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SPLN Ukr SR Gap 11D - 1978 PDF
SPLN Ukr SR Gap 11D - 1978 PDF
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S econd E di ti on 1960
R E K O M E N D A S I P E N G U K U R A NT E G A I U G A ND E N G A N
MENGGUNAKAN SELA BOLA (SATU BOLA DITATTAHI(ANI
IEC Publicationb2
Secondedition 1960
i RECOMMENDATIONS FORVOLTAGEMEASUREMENT BY
MfiANSOF SPHEREGAPS(ONESPHEREEARTHED}
riI:I(CIMENDI\SI
PENGUKURAN TEGANGANDENGANMENGGUNAKAN
SELA BOLA (SATUBOLA DTTANAHKAN)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
C opyri ght:
IN T ER N A T IO N A L E LE C TR OTE C H N IC A LC OMMIS S ION
Geneve,1960
lssuedby :
D E PA RTE ME NP E R TA MB A N GA N& E N E R GI
P E R U S A H A A NU M U M L I S T R I KN E G A R A
Jakarta, 1980
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CONTENTS
PaF
Fonnvono a a a a o a
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Pnmece v
Clausc
l. Scopeand Object L
2. Standard sphere-gap 1
2.1 Requirementsfor the spheres 1
2.2 Construction of the shanksof the spherw 2
2.3 Height of thc spheresabovethe horizontal earth planc . . 3
2.4 Clearanceround the spheres 3
2.5 Clearanccround the sphcres(table). 3
3. Comtection of the sphere-gap 4
3.1 Earthing 4
3.2 High-voltageconductor 4
3.3 Protectiveseriesresistancein the measurementof alternating and direct voltages. . . 4
lii -
l1D:80
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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
FOREWORD
t ) The formal decisionsor agreementsof the I.E.C. on technical matters, prepared by Technical Committoes on which aU thc
National Committees having a special interest therein are represented,express,as nearly as possible, an international
consensusof opinion on the sub.iects
dealt with.
z't They have the form of recommendations for international use and they are aoceptedby the National Committecs in that
sense.
3) In order to promote this international unification, the t.E.C. expressesthe wish that all National Committeeshaving as
yet no national rules, when preparing such rules, should use the I.E.C. recommendationsas the fundamental basisfor
theserules in so far as national conditionswill permit.
4 l The desirability is recognizedof extending international agreementon thesematters through an endeavourto harmonize
national standardizationrules with theserecommendationsin so far as national conditionswill permit. The National
Committccspledgetheir influcncetowardsthat end.
PREFACE
The work of revising the first edition of I.E.C. Publication 52, which was issuedin 1935, was com-
menced before the War, but was not resumed until 1954,when a draft prepared in 1939was discussedat
a meeting held in London of Sub-Committee 36-3: High Voltage Tests.
As a result of this meeting a new draft was circulated which was discussedin Paris in 1955. Work
was then taken over by the nervly-formed Technical Committee No. 42: High Voltage Testing Techniques,
and successivedrafts were discussedat Municti in 1956 and Stockholm in 1958. The Stockholm meeting
resulted in a final draft being submitted to the National Committee for approval under the Six Months'
Rule in December 1958.
The following National Committees voted explicitly in favour of publication:
Austria Norway
Belgium Poland
Canada Sweden
Czechoslovakia Switzerland
Denmark Turkey
Finland Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
France United Kingdom
Germany United Statesof America
Italy Yugoslavia
Netherlands
IlD:80 v
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c) direct voltages.
Thc pcak valucs of the disruptive voltagesin air for various spacings
betweenthe spheresare *,ven
in t wo ta b l c s .
Appendix A gives the limits of voltage and frequency'over which
the tables have been derived from
experimentsand can be presumedto be accuratewithin the tolerances
specifiedin Clause5.2.
2. S r n N o n R o S p rrc R e -c ,rp
General Shape
llD:80
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The measured values may differ from the above. When the feet of tbc spUocG rrc phcd in
various positions in thc region defined above, the difference between the rncasured vrhB of I rnd thc
value given in the formula shall norvhereexceed:
O.l% of the diameter (D) if this is lessthan or equal to 100cm
0.2% of the diameter (D) if this is -qreaterthan 100cm-
If a spherometer is not available. flat circular gauges may be used for an lgorimf cYaluation of
irregulariticsof the surface.
