FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING

NURSING LEADERS:

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

The lady with a lap

Reformed hospitals
Implement health policies
political nurse
First nurse to exert political pressure on government
Greatest achievement: first scientist-theorist nurse on her work Notes in Nursing:What it is and
what is not (1860-1969)
Developed the Nightingale Training School for Nurses opened in 1860

CLARA BARTON

A school teacher
Organized the American Red Cross (1882)

LINDA RICHARDS

Americas first trained nurse

Introduced nurses notes and doctors notes
Initiated the practice of wearing uniform
Psychiatric and industrial nurse

MARY MAHONEY

First African-American Nurse

Interracial relationships

LILIAN WALD

Founder of public health nursing

First to offer trained nursing services to the poor in NY
Founded Henry Street Settlement and Visiting Nurse Service

LAVINIA DOCK

Active in protest movement rights for women

Campaigned to allow nurses rather physicians to control their profession.

MARGARET HIGGINS SANGER

Founder of planned parenthood

Imprisoned for opening first birth control

MARY BRECKINRIDGE

Established Frontier Nursing Services

Started one of the first midwifery training schools in US
DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
Florence Nightingale

-the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery

Virginia Henderson

-The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well in the performance of
those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform
unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, knowledge and to do this in such a way as to help him
gain independence as rapidly as possible

American Nurses Association (2003)

-nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of
illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and
advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations

RECIPIENTS OF NURSING

Consumer-an individual, group of people or a community that uses a service commodity. People who
use health care products or services.

Patient -waiting for or undergoing medical tx and care

-patient means to suffer to bear
-person who seek assistance or for surgery

Client -person who engages the advice or services of another who is qualified to provide this service.
-the receivers of health care as collaborators in the care, as people who are also responsible for
their own health.

SCOPE OF NURSING
3 Types of Clients
Individuals
Families
Communities

4 AREAS OF NURSING PRACTICE

Promoting health and wellness
Preventing illness
Restoring health
Caring for the dying

GOAL OF ILLNESS PREVENTION PROGRAM: To maintain optimal health by preventing disease

RESTORATION OF HEALTH
-focuses on the ill client
-from early detection of disease through recovery period

Nursing Activities in RESTORATING HEALTH

1. Providing direct care (e.g administration of meds, baths, assessment)
2. Performing diagnostic and assessment procedure
3. Consulting with other health care professionals
4. Teaching clients about recovery activities
5. Rehabilitating clients to their optimal function level

STANDARS OF NURSING PRACTICE BY ANA

Purpose: To describe the responsibilities for which nurses are accountable.

ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NURSE

1. Caregiver
-asssist the client physically and psychologically while preserving the clients dignity.
-full care for completely dependent client
-partial care for the partially dependent client
-supportive-educative care to assist clients in attaining their highest possible health

2. Communicator
-integral to all nursing roles.
-nurses identify problem and then communicate these verbally in writing to other members of
health team.

3. Teacher
-helps the client learn about their health and health care procedures they need to perform to
restore or maintain their health.
-assesses the clients learning needs and readiness to learn
-sets specific learning goals in conjunction with the client
-enacts teaching strategies
-measures learning
-teach unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) to whom they delegate care

4. Client Advocate
-acts to protect the client
-nurse represents the clients needs to wishes to other professionals.
-assist clients in exercising their rights and help them speak up for themselves.

5. Counselor
-help client to cope with stressful psychologic or social problems
-develop improved interpersonal relationships
-promote personal growth
-provide emotional, intellectual and psychological support.
-help client in developing new attitudes, feelings, and behaviors and sense of control
 6. Change Agent
-assist client to make modifications in their behavior
-deals with change in health care system if it is not helping client to return to health (e.g change
in medication)

7. Leader
-influence other to work together to achieve a specific goal

8. Manager
-manages the nursing care of the individuals, families and communities
-delegates nursing activities to ancillary workers
-supervises and evaluate their performance

9. Case Manager
-work with multidisciplinary health care to measure effectiveness of the case management plan
and to monitor outcomes.
-works with prmary staff nurses to oversee the care of a specific caseload.
-help ensure that care is oriented to the client, while controlling costs.

10. Research Consumer

-Use research to improve the client care.
-In clinical area nurses needs to:
(a) Hve awareness of the process and language of research
(b) be sensitive to issues and related protecting the rights of client
(c) participate in the identification of significant researchable problems
(d) be a discriminating consumer or research findings

CRITERIA OF A PROFESSION
Profession
Occupation that requires extensive education
Profesionalism
Refers to professional character, spirit or methods.
Set of attributes, responsibilities and commitment.
Profesionalization
Process of becoming professional that is of acquiring characteristics considered to be professional.
BENNERS STAGES OF NURSING EXPERTISE

STAGE I. NOVICE

Beginner with no experience

Taught general rules to help perform tasks
Rules are: context-free, independent of specific cases, and applied universally
Rule-governed behavior is limited and inflexible
Ex. Tell me what I need to do and Ill do it.

STAGE II. ADVANCED BEGINNER

Demonstrates acceptable performance

Has gained prior experience in actual situations to recognize recurring meaningful components
Principles, based on experiences, begin to be formulated to guide actions

STAGE III. COMPETENT

Typically a nurse with 2-3 years experience on the job in the same area or in similar day-to-day
situations
More aware of long-term goals
Gains perspective from planning own actions based on conscious, abstract, and analytical
thinking and helps to achieve greater efficiency and organization

STAGE IV. PROFICIENT

Perceives and understands situations as whole parts

More holistic understanding improves decision-making
Learns from experiences what to expect in certain situations and how to modify plans

STAGE V. EXPERT

No longer relies on principles, rules, or guidelines to connect situations and determine actions
Much more background of experience
Has intuitive grasp of clinical situations
Performance is now fluid, flexible, and highly-proficient