99

Other Technical Details

1. Origin of the Proposal: (Maximum 1 page)
(Scientific rationale for doing this work should be elaborated)

To prepare nanofluids and evaluate for the stability in terms of kinetic stability,
The Compact Heat Exchangers (CHEs) are characterized by a small volume and
high rate of energy exchange between two fluid streams. This high rate of heat
exchange is made possible by employing intricate flow passages with large heat
transfer areas. Accurate experimental and numerical investigations are becomes
necessary for determining the thermo-hydraulic performance of such devices. The
necessity of increased heat transfer surface area has resulted in the development
of compact heat exchangers, which are widely used in aerospace industries. The
improvements in the performance of the heat exchangers have attracted many
researchers for a long time as they are of great technical, economical and not the
least, ecological importance. Compact heat exchangers are characterized by a large
heat transfer surface area per unit volume of the exchanger. The compact heat
exchangers can be of gas to gas, gas to liquid or liquid to liquid. They are used in
cryogenics, electronics, energy recovery and aerospace industry. The most common
compact heat exchangers are having different types of plate fins. The most
common fin configurations are - (1) plain (straight and uninterrupted) rectangular,
triangular or trapezoidal fins (2) uninterrupted wavy fins and (3) interrupted fins
such as offset strip, louver and perforated fins. The interrupted surfaces provide
greater heat transfer at the cost of higher flow impedance. Advancement in the
electronics industry led to the development of microscale heat transfer devices
which offered high heat transfer coefficient in a compact size. Nevertheless, the
heat transfer characteristics were limited by the heat transfer fluids that were
used. The heat transfer and flow friction characteristics of plate fin surfaces are
generally presented in terms of the Colburn factor j and the fanning friction factor
f versus Reynolds number Re, the relationships being different for different
surfaces. Many manufacturers especially aerospace applications promise excellent
performance for great varieties of geometries and these data is not available in
open literature for both single-phase and two-phase flows.

The recent development of nanotechnology led to the concept of using suspended

nanoparticles in heat transfer fluids to improve the heat transfer coefficient of the
base fluids. The amount of research done in this particular field is fairly new and
limited. Most studies done on microchannel devices and nanofluids recently have
reported enhanced heat transfer capabilities and results that challenge traditional
theories and limitations on heat transfer devices and fluids.Up to now in aircraft
industry, bleed air tapped from engine and is used for air cycle air-conditioning
systems. The air from engine compressor is too much compressed and heated: the
excess of energy is thrown away in the first heat exchanger called pre-cooler. The
amount of waste energy can reach >50%. Conventionally engine bleed air driven,
this system is now being reconsidered to reduce the impact of its operation on the
specific fuel consumption of the engines. Hence, all electric Environmental Control
Systems (ECS) are being developed with vapour cycle systems as human friendly
refrigerants are available now. The right amount of air is extracted according to the
flight phases and ECS requirements. The implementation of electric compressor
creates less pressure and then less wastage. Therefore the compact heat
exchangers are being subjected to various fluids such as refrigerants like R134a
and liquids like water, R25, Water or Ethylene-Glycol (EG) mixtures in aerospace
industry. There fore increase in usage of Compact heat exchangers in various
applications in thermal fluid systems including aircraft thermal fluid systems
exponentially. Radiators for engine cooling systems, evaporators and condensers
for HVAC systems, oil coolers and inter coolers are typical examples that can be
found in ground vehicles. Recent development of nanotechnology brings out a new
heat transfer coolant called 'nanofluids'. These fluids exhibit larger thermal
properties than conventional coolants (water, ethylene glycol, engine oil etc.) due to
the presence of suspended nanosized particles in them such as Al2O3, Cu, CuO,
TiO2 etc. Since the experimental technique is expensive, the numerical/analytical
methods have been widely used to measure the thermal performance of CHEs. In
this research project, a numerical analysis is proposed to estimate the increase of j
and f factors by using different types of nanofluids as coolant on different types of
compact heat exchanger fins. The three-dimensional (3D) governing equations for
both liquid flow and heat transfer can be solved using a standard finite volume
method (FVM) for the range of Reynolds number by employing suitable standard -
turbulence model with wall function. The computational model can be used to
study the variations of shear stress, skin friction, and convective heat transfer
coefficient. The pressure drop penalties can be estimated for nanofluids on various
types of compact fins. Hence, the usage of nanofluids in CHEs transfers more
energy in a cost-effective manner than using conventional coolants.

