Andres Bonifacioy de Castro(November 30, 1863 May 10, 1897)

Who is Andres Bonifacio?

Andres Bonifacio y de Castro was the son of Santiago Bonifacio and Catalina de Castro.

Birthday: November 30, 1863 Bonifacio Day

Andres Bonifacio was the eldest of six children.
Andres Bonifacio was forced to dropped out of school to earn and support to his family.
Who is Andres Bonifacio?
Andres Bonifacio became a peddler of canes and paper fans he made himself.

Andres Bonifacio worked at the Fleming and Company as Corredor of tar, rattan and other
goods.

Andres Bonifacio worked also at Fressel and Company as boduegero.

Andres Bonifacio was also a part-time actor who performed in moro-moro plays.

Who is Andres Bonifacio?

Andres Bonifacio was married twice.

1. Monica died in leprosy

2. Gregoria de Jesus
Andres Bonifacio was also a self-educated man.

- French Revolution

- Biographies of the President of the U.S.

- Novels Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo, Les Misrables, Eugne Sue, Le Juif
errant.

Andres Bonifacio andthe Katipunan

In 1892, Andres Bonifacio join Jose Rizals

La Liga Filipina.

Andres Bonifacio, Apolinario Mabini and others revived La Liga Filipina in Rizal's absence.

They contributed moral and financial support to Propaganda Movement.

Andres Bonifacio andthe Katipunan
On July 7, 1892, Andres Bonifacio, along with Deodato Arellano, Ladislao Diwa, Teodoro
Plata,etc.

Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan. (KKK)

This secret society aimed independence from Spain through armed revolt.

Andres Bonifacio use the pseudonym MayPag-Asa

Andres Bonifacio andthe Katipunan

The Katipunan expanded into several Provinces: Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, Bulacan,
Pampanga and Nueva Ecija.

Most of its members called Katipuneros, came from lower and middle class.
Andres Bonifacio was the third head of the Katipunan after Deodato Arellano and Roman
Basa.

He served also as the societys comptroller and fiscal.

Andres Bonifacio andthe Katipunan
Andres Bonifacio, Jacinto and Pio Valenzuela collaborated on the society's organ Kalayaan.

Bonifacio wrote several pieces for the paper, including the poem Pag-ibig sa
Tinubuang Lup under the pseudonym Agapito Bagumbayan.
- Katapusang Hibik ng Filipinas
- Tapunan ng Lingap
- Ang mga Cazadores
- Huling Paalam (Mi Ultimo Adios)
Andres Bonifacio andthe Katipunan
On May 3, Bonifacio held a general assembly of Katipunan leaders in Pasig where they
debated when to start their revolt.

The event, marked by the tearing of cedulas(community tax certificates) was later called the
"Cry of Balintawak" or "Cry of Pugad Lawin.

On August 30, 1896, Bonifacio personally led an attack on San Juan del Monte to
capture the town's powder magazine and water station (which supplied Manila).
Andres Bonifacio:the Magdalo and the Magdiwang
There were two Katipunan provincial chapters in Cavite that became rival factions: the
Magdalo, headed by Emilio Aguinaldo's cousin Baldomero Aguinaldo, and the Magdiwang,
headed by Mariano lvarez, uncle of Bonifacio's wife.

In Cavite, friction grew between Andres Bonifacio and the Magdalo leaders.
In his memoirs, Aguinaldo wrote that Bonifacio acted "as if he were a king.
Andres Bonifacio:the Magdalo and the Magdiwang
On December 31, Bonifacio and the Magdalo and Magdiwang leaders held a meeting in Imus,
supposedly to determine the leadership of Cavite in order to end the rivalry between the two
factions.

The rebel leaders held another meeting in a friar estate house in Tejeros on March 22, 1897 on
the pretense of more discussion between the Magdalo and Magdiwang, but really to settle the
issue of leadership of the revolution.

Andres Bonifacio:the Magdalo and the Magdiwang

Andres Bonifacio received the second-highest number of votes for President.

Andres Bonifacio was the last to be elected, as Director of the Interior.

As people left the room, Bonifacio declared: "I, as chairman of this assembly and as President
of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, as all of you do not deny, declare this assembly
dissolved, and I annul all that has been approved and resolved."
Andres Bonifacioand his death.
A party of Aguinaldo's men led by Agapito Bonzon and Jos Ignacio Paua met with Bonifacio
at his camp in Indang.

