Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Estimation Methods For Basic Ship Design PDF
Estimation Methods For Basic Ship Design PDF
Ship Design I
Summary
Hull Form
Lightship Weight
Deadweight Components
Propulsive Coefficients
Propulsive Power
Subdivision and Compartments
Capacities
1
Introduction
2
Block Coefficient (CB)
Barras (2004)
V V [knots]
CB = 1.20 0.39
L LPP [m]
PP
M.Ventura Estimation Methods 5
Alexander (1962)
CB = K 0.5V Lf
with:
Van Lameren
CB = 137
. 2.02V Lf
3
Block Coefficient (Cb)
Ayre
CB = 106
. 168
. V Lf
Minorsky
CB = 122
. 2.38V Lf
Munro-Smith (1964)
dCB Cw Cb
=
dT T
Townsin (1979)
Schneekluth (1987)
LPP
0.14 + 20
CB = B
Fn 26
LPP + 20
0.23 B p / 0.48 < C B < 0.85
CB =
Fn
2
3 26 0.14 < Fn < 0.32
4
Block Coefficient (Cb)
Katsoulis
C B = 0.8217 f LPP B 0.3072 T 0.1721 V 0.6135
0.42
Kerlen (1970)
Meizoso
C M = 1 0.062 Fn 0.792 RO/RO ships and Container-Carriers
5
Midship Section Coefficient (CM)
Parson (2003)
0.4292 R 2
CM = 1
B T
Schneekluth
CWL = 0.95 CP + 0.17 3 1 CP U shape sections
CWL =
1
(1 + 2 CB ) Intermediate shape sections
3
V shape sections
CWL = CB 0.025
1 C
CWL = 1 + 2 B
3 CM
A = 0.248 + 0.049 G
Torroja
B = 0.778 0.035 G
CWL = A + B CB G=0 U shaped sec tions
=1 V shaped sec tions
6
Waterline Area Coefficient (CWL)
Parson (2003)
CB
CWL =
0.471 + 0.551 CB
5 1 CB
KB = T Normand
6 3 CWP
C Wobig
KB = T 0.78 0.285 B
CWP
7
Buoyancy Center Abscissa (LCB)
Schneekluth
[% Lpp AV MS]
lcb = (8.80 38.9 Fn ) / 100
lcb = 0.135 + 0.194 CP (tankers and bulkers)
8
Transverse Metacentric Radius (BMT)
I XX = k r B 3 L
In which the values of the factor kr are obtained from the
following Table:
CWL Kr CWL Kr CWL Kr
f ( CWP ) L B 3 f ( CWP ) B 2
BMT = =
12 L B T CB 12 T CB
Reduction Factor:
9
Transverse Metacentric Radius (BMT)
Xuebin (2009)
B2
BMT = (0.085 CB 0.002 ) (bulk-carriers)
T CB
IYY = k R B L3
In which the values of the factor kR are obtained from the
following Table:
CWL Kr CWL Kr CWL Kr
0.68 0.0332 0.78 0.0450 0.88 0.0588
0.70 0.0350 0.80 0.0475 0.90 0.0616
0.72 0.0375 0.82 0.0503 0.92 0.0645
0.74 0.0400 0.84 0.0532 0.94 0.0675
0.76 0.0425 0.86 0.0560 0.96 0.0710
M.Ventura Estimation Methods 20
10
Stability Parameters
Metacentric Height KM
C C
2
C
3
If CWP is unknown:
1 C
CWP , N = 1 + 2 B C = 1.0
3 CM
M.Ventura Estimation Methods 21
Period of Roll
0.43 B
TR = [s]
GMT
where:
B [m]
GMT [m]
11
Wetted Surface (SW)
Denny
em que:
SW : wetted surface [ft2]
SW = 1.7 LPP T + LPP : length bet. perpendiculars [ft]
T T : draught [ft]
: displacement volume [ft3]
Taylor
SW = 0.17 c LWL
em que:
SW : surface [m2]
: displacement volume [ m3]
LPP : length on the waterline [m]
c : f(CM, B/T)
SW = Lwl ( 2 T + B ) CM
( 1
SW = 3.4 3 + 0.5 LWL ) 1
3
12
Cylindrical Mid-Body
Lindblad (1961)
LE p/ Cb < 0.75
= 1.975 2.27 CB
L
LR
= 1.12 CB
L Le = length of entry
LX = L LE LR Lr = length of run
Lx = length of parallel body
Cylindrical Mid-Body
13
Freeboard
Ships of Type B:
14
Tonnage
Gross Tonnage