2. Review of status of Research and Development in the subject

2.1 International Status: (Maximum 2 pages)
2.1 International Status: (Maximum 2 pages)
(Researchers working in the area worldwide and their contributions must be properly
highlighted with recent references and reviews. A correct and faithful description of the
international research status must be given)
Literature Review:
Gunnasegaran et al [1] presented numerical simulations on nanofluid flow and
heat transfer characteristics in a CHE and observed the impacts of using different
types of nanoparticles on both hydraulic and thermal of CHEs. Using a single-
phase fluid assumption, they computed results for the average heat transfer
coefficient for the air Reynolds number in the range of 40006000. They made the
following conclusions :(i) the heat transfer coefficient for diamond nanofluid is
9.1% higher than that of the base fluid in the thermally developing region, (ii)
thermal performance of a CHE using nanofluid or EG coolant alone is increased
with air and coolant Reynolds number, (iii) the fanning skin friction coefficient for
SiO2 nanofluid is 1.13 times that of the base fluid in the hydro dynamically
developing region at an inlet velocity of 6.2m/s, (iv) additional 18% pumping power
is needed for a CHE using SiO2 nanofluid at coolant Reynolds number of 7000
compared to a base fluid.

Recently, Gupta et al [2] describes an overview of Nanofluids: A new media

towards green environment where in they concluded that nanofluids are
important because they can be considered as a potential candidate for numerous
applications involving heat transfer and their use will continue to grow. It was also
found that the use of nanofluids appears promising, but the development of the
field faces several challenges such as problems of nanoparticle aggregation,
settling, and erosion all need to be examined in detail in the applications. It was
also suggested that further research still has to be done on the synthesis and
applications of nanofluids so that they may be applied as more efficient and
compact heat transfer systems, maintaining cleaner and healthier environment
and unique applications.

M. Chandra Sekhara Reddy and Veeredhi Vasudeva Rao [3] have studied
experimentally Heat transfer coefficient and friction factor of TiO2 nanofluid
flowing in a double pipe heat exchanger with and without helical coil inserts.
They conducted experiments in the range of Reynolds number from 4000 to
15,000 and in the volume concentration range from 0.0004% to 0.02%. They
found heat transfer coefficient and friction factor was enhanced by 10.73%
and 8.73% for 0.02% volume concentration of nanofluid when compared to
base fluid flowing in a tube. Heat transfer coefficient and friction factor further
get enhanced by 13.85% and 10.69% respectively for 0.02% nanofluid when
compared to base fluid flowing in a tube with helical coil insert of P/d = 2.5.
Based on the experimental data, generalized correlations were proposed for
Nusselt number and friction factor.
Syam Sundar Manoj and Singh, [4] compiled a comprehensive literature on the
correlations developed for heat transfer and friction factor for different kinds of
nanofluids flowing in a plain tube under laminar to turbulent flow conditions.
This review was also extended to the correlations developed for the estimation of
heat transfer coefficient and friction factor of nanofluid in a plain tube with
inserts under laminar to turbulent flow conditions.
 Chandra Sekhara Reddy and Vasudeva Rao, [5] have presented experimental
studies on thermal conductivity of blends of ethylene glycol-water-based TiO2
nanofluids. A set of three nanofluids such as (1) water, (2) ethylene glycol plus
water in the ratio of 40%:60% and 3) ethylene glycol plus water in the ratio of
50%:50% by weight of different blends were prepared and were characterized for
thermal conductivity as a function of temperature and volume concentration of
nanoparticles. Based on the experimental results, it was observed that the
thermal conductivity of TiO2 nanofluids, considered in the present
investigation, increases with increase in percentage of volume concentration of
TiO2 and also with temperature.
R. V. Ramaraju, et al. [6] studied the enhancement heat transfer coefficient in
an automobile radiator using multi walled carbon nano tubes(MWCNTS) and
they observed that there is enhancement of heat transfer up to 30% when
carbon nano-tubes used as coolant medium.
H.A. Mohammed et al [7] presented a review of heat transfer and fluid flow
characteristics in microchannels heat exchanger using nanofluids. Several
important aspects of microchannel heat exchangers that affect the performance
such as channel geometry, fluid inlet and outlet arrangement, type of
construction were discussed. Apart from that, a comprehensive review on the
work done regarding to heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in
microchannels heat exchanger using conventional fluids as well as nanofluids
was also described.