Andres Bonifacio's party was brought to Naik, where he and his surviving brother stood trial,
accused of sedition and treason against Aguinaldo's government and conspiring to murder
Aguinaldo. The jury was entirely composed of Aguinaldo's men; Bonifacio's defense lawyer
himself declared Bonifacio's guilt.

Andres Bonifacioand his death.

Andres Bonifacio and his brother were found guilty despite insufficient evidence to prove
their alleged guilt and recommended to be executed.

The Bonifacio brothers were executed on May 10, 1897 in the mountains of Maragondon.

Apolinario Mabini wrote that Bonifacio's death demoralized many rebels from Manila,
Laguna and Batangas who had come to help those in Cavite, and caused them to quit. In other
areas, some of Bonifacio's associates like Emilio Jacinto never subjected their military
commands to Aguinaldo's authority.

The Katipunan is Born

Andres Bonifaciowas also a member of La Liga Filipina, although he soon lost hope in gaining reforms
though peaceful means. This feeling was especially heightened when Jose Rizal was exiled to Dapitan.
Bonifacio became convinced that the only way the Philippines could gain independence was through a
revolution.

Bonifacio then founded the Katastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipuanan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK)
on July 7, 1892 in a house on Azcarraga street (now Claro M. Recto), in Tondo Manila.The Katipunan had
colorful beginnings. As a symbol of the members loyalty, they performed the solemn rite of sanduguan
(blood compact), wherein each one signed his name with his own blood..
The members agreed to recruit more people using the triangle system of enlistment. Each original
member would recruit tow new members who were not related to each other. Each new member would
do the same thing, and so on down the line. Members were also asked to contribute one Real (about 25
centavos) each month in order to raise funds for the association.
Objectives
The political goal was to completely separate the Philippines from Spain after declaring the
countrys independence. The moral goal was to teach the Filipinos good manners, cleanliness, hygiene,
fine morals, and how to guard themselves against religious fanaticism.. The civic goal was to encourage
Filipinos to help themselves and to defend the poor oppressed.
The Kataastaasang Sanggunian (supreme council) was the highest governing body of the Katipunan. It
was headed by a supremo, or president. Each province had a Sangguaniang Bayan (Provincial Council)
and each town had a Sangguniang Balangay (Popular Council).

Leaders
Deodato Arellano -Supremo Ladislao Diwa -Fiscal Teodora Plata -Secretary Valentine Diaz
-treasurer Andres Bonifacio -controller
Jose Rizal and the Katipunan
Jose Rizal never became involved in the organization and activities of the Katipunan; but the Katipuneros
still looked up to him as a leader. In fact, Rizals name was used as a password among the societys highest-
ranking members, who were called bayani.
Andres Bonifacio had already known Rizal during his La Liga Filipina days, although Rizal did not know
Bonifacio personally Nevertheless, Bonifacio so respected Rizals intelligence and talent that in June 1896,
he sent Dr. Pio Valenzuela to Dapitan to seek Rizals advice on the planned revolution.

Rizal told Valenzuela that the timing was not right for a revolution. The people were not yet ready and
they did not have enough weapons. He suggested that the Katipunan obtain the support of wealthy and
influential Filipinos first, in order to gain financial assistance. He also recommended Antonio Luna as
commander of its armed forces, since Luna had much knowledge and expertise in military tactics.

Valenzuela returned to Manila on June 26 and relayed Rizals advice to Bonifacio, who admitted that it
would indeed be fatal for the Filipinos to fight without enough weapons. However, there was no stopping
the Revolution. Bonifacio ordered his men to prepare for battle. He directed them to store enough food
and other supplies. Battle plans were made with the help of Emilio Jacinto. It was suggested that the
revolutionary headquarters be located near the seas or mountains to provide for an easy retreat, if
necessary.
The Katipunan is Discovered
Rumors about a secret revolutionary society had long been in circulation, although no solid evidence could
be found to support them. The big break as far as the Spanish authorities was concerned, came on August
19, 1896 when a KKK member, Teodoro Patio told his sister Honoria about the existence of the
Katipunan. Patio was a worker in the printing press of Diario de Manila. Honoria was then living with
nuns in a Mandaluyong orphanage.