Nore:Thc rolerunceson sizcand shapeneedusualtyonly be checkedin the manncrdcrcficd lboG uh tbc-sphcrcs arc
by ftdinf futpbcs or irspaing them
examinations
firstsrrpplied.lr will normallybesufficientro makesubsequent
visually.
The surfacesof the spheresin the neighbourhoodof the sparkingpoina rh'll bc fr'sefrom aoy trace
of varnish,grease,or other protecrivecoating. They shall be cleanand dry but nccd not bc Polfobcd- If
the spheresbecomeexcessively roughenedor pitted in usethey shall be re-burnishcdor rcphcd
Nore:lf the relutive humidityof theair exceedsabout gO y",moisture may condreontbrft.d fu ciucmts
will then ceasc to be aqcurate.
When the spheresare arranged vertically, the shank of the high-voltagesPhcrshall be free from
sharp cdges or corners and the diameter of the shank shatl not excecd O-2D over a length D. This
rcquirementis matle in order to reducetheinfluene of the high-voltageshankonthedisruptivedischarge
voltage. If a stressdistributor is usedat the end of the shank its greatestdimension,perpendicularto the
axis of the spheres,shall not exceed0.5 D. Suchstressdistributon shall be at least2 D from the sparking
point of the high-voltagesphere
11D:80
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The earthedshank and the operatinggear have a smallereffectand their dimensionsarc therefore
t i f
lessimportant.
Figure I (paget /) givesthe limits of sizeof the componentsof a typical verticalsphere-gap.
The sphere-gapshould be used above a horizontal earth plane such as a conducting network in or
on the floor of the laboratory or a conducting surface on the support on which the sphere-gapis ptaced.
The lrcight A ol thc sparking point of the high-voltagesphereabove such an earth plane shall be within
the limits given in the table of Clause2.5. This requirementappliesboth to vertical and horizontal gaps.
If the sphere-gapis mounted with the earthed sphere nearestto the ceiling and if other surfacessuch
as walls and the floor are at a considerablygreater distance,then the ceiling may be regarded as the hori-
zontal plane, ftom which the distance,4 is measureddownwards.
The distance from the sparking point of the high-voltage sphere to any extraneousobjects (such as
walls, ceilings,transformer tanks, bushings,impulse generators,etc.), and also to the supporting frame-
work fcrr the spheresit this is made of conducting material, shall not be less than the value of 3 in the
table of Clause 2.5. Except as permitted below, B should not be less than 2 D, regardlessof the value
of S.
Supporting frameworks for the spheresmade of insulating material are exempt from this stipulation
provided that they are clean arrd dry and that the spheresare used for the measurementof alternating or
impulse voltagesonly. The distance B betweenthe sparking point of the high-voltagesphere and the
framework may then.be lessthan is prescribedin the table of Clause2.5, but it must not be below 1.6 D.
M i n i m u m l t v t a x i m u m l M i n i m u m
value of I value of I value of
up to 6.25 9 D 14s
l0-15 8 D 12s
25 7.D l0.s
50 6 D 8^S
75 6 D E S
100 5 D 7S
150 4 D 6,S
200 4 D 6S
Note l. Thc requirements in the above"table relate to approved sphere-gapswithin the meaning of these recommendations.
Sometimes,however, the test conditions render it impossible to make the values of I and .B comply with the
minimum requirementsof the table.
Such sphere-gapsmay also be regarded as approved if it can be demonstrated during systematic tests in the actual
testing plant and under the actual test conditions that the disruptive voltagesdo not significantly deviate from
those in these recommendations.
ll-D: 80
_ 4
3.1 Earthing
One sphere shall preferably be connected directly to earth, but may be con6cd through a resistor
very low
for special purposes. In the interestsof personal safety. however, such resistors rhould be of
va l u e s .
The high-voltage conductor, including any series resistor not in the shank itlclf' shall bc connected
to a point on the shank ar least 2 D away from the sparking point of the higtr-voitag spbcrc-
Within the region where the distance to the sparking point of the high-r'olup sphcre is less than B,
the live conductor (inctuding the seriesresistorif any) must not passthrough thc plarr normal to the axis
of the sphere-gapancl situated at a distance 2 D from the sparking point of thc lugn-toltage sphere; see
Figures I and 2 where the plane is shown.