GT = k CN
Type of Ship K
Tanker, Bulk Carrier 0.26 0.30
15
Net Tonnage
NT = k GT
Type of Ship K
Container Carrier 0.3 0.5
16
Compensated Gross Tonnage (2)
CGT = a GT b
Where:
Ship Type a b
GT: Gross Tonnage
Bulk Carrier 29 0.61
a, b: coefficients that can be
obtained from the Table Oil Tanker 48 0.57
as a function of the type Chemical Tanker 84 0.55
of ship Product Tanker 48 0.57
General Cargo 27 0.64
Coaster 27 0.64
Reefer 27 0.68
LPG 62 0.57
Container Carrier 19 0.68
Lightship Weight
17
Lightship Weight Estimate
= . LBP . B.T . Cb
in which:
DW - deadweight
WLS - lightship weight
DW = CDW + DWS
18
Lightship Weight
WLS = WS + WE + WM
in which:
WS - Weight of the structural steel of the hull, the
superstructure and of the outfit steel (machinery
foundations, supports, masts, ladders, handrails, etc).
W S = W H + W SPS
Weight Estimates
W = k .V a . b
in which:
k - constant obtained from similar ships
V - service speed
- displacement
a, b - constants depending from the type of weight under
consideration, obtained from statistical regressions
19
Weight Estimate
Hull Weight
WH = k V 0.5
Equipment Weight
WE = k V 0.9 3/4
Machinery Weight
WM = k V 3 2/3
20
Estimate the Hull Weight
NOTES:
Most estimate methods consider separately the weights of
the hull and of the superstructure
For the purpose of cost estimation, the hull weight should be
subdivided into:
Weight of structural steel (hull structure)
Weight of outfit steel (foundations, ladders, steps, etc.)
Each of these components should be subdivided into:
Weight of plates
Weight of stiffeners
For the purpose of cost estimation, and due to the waste
resulting from the cutting process, should be used:
Gross Steel Weight = 1.08 ~ 1.12 x Net Steel Weight
Hull Weight
Quadric Number
WH = k L ( B + D )
Cubic Number
WH = k ( L B D )
Limitations
The draught is not considered
The cubic number gives the same relevance to the three hull
dimensions, which is not realistic
M.Ventura Estimation Methods 42
21
Hull Weight
WH = k N qc
1/ 2
3
N qc = L . B. D . 1 + Cb
4/ 3 1/ 2
Sato (tankers with 150 000 t< DW < 300 000 t), 1967
Cb 2
1
3
3L2 B
WH = 10 5
5.11 + 2.56 L2 ( B + D )
0.8 D
Hull Weight
LRS Method
f sl = 1.133 (LBP LBPp ) LBPp
WH = WHP (1 + f sl + f sb + f sd + f sc )
f sb = 0.688 (B B p ) B p
f sd = 0.45 (D D p ) D p
f sc = 0.50[1 ( f sl + f sb + f sd )] (Cb Cb p )
DNV Method
WH = WHP (1 + f sl + f sb + f sd + f sc + f st ) f sl = 1.167 (LBP LBPp ) LBPp
f sb = 0.67 (B B p ) B p
f sd = 0.50 (D D p ) D p
f sc = 0.17 (Cb Cb p ) Cb p
f st = 0.17 (T T p ) T p
M.Ventura Estimation Methods 44
22
Hull Weight
WH = k1 LS k 2 B k 3 D k 4
k1 k2 k3 k4
Hull Weight
Cudina et al (2010)
(Tankers and Bulk-Carriers)
f 1.36 0.8D T
WH = 1 1 0.0282[Lpp (B + 0.85D + 0.15T )] 1 + 0.5(CB 0.7 ) + (1 CB ) T + 450
100 3
23
Hull Weight Correction
Correction [%]
HTS (about 60% of total) -12.0
HTS (about 35% of total) -8.0
Systems for corrosion control (tankers) -4.0
Corrugated bulkheads -1.7