The information upset Honoria so much that she told the orphanages Mother Superior, Sor Teresa de
Jesus, what her brother had revealed. Sor Teresa suggested they seek the advice of Father Mariano Gil, the
parish priest of Tondo.
After hearing Patios revelations, Father Mariano Gil-accompanied by several Guardias Civiles
immediately searched the premises of Diario de Manila and found evidence of the Katipunans existence.
The governor general was quickly informed. The printing press was padlocked and hundreds of suspected
KKK members were arrested.

Cry of Pugadlawin
News about the discovery of the Katipunan spread to Manila and nearby suburbs, and Andres Bonifacio
immediately called for a general meeting. Various wings of the Katipunan gathered at the house of Juan
Ramos in Pugadlawin on August 23, 1896. Ramos was the son of Melchora Aquino, also known as
Tandang Sora and was later acknowledged as the Mother of the Katipunan."
Bonifacio asked his men whether they were willing to fight to the bitter end. Everyone shouted their
approval, except for Teodoro Plata, who though that it was too soon for a revolution. Heartened by his
mens response, Bonifacio then asked them to tear their cedulas (residence certificates) to pieces, as a sign
of their defiance and determination to rise against the Spaniards. The men immediately tore up their
cedulas, shouting, Mabuhay ang Pilipinas (long live the Philippines) or the Cry of Pugadlawin.

Katipunan in Cavite
Cavite soon became the center of the Revolution, and the Katipuneros there divided themselves into the
Magdalo and Magdiwang factions. Baldomero Aguinaldo, brother of Emilio Aguinaldo, headed the
Magdalo group, which was stationed in Kawit. General Mariano Alvarez led the Magdiwang group, which
was stationed in Noveleta.
The two groups fought in separate battles. Emilio Aguinaldo overran Kawit on August 31, 1896, while
Alvarez attacked Noveleta. In Bacoor, Aguinaldo tried to intercept Spanish reinforcements coming from
Manila; but he was repulsed and forced to retreat to nearby Imus. Here, on the morning of September 5,
he defeated the Spanish troops under the command of General Aguirre. A hundred Spaniards were killed
and 60 weapons were confiscated. Aguinaldo was hailed as a hero. The adoring Caviteos referred to him
as General Miong and no longer Kapitan Miong.

General Aguinaldos numerous victories in the battlefield made him the acknowledged revolutionary
leader in Cavite. He issued a proclamation on October 31, 1896 enjoining the people to take courage and
continue fighting for Philippine independence.
Owing to the defeat of the Spaniards in Cavite, Camilo de Polavieja replaced Ramon Blanco as governor
general on December 13, 1896. Polavieja was more successful than his predecessor and slowly regained
one-third of the province.

The Revolution Continues

Bonifacios death did not deter the Filipinos from fighting for their freedom. The Spanish government, for
its part, doubled its efforts in trying to control Cavite, which was considered the seat of the Revolution.
When Governor General Primo de Rivera replaced Camilo Polavieja on April 27, 1897, he immediately
marched to Naic, Cavite to persuade the Filipinos to surrender. The rebels, however, stood their ground.
Aguinaldo realized that Cavite was no longer safe for his men. They moved to Batangas, where they
temporarily set up camp in the town of Talisay. However, Spanish soldiers were able to pursue them there.
Thus, they retreated to Morong on June 10, 1897 and proceeded to Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan.

The Biak-na Bato Republic

Emilio Aguinaldo established his headquarters in Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan province. The news immediately
spread throughout the country, and the revolutionaries were once more in high spirits. General llanera,
who was in Nueva Ecija, declared his support for Aguinaldo. In July 1897, Aguinaldo established the Biak-
na-Bato Republic and issued a proclamation stating the following demands:
 Expulsion of the friars and the return of the friar lands to the Filipinos Representation of the
Philippines in the Spanish Cortes Freedom of the press and of religion Abolition of the governments
power to banish Filipinos Equality for all before the law.

A charter based on the Cuban Constitution was also drafted by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho. It was
signed on November 1, 1897. The Biak-na-Bato Constitution provided for the establishment of a Supreme
council that would serve as the highest governing body of the Republic. It also outlined certain basic
human rights, such as freedom of religion, freedom of the press, and the right to education. Emilio
Aguinaldo and Mariano Trias were elected Supreme Council president and vice president, respectively.

Pedro Paterno, a Spaniard born in the Philippines volunteered to act as negotiator between Aguinaldo and
Gov. Primo de Rivera in order to end the clashes. Paternos effort paid off when on, December 15, 1897,
the Pact he sign the Pact as the representative of the revolutionaries, and de Rivera as the representative
of the Spanish government. The Leaders are: Emilio Aguinaldo-President, Mariano Trias-Vice President,
Antonio Montenegro-Secretary, Baldomero Aguinaldo-Treasurer, and Emilio Riego de Dios.