3.3 Protective series resistancein the measurementof alternating and direct voltrgcs
precautions should be taken to minimize pitting of the spheresand to prewnt superimposcd oscilla-
tions which may cause erratic disruptive discharges. For this purpose a rEsistaoceof l0 ffi ohms to
one megohm should be inserted in serieswith the sphere-gap. This range of resisance t'air-rcsapplies
to measurementsof direct voltages and of alternating voltages at power frequencies. For alternating
voltages of higher frequencies,where the effect of the voltage drop in the resistanceduc to the charging
current of the gap may become appreciable,this resistanceshould be suitably reduccd-
The resistor is to be placed as near as possible to the gap, usually in series with the high-vottage
sphere. It should not be placed in the common connection from the voltage source to the sphere-gapand
to the test object.
When brush discharges are present in the test circuit, series resistanceis specially important in order
to reduce the effect of the'consequent transient over-voltage on the operation of the sphere-gap. When
these discharges are not present either in the test circuit or in the test specimen, the resistance may be
reduced to a value fixed by the permissible burning of the spheresby disruptive discharges.
llD: 80
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3.4 Protcctiveseriesresistancein the measurement
of impulsevoltages
4.1 lrradiation
The disruptive dischargevoltage of a sphere-gapis affectedby the ionization in the gap betweenthe
spheres at the moment of application of the voltage.
The values given in the tables apply to measurementsmade without irradiation, apart frorn any
random ionization already present,except in
a) the measurementof voltagesbelow 50 kV peak, whatever the spherediameter;
D) the measurementof voltageswith spheresof 12.5cm diameter and less,whatever the voltage.
The irradiation may be obtained by a capsule containing radio-active material having an activity
of not less tltan 0.2 millicurie and preferably of about 0.6 millicurie insertedin the high-voltagesphere
near the sparking point. Another method is the irradiation of the gap by a quartz tube mercury-vapour
lamp having a minimum rating of 35 rvattsand a current of at leastone ampere. The lamp should be placed
at about the distancc B given in the table of Clause2.5 and the light should fall on the sparking points of
the sphcres.
In the measurementof impulse voltages,the irradiation provided by the dischargein the gaps of the
impulse generaror has also been found satisfactory.
The procedure usually consists in establishing a relation between a high voltage, as measured by the
sphere-gap, and the indication of a voltmeter, an oscillograph or other device counected in the control
circuit of the equipment.
Unlessthe contrary can be shown, this relation ceasesto be valid if the circuit is altered in any
respect'otherthan a slight changeof the spacingof the spheres. The voltagemeasuredby the sphere-gap
is derivedfrom the spacing.
llD: 80
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bc msarurcd,er followr:
The procedurein cstablishingthe rclation varieswith ths type of voltagnt'o
of clireccand alternatingvoltages
4,2,1 Measuremenc
dischargCduring
The voltageshalt bc appliedwith an amplitudelow enoughnot to caulc disruptive
indicator to bo read
the switchingtransientand it is then raised sufficientlyslowly for ths low-voltage
accuratelyat thc instantof disruptivedischargeof the gap,
thc rphcrcr
Alternatively,a constantvoltagemay be appliedacrosrthc gaPand thc rpacingbctwcco
rlowly reduccduntil disruptivedischargeoccurs'
dirchargrr mey
If thereis dust or fibrous material in the air, numcrour low aod erratb dirruptive
to carry out a lgrge
occur, especiallywhen direct voltagesare being measured,and it may bc occcssary
numberof testsbeforeconsistentresultscan be obtained.
The final measurement should be the meanof threc suocessive rcading ejSoeiq vithi! 3 %
ln order to obtain the 50/" disruptivedischargevoltageof a sphere-gaP, thc sPEcintof thc gEP,of
shall be adjustedin stePscorresponding to not morethan
the chargingvottageof the impulsegenerator,
shatl be madeat each'
2"/" of the expectcddisruptivedischargevalue. Six applicationsof the impulsc
stcp. The intervalberween applicationsshall not be lessthan 5 seconds.Thc ralw grving507i probability
t\ro gaP or voltage
of disruptive dischargeis preferably obtained by interpolationbetweenat lcast
or less,and the other in iour disrupuve discharges
settings,one resultingin two disruptive'discharges
or drore.
obtained
Another;lessaccurate,methodis to adjustthe settingsuntil 4 to 6 disruptivedirharges are
applications.
in a seriesof l0 successive
5. DtscHARcEvoLTAGES
SpHene-cAPDISRUPTIvE
The disruptive discharge voltages for various spacings between the spheres are giran in Tables
and II.
