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2.3. Rastavljanje Na Faktore
2.3. Rastavljanje Na Faktore
Zadatak 32. Kub prirodnog broja pri dijeljenju s 9 daje ostatak 0, 1 ili 8. Dokazi!
Rjesenje. Razmotrimo sve mogucnosti za n : n = 3k , n = 3k + 1 , n = 3k + 2 .
n = 3k = n3 = 27k3 , sto je djeljivo s 9, a ostatak pri dijeljenju je 0.
n = 3k+1 = n3 = (3k+1)3 = 27k3 +27k2 +9k+1 = 9(3k3 +3k2 +k)+1 ,
sto pri dijeljenju s 9 daje ostatak 1.
Zadatak 33. Razlika kuba neparnog prirodnog broja i samog broja djeljiva je s 24. Dokazi!
Rjesenje. (2k1)3 (2k1) = (2k1)((2k1)2 1) = (2k1)(2k1+1)(2k11) =
2k (2k 1)(2k 2) . Od triju uzastopnih prirodnih brojeva jedan je sigurno
djeljiv s 3, dva su parna od kojih je jedan djeljiv sa 4.
Zadatak 34. Dokazi: zbroj kubova triju uzastopnih cijelih brojeva djeljiv je s 3.
Rjesenje. (n 1)3 + n3 + (n + 1)3 = n3 3n2 + 3n 1 + n3 + n3 + 3n2 + 3n + 1 =
3n3 + 6n = 3n(n2 + 2) .
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6) 27a2b4 c 36a3 b4 63a2 b3 c2 = 9a2 b3 3bc 9a2 b3 4ab 9a2 b3 7c2
= 9a2 b3 (3bc 4ab 7c2 ) .
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2 RJESENJA ZADATAKA
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Rjesenje. 1) (ab 1)(a + 2b) (1 ab)(2a + b) = (ab 1)(a + 2b) + (ab 1)(2a + b)
= (ab 1)(a + 2b + 2a + b) = (ab 1)(3a + 3b) = 3(ab 1)(a + b) ;
2) (2a 3)(b2 2) + (2a + 3)(2 b2) = (2a 3)(b2 2) (2a + 3)(b2 2)
= (b2 2)(2a 3 2a 3) = (b2 2)(6) = 6(b2 2) ;
3) (a2 ab)(4a 2b) (ab a2 )(2a 4b)
= (a2 ab)(4a 2b) + (a2 ab)(2a 4b) = (a2 ab)(4a 2b + 2a 4b)
= a(a b)(6a 6b) = 6a(a b)2 ;
4) (a b + 1)(2b + c) (a b + 1)(b + 2c) = (a b + 1)(2b + c b 2c)
= (a b + 1)(b c) = (b c)(a b + 1) ;
5) (1 + abc)(a + b + c) (1 +abc)(a bc) = (1 + abc)(a + b + c a+ b+c)
= (1 + abc)(2b + 2c) = 2(1 + abc)(b + c) ;
6) (3a + b 2c)(4a 6b) + (6a + 2b 4c)(3b 2a)
= (3a + b 2c) 2(2a 3b) + 2(3a + b 2c)(3b 2a)
= 2(3a + b 2c)(2a 3b + 3b 2a) = 0 ;
7) a(ab+1)+b(ab+1)a+b1 = a(ab+1)+b(ab+1)(ab+1)
= (a b + 1)(a + b 1) ;
8) a(a+b1)+b(a+b1)ab+1 = a(a+b1)+b(a+b1)(a+b1)
= (a + b 1)(a + b 1) = (a + b 1)2 .
Zadatak 9. 1) a2 (a + 1) 2a(a + 1) + a + 1 ;
2) (a 1)a2 + 2a(a 1) + a 1 ;
3) (a2 b2 )(a + b) 2(a2 b2 ) + a b ;
4) a2 (a2 1) + 2a(a2 1) + a2 1 ;
5) (xy)(xy+1)2 2(xy)(xy+1)+xy .
Rjesenje. 1) a2 (a + 1) 2a(a + 1) + a + 1 = (a + 1)(a2 2a + 1) = (a + 1)(a 1)2 ;
2) (a 1)a2 + 2a(a 1) + a 1 = (a 1)(a2 + 2a + 1) = (a 1)(a + 1)2 ;
3) (a2 b2 )(a + b) 2(a2 b2 ) + a b = (a + b)(a b)(a + b)
2(a + b)(a b) + (a b) = (a b)((a + b)2 2(a + b) + 1)
= (a b)(a + b + 1)2 ;
4) a2 (a2 1) + 2a(a2 1) + a2 1 = (a2 1)(a2 + 2a + 1)
= (a 1)(a + 1)(a + 1)2 = (a + 1)3 (a 1) ;
5) (x y)(x y + 1)2 2(x y)(x y + 1) + x y = (x y)((x y + 1)2
2(x y + 1) + 1) = (x y)(x y + 1 + 1)2 = (x y)(x y + 2) .