On December 23, 1897, Generals Celestino Tejero and Ricardo Monet of the Spanish army arrived in Biak-
na-Bato and became hostages of the rebels. A ceasefire was declared by both camps and an agreement
between Aguinaldo and the Spanish forces was made -that the Spanish government will grant self-rule to
the Philippines in 3 years if Aguinaldo went to exile and surrender his arms. In exchange, Aguinaldo will
receive P800,000 (Mexican Pesos) as remuneration to the revolutionaries and an amnesty. After receiving
a partial payment of P400,000, Aguinaldo left for Hong Kong on December 27, 1897. Some Filipino
generals, however, did not believe in the sincerity of the Spaniards. They refused to surrender their arms.
Nevertheless, the Te Deum was still sung on January 23, 1898.
Biak-na-Bato Fails
The Filipinos and the Spaniards did not trust each other. As a result, periodic clashes between the two
groups still took place even after Aguinaldos departure from the country. The Spanish did not pay the
entire agreed amount.
HAPTER 18: The Campaign For Independence
The Wood-Forbes Mission
Fact-finding commission sent to the Philippines by newly elected U.S president Warren Harding in
March 1921, which concluded that Filipinos were not ready for independence from the United States.

In 1931, Woodrow Wilson had appointed the liberal Francis B. Harrison was convinced that the best
method of preparing Filipinos for independence was to give them as wide a latitude as possible in
managing their internal affairs. Passage of the Jones Act in 1916, which announced the U,.S intention
of granting Philippine independence, encouraged Harrison in his policy of replacing Americans in
the Philippines civil service with Filipinos.

The Wood-Forbes Mission

Republicans in the United States argued that Harrisons policy of Filipinization was premature and
that the takeover of jobs by Filipinos resulted only in a marked deterioration of services. To support
disposition, Harding sent out Gen. Leonard Wood and W. Cameron Forbes. The two reported in
Oct. 1921. That the islands were not preferred for independence and that many educated Filipinos
wish to remain under the American tutelage.

News of the Wood- Forbes report was received with anger in the Philippines. Wood, who served as a
governor general for the next 6 years, though an honest and efficient administrator, remained highly
unpopular with Filipinos.

Wood Becomes Governor

LEONARD WOOD

is a chief of staff of the United States Army. Military Governor of the Cuba and Governor General
of the Philippines.

He fought in Cuba during the Spanish-American war.

Leonard Wood

President Harding wanted General Wood to be the next governor-general of the Philippines. Wood
was reluctant to accept the position at first but was later persuaded to take on the task of governing
the country.

Leonard Wood antagonized Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmea, the two most powerful political
leaders.
 Manuel L. Quezon

President of the Senate Assembly

President of the Commonwealth

Sergio S. Osmea

Speaker of the First Philippine Assembly

1921- Collectives

Nationalista Party- Political leadership should be exercised collectively, that no one person should
dictate policies but instead all should participate in their formulation.

Unipersonalistas- leadership should be exercised by one person, not by group.

1922- election on the issue between Osmea and Quezon was clarified.

Quezon group (colectivistas) won more seats than Osmeas group.

1925

Democrata Party, Third Party was successfully challenge both colectivistas and unipersonalistas

The Cabinet Crisis

Jones Law- Strong opposition from the Filipino political leaders.

Wood deviated from Harrisons policy of giving Filipino greater participation in the government.

1923

Manuel L . Quezon became the most prominent political leader of the Filipinos who had a quarrel
with the governor (Wood)

American detective in Manila Police Department (by the name RAY CONLEY)- the cause of quarrel

Manila Mayor Ramon Fernandez- suspended Conley for allegedly accepting bribes and committing
acts of immorality.

Secretary of the Interior , Jose P. Laurel- approved the suspension. He wants Conley to be
investigated administratively as well as Wood wants Conley be brought to trail.
 Jose P. Laurel

Conley was found not guilty so Wood ordered Laurel to reinstate Conley in his position and pay him
back wages covering the period of his suspension.

Conley retired and got his retirement pay .

Quezon took advantage to Conley case so they attack Wood and branded him as anti- Filipino. They
accused Wood of interfering even the smallest detail of governance in order curtail the rights of
Filipinos.