Reinforcements for Ore Carriers +4.0
Reinforcements for heavy cargo in alt. holds +5.5
Reinforcements of holds (general cargo) +1.5
Reinforcements of decks (general cargo) +0.5
Ice Class I +8.0
Ice Class II +6.0
Ice Class III
M.Ventura Estimation Methods +4.0 47
Weight of Superstructures
Can be obtained as a function of the hull weight (Pc) and the type
of ship:
Cargo liners - Wsps = 10 ~ 12 % Pc
Tankers - Wsps = 6 ~ 8 % Pc
Bulk carriers - Wsps = 6 ~ 7 % Pc
When the arrangement of the superstructures is already known, a
criteria based in the average weight per unit area (Wu) can be
used, assuming that the corresponding height of the decks is equal
to 2.40 m.
WSPS = WU A
with:
A covered area of decks
Wu = 190 kg/m2 (castles)
Wu = 210 kg/m2 (superstructures amidships)
Wu = 225 kg/m2 (superstructures aft)
M.Ventura Estimation Methods 48
24
Machinery Weight (1)
with:
K - obtained from similar ships
V ships service speed [knots]
- Displacement
WM = k1 PMCR
k2
k1 k2
25
Weight of the Propeller (1)
Schoenherr
( D ) A
WPROP = 1.982 t E R3
A0
with:
- specific weight of the material (ref. to table)
R - hub radius
t - blade thickness ratio
WPROP weight of the blades, without the hub
Lamb
where:
DPROP - propeller diameter [ft] 1 ft = 0.3048 m
WPROP total weight [ton] 1 ton US = 0.91 t
26
Weight of the Propeller (3)
Gerr (2001)
where:
D propeller diameter [ft]
1 ft = 0.3048 m
W propeller weight [lb]
1 lb = 0.454 kg
Propeller Material
Specific Weight
Material
[t/m3]
Bronze Manganese 8.30
Bronze Nickel/Manganese 8.44
Bronze Nickel/Aluminum 7.70
Bronze Copper/Nickel/Aluminum
Bronze Manganese/Nickel/Aluminum
Cast steel 7.85
Stainless steel 7.48 ~ 8.00
Cast iron 7.21
27
Equipment Weight
WE = k1 ( L B D )
K2
k1 k2
Equipment Weight
Cudina et al (2010)
28
Equipment Weight
Munro-Smith
1 1 L B
WE = WEb . +
2 2 Lb Bb
WEb = weight of the equipment of
the parent ship
Fisher (bulk carriers)
1 3 L B
WE = WEb . +
4 4 Lb Bb
Parker (tankers)
2 1 L B
WE = WEb . +
3 3 Lb Bb
M.Ventura Estimation Methods 57
Equipment Weight
WE = (WE1 + WE 2 + WE 3 ) / 3
WE1 = f E1 L B
WE 2 = f E 2 L ( B + D )
with:
fE1, fE2, fE3 - constants of proportionality obtained from
similar ship
M.Ventura Estimation Methods 58
29
Ordinate of the Centers of Gravity
Steel (Kupras)
Equipment (Kupras)
KGE = D + 1.25 p/ L 125 m
KGE = D + 1.25 + 0.01 ( L 125) p / 125 L < 250 m
KGE = D + 2.50 p/ L 250 m
30
Lightship Weight Distribution (2)
with:
a = wH/2
b = 3wH/4
x = value of the required LCGH shift
M.Ventura Estimation Methods 61
Trapezoidal Distribution
a+b lcg =
ba L
W= L
2 a+b 6
31
Deadweight Components
Deadweight Components
32
Deadweight
Cargo Capacity
33
Fuel Oils
Fuel Oils
The total capacity of fuel oil on board is a function of the
required autonomy, the service speed (Vs) and the
propulsive power (Pcsr)
Autonomy
WFO = PCSR SFOC 106 [t ]
VS
34
Fuel Oils - Storage Tanks
Service Tank
35
Deadweight Estimate (2)
Lubricating Oils
The weight of the Lub.
