A B) = P(A ) P(B) .

eroberogeday lwm pln

Tel : 017 768 246
Email:lim_phalkun@ymail.com
Website: www.mathtoday.wordpress.com
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