Filipino members of the cabinet and that members of Council of state resigned.

Mass resignation- Cabinet Crisis

Other Conflicts with Wood

Board of Control Case
One of the causes of the conflicts between Wood and the Filipino Leaders.

Composed of the governor-general, the Senate President, and the Speaker of the House.

It manage the affairs of government corporations.

It is abolished by Wood

Veto Power

Another source of conflict between Wood and the Filipino political leaders.

Quezon and Osmea accused Wood of exercising his Veto power without any restriction.

Wood was accused as anti- Filipino and against the interest of the Filipino people.

1927

The conflict with Wood ended only with his death.

Independence Mission
1919- first parliamentary mission was sent to U.S during the administration of Woodrow Wilson.
Lead by Manuel Quezon

April 1922- second parliamentary mission was present on Washington lead by Osmena and Quezon.
Like the first mission, the second mission achieved nothing.
In the succeeding years, particularly in 1922-1928 and 1930, the Philippine independence missions
were a failure.

In 1930, an Independence Congress met in Manila and passed a resolution favoring the early grant of
Indepence to the Philippines.

The Osmea- Roxas Mission

It is called the Os-Rox Mission. It wasinstructed by the Legislature to work for the early grant of the
Philippine independence.They are the three American groups that were favorable to Philippine
Independence. They were the American Farm Group, American Labor leaders. And the isolationist.

Hare- Hawes Cutting Law

The HareHawesCutting Act was the first US law passed for the decolonization of the Philippines.
It was the result of the Os-Rox Mission led by Sergio Osmea and Manuel Roxas .

Become an cat that states that the end of a ten- year period, to be named as the Commonwealth
Period. Philippine independence will be granted.

When Quezon was informed about the passage of the Hare-Hawes- Cutting Law, he thought that it
was not a good law. He was therefore obliged to work against the approval by the Legislature.

He worked hard for the law to be rejected by the Philippine Legislature. Quezon reorganized the
Legislature so as to weed out the supporters of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law, who also happened to
be the suppoters of Osmea and Roxas.

Late in 1933, Quezon realized that the chances of having a better law passed were nil. Faced with
embarrassment, Quezon worked with Milliard Tydings and Representative John McDuffie to have
the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law reenacted with practically little change.
Tydings- McDuffie Act- signed by President Roosevelt on March 24, 1934 with one revision: the
retention of naval reservations and fueling stations instead of the retention of military and other
reservations.

Framing the Constitutions

The Tydings-McDuffie Act provided for the framing of a constitution for the Commonwealth
government.

July 10, 1934- election the constitutional convection.

July 30, 1934- the Constitutional Convection was inagurated with Claro M. Recto, as a scholar, lawyer,
poet, and parliamentarian, as president.

February 8, 1935 , the convection approved the Constitution.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt, after reading the Constitution and seeing that there were no
objectionable provisions included, approved it on March 23, 1935.
May 14, 1935 , the Filipino people approved the constitution in the plebiscite.
June 16, 1935 , an election was held. Quezon and Osmea ran in the sam ticket and won as the
president, respectively.
Nov. 15, 1935 , the Commonwealth was inagurated in front of the Legislative Building in Manila.

The Propaganda Movement

It was not a radical agitation to overthrow Spanish rule by a bloody revolution but instead
it was a peaceful campaign following these aims:

Equality of Filipinos and the Spaniards before the law

Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of Spain
Restoration of Philippine representation in the Cortes, the law making body of Spain
Filipinization of Philippine parishes
Individual liberties for the Filipinos, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press,
freedom to assembly and freedom of petition for action on all complaints
The Propaganda Movement
The members were from the middle class families representing the group of Filipino
Intelegencia.
Jose Rizal: the greatest novelist of the movement
He wrote his poetical masterpiece entitled Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell)
Noli Me Tangere (1887)
El Felibusterismo (1891)
La Solidaridad

The official organ/ magazine of the Propaganda Movement

Graciano Lopez Jaena served as the first editor
The first issue was published in Barcelona Spain on February 15, 1889

Aims of the La Solidaridad:

To work for political and social reforms peacefully
To present the sad conditions in the Philippines so that Spain can remedy them
To oppose the evil influences of reaction and outmoded beliefs and practices
To advocate liberal ideas and progress
To champion the just aspirations of the Filipinos to life, democracy and happiness
Pen Names of the Members

