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Contents

Prolegomenon, xi
Author, xvii

CHAPTER 1 What Is Rhythm? 1

CHAPTER 2 A Steady Beat 9

CHAPTER 3 Timelines, Ostinatos, andMeter 13

CHAPTER 4 The Wooden Claves 17

CHAPTER 5 The Iron Bells 19

CHAPTER 6 The Clave Son 23

CHAPTER 7 Six Distinguished Rhythm Timelines 27

CHAPTER 8 The Distance Geometry ofRhythm 33

CHAPTER 9 Classification of Rhythms 39

CHAPTER 10 Binary and Ternary Rhythms 45

CHAPTER 11 The Isomorphism of Rhythm and Scale 51

CHAPTER 12 Binarization, Ternarization, and Quantization of Rhythms 57

CHAPTER 13 Syncopated Rhythms 67


KEITHS MEASURE OF SYNCOPATION 70

CHAPTER 14 Necklaces and Bracelets 73

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viii Contents

CHAPTER 15 Rhythmic Oddity 85

CHAPTER 16 Off-Beat Rhythms 99

CHAPTER 17 Rhythm Complexity 107


OBJECTIVE, COGNITIVE, AND PERFORMANCE COMPLEXITIES 109
LEMPELZIV COMPLEXITY 117
COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY OF RHYTHMS 119
IRREGULARITY AND THE NORMALIZED PAIRWISE VARIABILITY INDEX 120

CHAPTER 18 Dispersion Problems and Maximally Even Rhythms 121

CHAPTER 19 Euclidean Rhythms 129

CHAPTER 20 Leap Years: The Rhythm of the Stars 137

CHAPTER 21 Approximately Even Rhythms 143

CHAPTER 22 Rhythms and Crystallography 151

CHAPTER 23 Complementary Rhythms 157

CHAPTER 24 Radio Astronomy and Flat Rhythms 165

CHAPTER 25 Deep Rhythms 175

CHAPTER 26 Shelling Rhythms 187

CHAPTER 27 Phantom Rhythms 195

CHAPTER 28 Reflection Rhythms and Rhythmic Canons 207

CHAPTER 29 Toggle Rhythms 217

CHAPTER 30 Symmetric Rhythms 225


HOURGLASS DRUMS AND HOURGLASS RHYTHMS 233

CHAPTER 31 Odd Rhythms 237

CHAPTER 32 Other Representations ofRhythm 243


ALTERNATING-HANDS BOX NOTATION 243
Contents ix

SPECTRAL NOTATION 244


TEDAS AND CHRONOTONIC NOTATION 245

CHAPTER 33 Rhythmic Similarity and Dissimilarity 247

CHAPTER 34 Regular and Irregular Rhythms 257

CHAPTER 35 Evolution and Phylogenesis of Musical Rhythm 265


GUAJIRA 271

CHAPTER 36 Rhythmic Combinatorics 275

CHAPTER 37 What Makes the Clave Son Such a Good Rhythm? 279
MAXIMAL EVENNESS 279
RHYTHMIC ODDITY 280
OFF-BEATNESS 282
WEIGHTED OFF-BEATNESS 283
METRICAL COMPLEXITY 283
MAIN-BEAT ONSETS AND CLOSURE 283
DISTINCT DURATIONS 284
DISTINCT ADJACENT DURATIONS 284
ONSET-COMPLEXITY AND DISTINCT DISTANCES 284
DEEP RHYTHMS, DEEPNESS, AND SHALLOWNESS 285
TALLNESS 286
PHYLOGENETIC TREE CENTRALITY 286
MIRROR SYMMETRY 287
SHADOW CONTOUR ISOMORPHISM 288

CHAPTER 38 The Origin, Evolution, and Migration of the Clave Son 293

EPILOGUE, 305

REFERENCES, 311

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