Table I gives disruptive voltages (s}%values in impulse tests) in kilovolts peak for:
alternatingvoltages
direct voltagesof both polarities
full negativestandard impulsesas defined in I.E.C. Pubtication 60 and negative impulses
with longer tails,
This table is not valid for the measurementof impulsesbelow about 10 kv.
Table II gives50% disruptivedischargevoltagesin kilovolts peak for full positivestandardimpulses
as definedaboveand positiveimpulseswith longer tails.
bc pre'
Note I. Appcndix A gives the range of voltages over which the tables have becn derived from experiment aod can
sumed to be accuratewithin the limits given in Clause 5.2-
longer
Note 2. The tables r,ray also be used without appreciable additional error for the measurcment of impulses haviag
than the standard front times.
llD: 80
7
For spacings up to 0.5 D the tables arc considered to be accurate within * 3%. Values in the tables
For spacings between 0.5 D and 0.75 D are rcgarded as of doubtful accuracy and for that reason are put in
br ac k e ts .
Note:As it may bc difficult to measureand adjustthe gapwith sufficientaccuracyif the ratio of spacingto diamcteris very
small,it is recommended that the spacingshouldnot be lessthan0.05D.
The measurement of direct voltages is generally subject to larger errors than that of alternating or
impulse voltages. Such errors are usually causedby dust or fibres in the air. There is also a tendencyfor
abnormally low disruptive dischargevalues to be obtained if the voltage is maintained for a long time.
Nore:As it may be difficultto measureand adjustthe gapwith sufficientaccuracyif the ratio of spacingto dianleteris very
small,it is recornmended thatthespacingshouldnot belessthan0.05D.
llD:80
8 -
factor (table)
5,3,3Alr densitycorrection
RclativcEir Conution
dcnrity d fas"tor&
0.70 0.72
0.75 0,77
0.80 0.t2
0.85 0.E5
0.90 0.91
0.9t 0.95
1.00 t.00
1.05 1.05
Ll0 1.09
l.t5 Ll3
5.3.4 HumiditY
See Clause 2.1.2 for a note on the danger from condensationof, ufurr c & nrfrca of the
sphcres.
lLD:80
- 9
APPENDD( A
Tables I and II are partly derived from experiments reported in the referenceslisted below. There
is no experimental proof of their accuracy at voltageshigher than the values given in the list.
Note l. This refercncecontains a summary of the calibrations with damped and undamped high-frequency voltagesmade over
a rangpof voltagcsand freqrrcnciesup to 1939. The other referencesin the list give the details of most of theseindi-
vidual calibrarions.
Note2. From rhe information in thc references,whbh is incomplete and sometimesconflicting, it appean that Table I
can be used without scrious error for the measurenrentof undamped alternating voltages at frequenciesup to
20 kHz(kc/s), but only up to about l5 kV peak. At higher frequenciesthis voltage is reduced.
The referencesalso show that Table I can be used for the measurementof damped alternating voltagesat frequencies
up to 500 kHz(kc/s), but again with the rcstriction that the voltage should not exceedl5 kV peak.
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APPENDD( B
At the meeting of Technical Committee No. 42 in Munich in 1956,it was agreedthat ncw tables
should be preparedwhich could bc acceptedinternationally.
Apart from ccrtain exceptionswhich are noted below, the disruptive dischargevoltagesin ttre new
tableswere to be the mean of:
l) the valueswhich wereacceptedby the LE.C. in July 1939;
2) thc valuesin A.S.A. StandardC 68.1 (1953)(after adjustmentfor temperature).
The calculation of the rnean resulted in a few anomalies; in particular the disruptive discharge
voltagesof small gapsvaried rather irregularlyas the spherediameterwas increased.
Theseanomalieshave beenremovedas far as was possiblewithout introducingother anomalies.
3) The I.E.C. data of 1939for voltagesabove I 400 kV are regardedas beinglessreliablethan the
most recently measuredvaluesin the U.S.A. and theselatter havethereforebeenadopted(see
A.S.A. C 68.1,1953and Transactions A.I.E.E.,vol.7l (1952),Part III, page455).