Marcelo H. Del Pilar- Plaridel

Jose Rizal- Laong Laan and Dimasalang

Mariano Ponce- Naning, Tikbalang or Kalipulako

Antonio Luna- Taga-ilog

Jose Ma. Panganiban- Jomapa

Dominador Gomez- Ramiro Franco

Hispano-Filipino
La Asociacion Hispano-Filipino

Established in January 12, 1889

A civic society in Madrid of the propagandists and their Spanish friends

Miguel Morayta was the first president

La Politica de Espaa en Felipinas

Organized to fight against the La Solidaridad

Jose Feced was the editor of this magazine

La Liga Filipina

Unus instar Omnium (One like All)

Founded by Jose Rizal

July 03, 1892 at Ilaya Street in Tondo

The constitution was written in Hong Kong with the help of Jose Ma. Basa
The Constitution states:

Union of the Philippine Archipelago into a compact, strong and homogeneous body.
Mutual protection of the members
Defense against all violence and injustice
Encouragement of education, agriculture and commerce
Study and application of reforms

The Arrest of Jose Rizal

July 7, 1892: Gen. Eulogio Despujol ordered Rizals arrest and imprisonment at Fort
Santiago
July 15: He was put into exile in Dapitan
This marked the fall of the La Liga Filipina
Some members, led by Apolinario Mabini, tried to revive the league but the failed
because many members, including Andres Bonifacio, believed that it was useless to
expect reforms from the corrupt Spaniards.

Filipino American War

1899-1902
Start
Filipino historian Teodoro Agoncillo writes of "American Apostasy", saying that it was the
Americans who first approached Aguinaldo in Hong Kong and Singapore to persuade him to
cooperate with Dewey in wresting power from the Spanish.

On December 21, 1898, President McKinley issued a Proclamation of Benevolent assimilation.

General Otis delayed its publication until January 4, 1899, then publishing an amended version
edited so as not to convey the meanings of the terms "sovereignty", "protection", and "right of
cessation" which were present in the unabridged version.

"My government cannot remain indifferent in view of such a violent and aggressive seizure of a
portion of its territory by a nation which arrogated to itself the title of champion of oppressed
nations. Thus it is that my government is disposed to open hostilities if the American troops
attempt to take forcible possession of the Visayan islands.

I denounce these acts before the world, in order that the conscience of mankind may
pronounce its infallible verdict as to who are true oppressors of nations and the tormentors of
mankind. In a revised proclamation issued the same day, Aguinaldo protested "most solemnly
against his intrusion of the United States Government on the sovereignty of these islands".

The initial American military strategy was to secure Manila from the rebels. Once this was
accomplished, American forces moved northwards, engaging in combat at the brigade and
battalion level in pursuit of the fleeing insurgent commanders.After the rebels shifted to guerilla
warfare tactics in November 1898, American military strategy shifted from a conventional footing
to a suppression footing.

Tactics were changed toward control of key areas with internment and segregation of the civilian
population in "zones of protection" from the guerrilla population. Due to unsanitary conditions,
many of the interned died from dysentery.

Support for American imperial actions in the Philippines was justified by those in the
U.S. government and media who supported the conflict through the use of moralistic
oration. Stuart Creighton Miller writes "Americans altruistically went to war with
Spain to liberate the Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and Filipinos from their tyrannical yoke.

If they lingered on too long in the Philippines, it was to protect the Filipinos from
European predators waiting in the wings for an American withdrawal and to tutor
them in American-style democracy."

Meanwhile, Otis claimed that Filipino insurgents tortured American prisoners in

fiendish fashion. During the closing months of 1899 Emilio Aguinaldo attempted to
counter General Otis's account by suggesting that neutral partiesforeign journalists
or representatives of the International Red Crossinspect his military operations.

Otis refused, but Emilio Aguinaldo managed to smuggle four reporterstwo English,
one Canadian, and one Japaneseinto the Philippines. The correspondents returned
to Manila to report that American captives were treated more like guests than
prisoners, were fed the best that the country affords, and everything is done to
gain their favor.

The story went on to say that American prisoners were offered commissions in the
Filipino army and that three had accepted. The four reporters were expelled from
the Philippines as soon as their stories were printed.

Estimates of the Filipino forces vary between 100,000 to 1,000,000, with tens of
thousands of auxiliaries. Lack of weapons and ammunition was a significant
impediment to the Filipinos, so most of the forces were only armed with bolo knives,
bows and arrows, spears and other primitive weapons that, in practice, proved
vastly inferior to U.S. firepower.