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2 RJESENJA ZADATAKA
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4) (3a 2)(2a 3)2 + 24a(3a 2) = (3a 2)[(2a 3) + 24a]
= (3a 2)[4a2 12a + 9 + 24a] = (3a 2)(4a2 + 12a + 9)
= (3a 2)(2a + 3)2 ;
5) a(a + 1) (a + 4)(a + 1)2 = (a + 1)[a (a + 4)(a + 1)]
= (a + 1)[a a2 a 4a 4] = (a + 1)(a2 4a 4)
= (a + 1)(a2 + 4a + 4) = (a + 1)(a + 2)2 .
Zadatak 15. 1) a2 (b 1) b2 (b 1) ; 2) x2 (x + y 1) x y + 1 ;
3) 4a2 (x 1) 4x + 4 ; 4) 9a2 (b2 1) 4b2 + 4 ;
5) a2 4b2 9b2 (a2 4b2 ) ; 6) a2 1 ab + b ;
7) x2 xy y 1 ; 8) a2 b2 a2 ab2 + a ;
9) a2 b a2 b2 + 1 ; 10) 4a2 b2 4a + 1 .
Rjesenje. 1) a2 (b 1) b2 (b 1) = (b 1)(a2 b2 ) = (a b)(a + b)(b 1) ;
2) x2 (x + y 1) x y + 1 = x2 (x + y 1) (x + y 1) = (x2 1)(x + y 1)
= (x 1)(x + 1)(x + y 1) ;
3) 4a2 (x 1) 4x + 4 = 4a2 (x 1) 4(x 1) = (4a2 4)(x 1)
= 4(a 1)(a + 1)(x 1) ;
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2 RJESENJA ZADATAKA
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4) (4x2 1)(4x2 + 1) 4x(4x2 1) = (2x 1)3 (2x + 1) ;
5) (x2 1)2 2x(x2 1) = (x 1)(x + 1)(x2 2x 1) ;
6) (x2 4)2 3x(x2 4) = (x 2)(x + 2)(x + 1)(x 4) ;
7) (a + 1)4 (a2 1)2 = 4a(a + 1)2 ;
8) (x2 2x)2 + 2(x2 2x) + 1 = (x2 2x + 1)2 = (x 1)4 .
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2 RJESENJA ZADATAKA
Zadatak 21. 1) x3 1 ; 2) x3 + 1 ; 3) x6 1 ; 4) x6 + 1 ;
5) x9 1 ; 6) x9 + 1 ; 7) x12 1 ; 8) x12 + 1 .
Rjesenje. 1) x3 1 = (x 1)(x2 + x + 1) ;
2) x3 + 1 = (x + 1)(x2 x + 1) ;
3) x6 1 = (x3 1)(x3 + 1) = (x 1)(x + 1)(x2 + x + 1)(x2 x + 1) ;
4) x6 + 1 = (x2 )3 + 1 = (x2 + 1)(x4 x2 + 1) ;
5) x9 1 = (x3 )3 1 = (x3 1)(x6 +x3 +1) = (x1)(x2 +x+1)(x6 +x3 +1) ;
6) x9 + 1 = (x3 + 1)(x6 x3 + 1) = (x + 1)(x2 x + 1)(x6 x3 + 1) ;
7) x12 1 = (x6 1)(x6 + 1) = (x3 + 1)(x3 1)(x2 + 1)(x4 x2 + 1)
= (x + 1)(x2 x + 1)(x 1)(x2 + x + 1)(x2 + 1)(x4 x2 + 1)
= (x 1)(x + 1)(x2 + 1)(x2 + x + 1)(x2 x + 1)(x4 x2 + 1) ;
8) x12 + 1 = (x4 )3 + 1 = (x4 + 1)(x8 x4 + 1) .
a2 4 a2 4 a2 4
Zadatak 1. 1) ; 2) ; 3) ;
2a 4 a2 2a 2a2 4a
4a2 9 4a2 6a 4a2 9
4) ; 5) ; 6) .
4a2 + 6a 4a2 9 6a 4a2
a2 4 (a 2)(a + 2) a+2
Rjesenje. 1) = = ;
2a 4 2(a 2) 2
a2 4 (a 2)(a + 2) a+2
2) 2 = = ;
a 2a a(a 2) a
a2 4 (a 2)(a + 2) a+2
3) = = ;
2a 4a
2 2a(a 2) 2a
4a2 9 (2a 3)(2a + 3) 2a 3
4) = = ;
4a + 6a
2 2a(2a + 3) 2a
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