1LD:80
. 1 3-
TABLE I
0.05 2.8
0.t0 4.7
0.t5 6.4
0.20 8.0 8.0
0.25 9.6 9 .6
0.30 tt.2 n.2
0.40 14.4 14.3 14.2
0.50 t7.4 t7.4 t7 .2 16.8 t6.8 16.8
0.60 20.4 20.4 20.2 19.9 r9.9 19.9
0.70 )1 ') 23.4 ?7) 23-0 23.O 23.O
0.80 2 5 .8 26.3 26.2 26.0 26.0 26.O
0.90 28.3 29.2 29.1 28.9 28.9 28.9
1.0 30.7 32.0 3t.9 31.7 3r.7
1.2 (35.I )
3t.7 3r.7
37.6 37.5 37.4 37.4 37.4
1.4 (38.5) 37.4
42.9 42.9 42.9 42.9 42.9 42.9
1.5 (40.0) 45.5 45.5 45.5 45.5 45.5 45.5
t.6 48.1 48.1 48.1 48.l 48.I 48.1
t.8 53.0 53.5 53.5 53.5 53.5 53.5
2.O 57.5 58.5 59.0 59.0
7 )
59.0 59.0 59.0 59.0
61.5 63.0 &.5 64.s &.5 64.5 64.s 64.5
2.4 65.5 67.5 69.5 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0
2.6 (6e.0) 72.0 74.5 75.0 75.5 75.5 75.5 7s.5
2.8 (72.5) 76.0 79.5 80.0 80.5 81.0 81.0 8r.0
3. 0 (75.5) 79.5 84.0 85.0 85.5 86.0 86.0 86.0 86.0
3. 5 (82.5) .(87.s) 95.0 97.0 98.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0
4.4 (88.5) (e5.0) 105 108 110 rt2 rt2 tt2 n2
4.5 (r0l) ll5 ll9 r22 t25 t25 t25 125
5.0 (l07) 123 129 133 137 138 138 r38
5. 5 (r3l) 138
138
t43 t49 l5l r5l t5t
6.0 (r38) r46
l5l
t52 l6l t& t& 164 164
TABLE | (continued)
Sphcrc
gap
spacing
65 (l 160) 1340, l 4 t 0
70 (r 2m) t 390 I 480
75 (l 230) I 440 I 540
EO (1,190) t 6 m
85 (l 54O) I 560
90 (r 5s)) tTza
100 (l 660) l8/d)
uo (r 73O) (l em)
120 (r Em) (?o2o)
130 (2 l0o)
llm (2 l80)
150 (2 250)
lID: 80
.15-
TABLE tr
Peakvaluesof disruptivedischerge
rortagesin kilovorts(50% varues)
0.05
0.t0
0 .t 5
0.20
0.25
TABLE A (continued)
90 (r 630) I 820
t00 (l 720) I 930
It0 (r 79O) (2 030)
120 (l 860) Qr2O).
130 Q20a)
Q280)
(2 350)
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l. Supportisolant. l. Insulatingsupport.
2. Tige support de la sphAre. 2. Sphereshank.
3. Mdcanismede mancuvre avecdimensionsmaximales. 3. Operatinggear,showing maximum dimensions.
4. Connexioni haute tensionavec resistanceen serie. 4. High-voltage connection with series resistor.
5. Electrodede rdpartirion de champ, avec dimensions 5. Stressdistributor, showing maximum dimensions.
maxirnales.
P. Point d'etincellede la sphdrehaute tension- P. Sparking point of high-voltagesphere.
A. Hauteur de P au-deSsus du plan de terre. A. Height of P above earth plane.
B. Rayon de I'espacequi doit tre ddgagede tout objet B. Radius of space free from external structtrrcs.
itranger.
X. Plan que les organesdu repere 4 ne doivent pas tra- X. Item 4 not to passthrough this plane within a distane
verserA moins d'une distanceB de P. .B from P.
Note: La figure est dessihci l'chelle pour un dclateur Note: The figure is drawn to scalc for a lfl) cnr spherc-
i sph0resde 100cm et un dcarternentgal au rayon. gap at radius spacing.
lID: 80
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Note: [,a figurc est dessineei I'dchelle pour un eclateur Note: The figurc is drawn to scale for a 25 crn sphcrc
i sphdres de 25 cm et un &artement 6gal au rayon. gap at radius spacing.
LlD: 80