The Philippine Army continued suffering defeats from the better armed United
States Army during the conventional warfare phase, forcing Aguinaldo to continually
change his base of operations, which he did for nearly the length of the entire war.

On March 23, 1901 General Frederick Funston and his troops captured Aguinaldo in
Palanan, Isabela, with the help of some Filipinos (called the Macabebe Scouts after
their home locale) who had joined the Americans' side. The Americans pretended to
be captives of the Scouts, who were dressed in Philippine Army uniforms. Once
Funston and his "captors" entered Aguinaldo's camp, they immediately fell upon the
guards and quickly overwhelmed them and the weary Aguinaldo.

On April 1, 1901, at the Malacaan Palace in Manila, Aguinaldo swore an oath

accepting the authority of the United States over the Philippines and pledging his
allegiance to the American government. On April 19, he issued a Proclamation of
Formal Surrender to the United States, telling his followers to lay down their
weapons and give up the fight.

Let the stream of blood cease to flow; let there be an end to tears and
desolation, Aguinaldo said. The lesson which the war holds out and the
significance of which I realized only recently, leads me to the firm conviction that
the complete termination of hostilities and a lasting peace are not only desirable but
also absolutely essential for the well-being of the Philippines.

The capture of Aguinaldo dealt a severe blow to the Filipino cause, but not as much
as the Americans had hoped. General Miguel Malvar took over the leadership of the
Filipino government, or what remained of it. He originally had taken a defensive
stance against the Americans, but now launched all-out offensive against the
American-held towns in the Batangas region.General Vincente Lukbn in Samar, and
other army officers, continued the war in their respective areas

In response General J. Franklin Bell adopted tactics to counter Malvar's guerrilla

strategy. Forcing civilians to live in concentration camps, use of water cure
interrogation, and his scorched earth campaigns took a heavy toll on the Filipino
revolutionaries.

The Philippine Organic Act, approved on July 1, 1902, ratified McKinley's previous
executive order which established the Philippine Commission, and stipulated that a
legislature would be established composed of a popularly elected lower house, the
Philippine Assembly, and an upper house consisting of the Philippine Commission.
The act also provided for extending the United States Bill of Rights to Filipinos.

Moro Rebellion
The United States claimed the territories of the Philippines after the Spanish-
American War. The ethnic Moro Muslim population of the southern Philippines
resisted both Spanish and United States colonization. The Spaniards were restricted
to a handful of coastal garrisons or Forts and they made occasional punitive
expeditions into the vast interior regions.

Settler Insurrectionist forces in the southern Philippines were commanded by

General Capistrano, and American forces conducted an expedition against him in the
winter of 19001901. On March 27, 1901, Capistrano surrendered. A few days later,
General Emilio Aguinaldo surrendered in Luzon. This major victory in the war in the
 north allowed the Americans to devote more resources to the south, and they began
to push into the interior of Bangsamoro.

On August 31, 1901, Brig. Gen. George Whitefield Davis replaced Kobbe as the
commander of the Department of Mindanao-Jolo. Davis adopted a conciliatory policy
towards the Moros. American forces under his command had standing orders to buy
Moro produce when possible and to have "heralds of amity" precede all scouting
expeditions.

One of Davis' subordinates, Captain John J. Pershing, assigned to the American

garrison at Iligan, set out to better relations with the Moros of the Maranao tribes on
the northern shore of Lake Lanao. He successfully established friendly relations with
Amai-Manabilang, the retired Sultan of Madaya

Not all of Davis' subordinates were as diplomatic as Pershing. Many veterans of the
Indian Wars took the "only good Indian is a dead Indian" mentality with them to the
Philippines, and "civilize 'em with a Krag" became a similar catchphrase.[4][5]

American troops and stolen government property.

Three ambushes of American troops by Moros, one of which involved Juramentados,

occurred to the south of Lake Lanao, outside of Manabilang's sphere of influence.
These events prompted Maj. Gen. Adna R. Chaffee, the military governor of the
Philippines, to issue a declaration on April 13, 1902, demanding that the offending
Datu hand over the killers of American troops and stolen government property.

Not compliant, a punitive expedition under Col. Frank Baldwin set out to settle
matters with the south-shore Moros. Although an excellent officer, Baldwin was
"eager," and a worried Davis joined the expedition as an observer. On May 2, 1902,
Baldwin's expedition attacked a Moro Cotta at the Battle of Pandapatan, also known
as the Battle of Bayan.