2.2 National Status: (Maximum 1 page)

(Same as above to cover the contribution of Indian Scientists in the project area)

Alignment to National Strategies

Any improvement in the effectiveness of the compact heat exchangers would
directly results in conserving the available and limited energy resources. This is
possible only through the enhancement of heat exchange process between the two
different media in a heat exchanger. The objective of the present work is expected
to address the energy crises in a significant manner. As it is proposed to use nano
thermo fluids with greater thermal conductivity in comparison to conventional
fluids, the size of the heat exchangers in a process industry will be significantly
scaled down. Indirectly, this leads to reduction in material consumption to
construct the heat exchangers. This size effects will also lead to reduction in the
pressure drop across the heat exchanger and ultimately leads to reduction in
pumping power and energy consumed by pumping devices. The theme of the
project is centered around one of the thrust areas in the energy sector which is
also one of the priorities in the national agenda.
 2.3 Importance of the proposed project in the context of current status (Maximum 1
page)
(Highlight what is the new area or gap which will be solved in the project in relating to
what is already known. This is a very important section to project the novelty content of
the proposal)

Scope of the present work

The following are some of the points identified through a critical review of the
literature.

a) There are various encryption and decryption algorithms for securing data.
For e-banking transactions text passwords, alpha- numeric passwords are
not secure.

b) In this paper, I prefer graphical passwords for authentication purpose.

c) Moreover, I prefer PSOANN algorithm for identifying fraud credit card

transactions.

d) It uses Apache Spark for big data analytics.

Potential impact
Estimation of effective thermal and thermo physical properties of a given
combination of fluids and nano particles mixture is an important consideration for
evaluation of performance of compact heat exchangers. For example fluid
viscosity, density, thermal conductivity and sensitivity of these properties as a
function of temperature in the range of operation play an important role. Therefore,
knowledge of these properties is essential before making an attempt to take
advantage of nanofluids in heat exchangers.

The research is aimed to produce compact heat exchanger with High convective
heat transfer coefficient with minimum size using nanofluids. Such benefits
includes the improvement in the performance of heat exchangers and radiators of
automobiles and fuel economy in vehicles.

The outcome will place South Africa's manufacturing industries as one of the front
runner in the world. New type compact heat exchanger with selected nanofluids
will increased the number of industries and economic investments within the
South African manufacturing industry.

2.4 If the project is location specific, basis for selection of location be highlighted:
(Maximum 1/2 page)
 3. Work Plan:
3.1 Methodology: (Maximum of 5 pages)
To begin with, nanofluids are to be prepared with available nanoparticles and base
fluids with varying proportions and combinations. In the present context, stability
means that there should not be any change in the desired properties of nanofluids
when they are subjected to a variety of test conditions. In the present work, it is
proposed to establish the stability of nanofluids by subjecting these fluids several
times to a set of in service conditions. Characterization of the nanofluids before
and after subjecting them to rigorous test conditions will establish the stability of
these nanofluids in terms of percentage of degradation in the desired properties.
These studies can also be carried out in terms of stability as a function of time.
After gaining enough confidence with regard to stability of nanofluids, they will be
tested as heat transfer fluids in heat exchangers.

In the present work, it is proposed use compact heat exchanger with selected
nanofluids as working fluid. Experiments will be done to investigate the change in
convective heat transfer coefficient and transport properties such as specific heat,
viscosity of the nanofluids which have a major influence on the thermal
conductivity of convective fluids. The experimental set up would consist of two flow
loops, heating unit to heat the nanofluid and temperature measuring system,
pressure and flow measuring devices and a data acquisition system.

Enhancement of overall heat transfer coefficient with respect to volume fractions

and temperatures of the nanofluids can help to investigate the effect of
nanoparticles on overall heat transfer coefficient and finally effectiveness of heat
exchangers.
 3.2 Time Schedule of activities giving milestones through BAR diagram. (Maximum 1
page)
Time & activity chart Duration of the Project: 24 months ( 2 Years)

Month
Sl.No Activities 4- 11- 20- 23-
1 2 3 7-10 14-16 17-19
6 13 22 24
Concepts &
1.
Literat.Rev
2. Feasibility study
Expt Design &
3.