WLO = 0.03 (WFO + WDO + WBO ) Oils can be estimated as
a function of the FO, DO
and BO weights
Spares
For the purpose of its maintenance there is onboard the ship a
set of spare parts of the main machinery and of other
equipment of the engine room, whose weight can be assumed as
proportional to the machinery weight
Wspar = 0.03 WM
36
Fresh Water
37
Propulsive Coefficients
Definition
Va = ( 1 - w ) V
Va
w= 1-
V
Taylor
w = -0.05 +0.50 Cb
Telfer
3CWL B (T - Z P ) 3 DP
w= - 0.9 -
CWL - CP 2
LWL T 2B
38
Wake Fraction (w)
Schoenherr
CB CP B
4.5
CWL Lpp 1Z D
w = 0.10 + + H - - 0.175 k
6 CB 2 T T
7 - ( 2.8 - 1.8 CP )
CWL
with:
Zh = average immersion of
the propeller shaft
Holtrop and Mennen (1978) K = 0.3 (ships with normal
bow)
B S CV 0.0661875 1.21756 CV
w= + +
DTA TA D (1 CP )
B 0.09726 0.11434
+0.24558 +
L (1 CP ) 0.95 CP 0.95 CB
where:
CP1 = 1.45 CP 0.315 0.0225 lcb
B SW
c8 = if B TAFT 5.0
L D TAFT
7B
SW 25.0
c8 = AFT
T if B TAFT > 5.0
B
LWL DP 3.0
TAFT
Cstern = +10.0
M.Ventura Estimation Methods 78
39
Wake Fraction (w)
Bertram
Definition
RT = (1 - t) TP
RT
t = 1-
TP
Schronherr
with:
t =kw k = 0.50 ~ 0.70 w/ hydrodynamic rudder
k = 0.70 ~ 0.90 w/ double plate rudder and stern post
k = 0.90 ~ 1.05 w/ simple plate rudder
40
Thrust Deduction Factor (t)
Definition
1 t
C =
1 w
Volker
41
Propulsive Power
Propulsive Power
42
Estimate of the Total Hull Resistance
RT = RF + RW + RV + RB [kN]
1
RV = V 2CF (1 + k ) Stot [kN]
2
43
Method of Holtrop & Mennen (2)
44
Method of Holtrop & Mennen (4)
LR L = 1 C P + 0.06 C P Lcb ( 4C P 1)
(
S = L ( 2T + B ) CM 0.453 + 0.4425CB 0.2862 CM 0.003467 B + 0.3696 CWP
T )
+2.38 ABT CB
RW
(
= c1 c2 exp m1 Fnd + m2 cos Fn2 ) d = 0.9
m2 = 1.69385 CP2 exp 0.1 2
Fn
1.5
0.56 ABT
c3 =
(
BT 0.56 ABT + TF hB 0.25 ABT )
M.Ventura Estimation Methods 90
45
Method of Holtrop & Mennen (6)
0.56 ABT
pB =
TF 1.5hB
M.Ventura Estimation Methods 91
c4 = TF p / TF 0.04
LS LS
46
Subdivision and Compartments
Alternatives:
Formulas based in the economical performance
Statistics from existing ships
Procedures of control to define limits of variation
47
Length of the Ship
C B + 0.5
L pp = 0.3 V 0.3 3.2
0.145 + 0.5
Fn
with:
Lpp Length bet. Perpendiculars [m]
V Ship Speed [knots]
Cb Block Coefficient V
Fn Froude Number Fn =
g = 9.81 m/s2 gL
2
L B
DW
L=
3 B T [m]
CB CDW
where:
= 1.025 t/m3
CDW = DW/
48
Relations From Statistical Analysis of
Existing Ships (1)
Formula of Ayre
L V
1
= 3.33 + 1.67
3 L
Posdunine (Wageningen)
2
V 1
L = C
3
V + 2
C = 7.25 ships with 15.5 V 18.5 knots
V [knots ]
m 3
L V
1
= 3.5 + 4.5
1
g
3 3
with:
V [m/s]