Pandapatan's defenses were unexpectedly strong, leading to 18 American casualties

during the fighting. On the second day, the Americans used ladders and moat-
bridging tools to break through the Moro fortifications, and a general slaughter of
the Moro defenders followed.

By 1913, Pershing agreed that the Moro Province needed to transition to civil
government. This was prompted by the Moro's personalistic approach to
government, which was based on personal ties rather than a respect for an abstract
office. To the Moros, a change of administration meant not just a change in
leadership but a change in regime, and was a traumatic experience.

Rotation within the military meant that each military governor could serve only
for a limited time. Civil governors were needed in order to provide for a lengthy
 tenure in office. Until 1911, every district governor and secretary had been a military
officer. By November 1913, only one officer still held a civil office Pershing himself.
In December 1913, Pershing was replaced as governor of Moro Province by a
civilian, Frank Carpenter.

Atrocities
The Balangiga massacre[was an incident in 1901 in the town of the same name
during the PhilippineAmerican War.

There has been much heated discussion regarding the number of Filipino casualties,
for which there are no reliable documentary records. Gen. Jacob H. Smith, who
ordered the killing of every male over ten years old during the retaliatory campaign,
was subject to court-martial for "conduct to the prejudice of good order and military
discipline". Reprimanded but not formally punished, Smith was forced into
retirement from the service because of his conduct

In the summer of 1901 Brigadier General Robert P. Hughes, who commanded the
Department of the Visayas and was responsible for Samar, instigated an aggressive
policy of food deprivation and property destruction on the island.

On August 11, 1901, Company C of the 9th U.S. Infantry Regiment, arrived in
Balangigathe third largest town on the southern coast of Samar islandto close its
port and prevent supplies reaching Filipino forces in the interior.

Relations between the soldiers and the townspeople were amicable for the first
month of the American presence in the town; indeed it was marked by extensive
fraternization between the two parties. This took the form of tuba drinking among
the soldiers and male villagers, baseball games and arnis demonstrations.

Why was it tarnished??

Clean-up drive by the Americans

Valeriano Abanador, the town's police chief and Captain Eugenio Daza met to plan the attack on
the American unit.to address the issue of sufficient manpower to offset the Americans' advantage
in firepower, Abanador and Daza disguised the congregation of men as a work force aimed at
preparing the town for a local fiesta, which incidentally, also served to address Connell's
preparations for his superior's visit.

Abanador also brought in a group of "tax evaders" to bolster their numbers. Much
palm wine, locally called tuba, was brought in to ensure that the American soldiers
would be drunk the day after the fiesta. Hours before the attack, women and
children were sent away to safety. To mask the disappearance of the women from
the dawn service in the church, 34 men from Barrio Lawaan cross-dressed as
women worshippers.These "women", carrying small coffins.
 Between 6:20 and 6:45 in the morning of September 28, 1901, the villagers made
their move. Abanador, who had been supervising the prisoners' communal labor in
the town plaza, grabbed the rifle of Private Adolph Gamlin, one of the American
sentries, and stunned him with a blow to the head.

The men seemingly detained in the Sibley tents broke out and made their way to
the municipal hall. Simultaneously, the attackers hidden in the church broke through
to the convent and killed the officers there. An unarmed Company C soldier was
ignored, as was Captain Connell's Filipino houseboy.

Of the 74 men in Company C, 36 were killed in action, including all its commissioned
officers; Captain Thomas W. Connell, First Lieutenant Edward A. Bumpus and Major
Richard S. Griswold.Twenty-two were wounded in action and four were missing in
action. Eight died later of wounds received in combat; only four escaped unscathed.
The villagers captured about 100 rifles and 25,000 rounds of ammunition and
suffered 28 dead and 22 wounded.

The Battle of Tirad Pass (Filipino : Laban Sa Pasong Tirad), sometimes referred to
as the "Philippine Thermopylae ",was a battle in the Philippine-American
War fought on December 2, 1899, in northern Luzon in the Philippines, in which a
60-man Filipino rear guard commanded by Brigadier General Gregorio del Pilar
succumbed to around 300 Americans of the 33rd Infantry Regiment under
Major Peyton C. March , while delaying the American advance to ensure Emilio
Aguinaldo 's escape.