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Chapter - 19 (3-7-05) PDF
Chapter - 19 (3-7-05) PDF
Chapter - 19 (3-7-05) PDF
3. Large throughput.
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Common Types of Optimization Problems
1. Operating Conditions
Distillation column reflux ratio
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Reactor temperature
2. Allocation
Fuel use
Feedstock selection
3. Scheduling
Cleaning (e.g., heat exchangers)
Replacing catalysts
Batch processes
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(days-months ) 5. Planning and
Scheduling
(hours-days ) 4. Real-Time
Optimization
Chapter 19
3b. Multivariable
(minutes-hours ) and Constraint
Control
Figure 19.1 Hierarchy of
process control activities.
2. Safety, Environment
(< 1 second ) and Equipment
Protection
Process
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BASIC REQUIREMENTS IN REAL-TIME
OPTIMIZATION
Objective Function:
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Chapter 19
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The Formulation and Solution
of RTO Problems
Chapter 19
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The Formulation and Solution
of RTO Problems
Table 19.1 Alternative Operating Objectives for a Fluidized
Catalytic Cracker
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2. Operating records
Material and energy balances
Unit efficiencies, production rates, etc.
Categories of Interest:
1. Sales limited by production
Increases in throughput desirable
Incentives for improved operating conditions and schedules.
2. Sales limited by market
Seek improvements in efficiency.
Example: Reduction in manufacturing costs (utilities, feedstocks)
3. Large throughput units
Small savings in production costs per unit are greatly magnified.
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The Formulation and Solution
of RTO Problems
Step 1. Identify the process variables.
Step 2. Select the objective function.
Step 3. Develop the process model and constraints.
Chapter 19
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Chapter 19
UNCONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION
The simplest type of problem
No inequality constraints
An equality constraint can be eliminated by variable
substitution in the objective function.
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Single Variable Optimization
A single independent variable maximizes (or
minimizes) an objective function.
Examples:
Chapter 19
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Different Types of Objective Functions
Chapter 19
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One Dimensional Search Techniques
Selection of a method involves a trade-off between
the number of objective function evaluations
(computer time) and complexity.
Chapter 19
2. Newtons Method
It is based on the necessary condion for optimality: f ( x )=0.
Example: Find a minimum of f ( x ). Newton's method gives,
f ( x k )
x k +1 = x k
f ( x k )
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3. Quadratic Polynomial fitting technique
1. Fit a quadratic polynomial, f (x) = a0+a1x+a2x2, to three
data points in the interval of uncertainty.
Denote the three points by xa, xb, and xc , and the
corresponding values of the function as fa, fb, and fc.
Chapter 19
x* =
1 ( xb
2
xc
2
) f a + ( xc
2
xa
2
) f b + ( xa
2
xb
2
) fc
(19 8)
2 ( xb xc ) fa + ( xc xa ) fb + ( xa xb ) fc
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Equal Interval Search: Consider two cases
Chapter 19
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Multivariable Unconstrained Optimization
f ( x) (
f x1 , x2 ,..., x N
V
)
Computational efficiency is important when N is large.
"Brute force" techniques are not practical for problems with
more than 3 or 4 variables to be optimized.
Chapter 19
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Constrained Optimization Problems
Optimization problems commonly involve equality
and inequality constraints.
Nonlinear Programming (NLP) Problems:
a. Involve nonlinear objective function (and possible
Chapter 19
nonlinear constraints).
b. Efficient off-line optimization methods are available
(e.g., conjugate gradient, variable metric).
c. On-line use? May be limited by computer execution
time and storage requirements.
Quadratic Programming (QP) Problems:
a. Quadratic objective function plus linear equality and
inequality constraints.
b. Computationally efficient methods are available.
Linear Programming (QP) Problems:
a. Both the objective function and constraints are
b. Solutions are highly structured and can be rapidly obtai
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LP Problems (continued)
Most LP applications involve more than two
variables and can involve 1000s of variables.
So we need a more general computational
Chapter 19
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Linear Programming (LP)
- Note that for the LP problem, the optimum must lie on one
or more constraints.
Solution of LP Problems
- Simplex Method
- Examine only constraint boundaries
- Very efficient, even for large problems
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Linear Programming Concepts
y=Ku (19-18)
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QUADRATIC AND NONLINEAR
PROGRAMMING
1. Quadratic programming
2. Generalized reduced gradient
3. Successive quadratic programming (SQP)
4. Successive linear programming (SLP)
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Quadratic Programming
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Nonlinear Programming
Chapter 19
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