4. Fabrication

5.
Proof of concept
6. Expt studies
7. Testing &analysis
8. Training
9. Documentation
- Milestones

3.3 Suggested Plan of action for utilization of research outcome expected from the
project. (Maximum page)

Prototype will be implemented for proof of concept

Extensive Experiments will be conducted for nanofluid to verify the new method
Will be fabricated for real time applications.

3.4 Environmental impact assessment and risk analysis. (Maximum page)

4. Expertise:
4.1 Expertise available with the investigator in executing the
project: ( Maximum 1 page)
Tested nano fluid for cooling & structures
Experimental studies made on nanofluids properties.
 4.2 Key publications published by the Investigator pertaining to
the theme of the proposal during the last 5 years
Guiding Projects in Nano fluids for UG & PG students
Presented in Several National & Intl Conferences in Nano fluids

4.3 Bibliography

P. Gunnasegaran, N. H. Shuaib, M. F. Abdul Jalal, and E. Sandhita, Numerical Study

of Fluid Dynamic and Heat Transfer in a Compact Heat Exchanger Using Nanofluids,
International scholarly Research notices, ISRN Mechanical Engineering,Volume 2012
(2012), Article ID 585496
Gupta H.K, Agrawal G.D, Mathur J, An overview of Nanofluids: A new media towards
green environment, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Volume 3, No 1, 2012.
M. Chandra Sekhara Reddy and Veeredhi Vasudeva Rao Experimental investigation of
heat transfer coefficient and friction factor of ethylene glycol water based TiO2
nanofluid in double pipe heat exchanger with and without helical coil inserts
International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer , 50, 2014, pp 68-76.
L. Syam Sundar,, Manoj K. Singh, Convective heat transfer and friction factor
correlations of nanofluid in a tube and with inserts: A review, Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews Volume 20, April 2013, pp 2335.
M. Chandra Sekhara Reddy, V. Vasudeva Rao, Experimental studies on thermal
conductivity of blends of ethylene glycol-water-based TiO2 nanofluids International
Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer Volume 46, August 2013, pp 3136.
R. V. Ramaraju, M. Kota, H.B. Manap, Chandra Sekhara Reddy, V. Vasudeva Rao,
Enhancement heat transfer coefficient in an automobile radiator using multi walled
carbon nano tubes(MWCNTS), proceedings of ASME 2014 international Mechanical
Engineering congress and exposition, IMECE2014, Nov. 14-20, 2014, Canada.

H.A. Mohammed, G. Bhaskaran, N.H. Shuaib, R. Saidur, Heat transfer and fluid
flow characteristics in microchannels heat exchanger using nanofluids: A review,
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 15, Issue 3, April 2011, Pages
15021512dispersion stability and chemical stability

5. List of Projects submitted/implemented by the Investigator: NIL

 6. List of facilities being extended by parent
institution for the project implementation.

6.1 Infrastructural Facilities

Sr. No. Infrastructural Facility Yes/No/ Not required Full
or sharing basis
1. Workshop Facility Yes
Yes

2. Water & Electricity Yes

3. Laboratory Space/ Furniture Yes
4. Power Generator Yes
5. AC Room or AC Yes
6. Telecommunication including e-mail & fax Yes
7. Transportation Yes
8. Administrative/ Secretarial support Yes
9. Information facilities like Internet/Library Yes
10. Computational facilities Yes
11. Animal/Glass House Not required
12. Any other special facility being provided Not required

6.2 Equipment available with the Institute/ Group/ Department/Other Institutes

for the project:

Equipmen Generic Name Model, Make & Remarks including

t available of Equipment year of purchase accessories available and
with current usage of
Equipment
PI & his group Thermal Lab
Strength of
PI's materials lab
Other Related tools
Institute(s) in
7. Name and address of experts/ institution interested in the subject / outcome of
the project.

1.Dr.V.Vasudeva Rao

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, CSET, Science campus,

University of South Afri

University of South Africa

Email Address: vasudvr@unisa.ac.za

2. Dr .A. KUMARA SWAMY

Professor & head

Department MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO), India

adepu_kswamy@yahoo.com

3. Dr.K.SRINIVASULA REDDY

Professor

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SNIST,

Yamanapet,Ghatkesar, Hyderabad.

Email Address k.srinivasulureddy@gmail.com

4. Prof. K. Jayakrishna
Associate professor

School of Mechanical Engineering

VIT, Vellore

Email Address: mail2jaikrish@gmail.com

8. Previous Projects Details (If Any): NIL