Applicable to cargo ships and container-carriers
49
Validation/Comparison of Formulas
Ayre 153.38
Volker 284.24
Physical Limitations
Shipbuilding
Length of the building ramp or of the dry dock
Ship Operation
Locks
Port limitations
50
Collision Bulkhead
51
Height of Double-Bottom
with:
HDB height of double-bottom [mm]
B - breadth, molded [mm]
T - draught [mm]
0.85 LWL
H SPST = (D TM + H DK ) + H DK + 1.5
LVIS
where:
Lvis = MIN( 2Lpp, 500 )
Hdk = average height of the superstructure decks
Tm = average draught
52
Estimate of Capacities
k1 k2 k3 k4
Oil Tankers 0.6213 0.80 0.094 -0.10
Bulk Carriers 0.7314 0.66 0.079 -0.10
Multi-Purpose 1.2068 0.60 0.077 -0.15
General Cargo (box-shaped) 1.9640 0.60 0.075 -0.20
53
Capacities of Cargo Holds and Tanks
Knowing CEF from similar ships, the cargo capacity of a ship can be
computed by
CCRG = L B D CEF
CCRG
D=
L B CEF
VH = f ps AMS LH Cb
with:
fPS = factor obtained from a similar ship
AMS = area of the midship section
LH = length of the cargo zone
54
Volumes of Cargo Holds and Tanks (2)
VWB = f ps AMS LH
The volume of the ballast tanks in the aft and fore bodies can
be estimated by the expression:
Volume of Double-Bottom
55
Volumes of Cargo Holds and Tanks (4)
D L
CBm = 0.042 0.04 CB + cm ( CB 0.02 ) 0.08
T Lpp
H
dCBm = DB 0.1 ( 0.133 CB 0.048 )
T
0.8D T
CBD = CB + (1 CB )
3T
Vol = LCM B D CB k
with:
LCM = 0.002 PD + 5.5 LCM Length of Engine Room
PD - Propulsive power
K = 0.85 (Engine Room aft)
56
Volumes of Cargo Holds and Tanks (6)
57
Capacity of Containers
(Ships with Cell Guides)
Containers in Holds
with:
NB Number of transverse stacks
ND Number of vertical tiers
NL - Number of longitudinal stacks
Capacity of Containers
(Ships with Cell Guides)
N B = ( B 2 BDH ) / 2.54
N D = ( D + H DK + H HA H DB H MRG ) / 2.60
N L = LHOLDS / 6.55
with:
BDH Breadth of the double-hull
HDK Height of the deck (salto do convs)
HHA Height of the hatch
HDB - Height of the double-bottom
HMRG Distance from the top of the upper container to the hatch cover
LHOLDS Total length of the cargo holds [m]
58
Capacity of Containers
(Ships with Cell Guides)
Assuming the margins between stacks of containers
bTEU = 100 mm (transverse direction)
lTEU = 900 mm (longitudinal direction)
hTEU = 13 mm (vertical direction)
Capacity of Containers
(Ships with Cell Guides)
Containers On Deck
In ships with Engine Room aft, the height of the bridge can
be approximated by:
H BDG = 0.22 LPP + 0.28 D1.56 0.02 LPP 0.806 D1.1
N DK = 145 L0.36
PP B
0.18
+ 0.032 BHP1.18 1074
M.Ventura Estimation Methods 118
59
Bibliography (1)
Bibliography (2)
60
Bibliography (3)
Bibliography (4)
61