Gutenberg Bible

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line

Bible, the Mazarin Bible or the B42) was the first
major book printed using mass-produced movable
metal type in Europe. It marked the start of the
"Gutenberg Revolution" and the age of the printed
book in the West. Widely praised for its high
aesthetic and artistic qualities,[1] the book has an
iconic status. Written in Latin, the Catholic
Gutenberg Bible is an edition of the Vulgate,
printed by Johannes Gutenberg, in Mainz, in
present-day Germany, in the 1450s. Since its
publication, 49 copies (or substantial portions of
copies) have survived, and they are considered to Gutenberg Bible of the New York Public Library. Bought by
be among the most valuable books in the world James Lenox in 1847, it was the first copy to be acquired by a
even though no complete copy has been sold since United States citizen.
1978.[2][3]

In March 1455, the future Pope Pius II wrote that he had seen pages from the Gutenberg Bible, being displayed
to promote the edition, in Frankfurt. It is not known how many copies were printed, with the 1455 letter citing
sources for both 158 and 180 copies.

The 36-line Bible, believed to be the second printed version of the Bible, is also sometimes referred to as a
Gutenberg Bible, but is possibly the work of another printer.

Contents
1 Text
2 Printing history
3 The production process: Das Werk der Bcher
3.1 Pages
3.2 Ink
3.3 Type
3.4 Type style
3.5 Rubrication, illumination and binding
4 Early owners
5 Influence on later Bibles
6 Forgeries
7 Surviving copies
7.1 Substantially complete copies of the 42-line Bible
8 Recent history
9 See also
10 Bibliography
11 References
12 External links

Text
The Gutenberg Bible, an edition of the Vulgate, contains the Latin version of the Hebrew Old Testament and
the Greek New Testament. It is mainly the work of Jerome who began his work on the translation in 380 AD,
with emendations from the Parisian Bible tradition, and further divergences[4] (the Paris Bible, one of many
Bible translations in the Middle Ages, is also known as the "Thirteenth-Century Bible", "Old French Bible" or,
in French, "Bible du XIIIe sicle").

Printing history
The Bible was not
"All that has been written to me about that Gutenberg's first
marvelous man seen at Frankfurt [sic] is true. I work.[6] Preparation of
have not seen complete Bibles but only a
the Bible probably
number of quires of various books of the Bible.
The script was very neat and legible, not at all began soon after 1450,
difficult to followyour grace would be able to and the first finished
copies were available Gutenberg Bible at the Beinecke Rare
read it without effort, and indeed without
[7] Book & Manuscript Library.
glasses." in 1454 or 1455. It is
Future pope Pius II in a letter to Cardinal not known exactly how
Carvajal, March 1455[5] long the Bible took to
print. The first precisely datable printing is the Gutenberg's 31-
line Indulgence which is known to already exist on 22 October
1454.[8]

Gutenberg made three significant changes during the printing process.[9] The first sheets were rubricated by
being passed twice through the printing press, using black and then red ink. This was soon abandoned, with
spaces being left for rubrication to be added by hand.

Some time later, after more sheets had been printed, the number of lines
per page was increased from 40 to 42, presumably to save paper.
Therefore, pages 1 to 9 and pages 256 to 265, presumably the first ones
printed, have 40 lines each. Page 10 has 41, and from there on the 42
lines appear. The increase in line number was achieved by decreasing
the interline spacing, rather than increasing the printed area of the page.
Finally, the print run was increased, necessitating resetting those pages
which had already been printed. The new sheets were all reset to 42
lines per page. Consequently, there are two distinct settings in folios 1-
32 and 129-158 of volume I and folios 1-16 and 162 of volume II.[9][10]
Spine of the Lenox copy
The most reliable information about the Bible's date comes from a
letter. In March 1455, the future Pope Pius II wrote that he had seen
pages from the Gutenberg Bible, being displayed to promote the edition, in Frankfurt.[11] It is not known how
many copies were printed, with the 1455 letter citing sources for both 158 and 180 copies. Scholars today think
that examination of surviving copies suggests that somewhere between 160 and 185 copies were printed, with
about three-quarters on paper and the others on vellum.[12][13] However, some books say that about 180 copies
were printed and it took about three years to produce them.

The production process: Das Werk der Bcher

In a legal paper, written after completion of the Bible, Johannes Gutenberg refers to the process as "Das Werk
der Bcher": the work of the books. He had invented the printing press and was the first European to print with
movable type,[14] but his greatest achievement was arguably demonstrating that the process of printing actually
produced books.
Many book-lovers have commented on the high standards achieved in
the production of the Gutenberg Bible, some describing it as one of the
most beautiful books ever printed. The quality of both the ink and other
materials and the printing itself have been noted.[1]

Pages

The paper size is 'double folio',

with two pages printed on each
A vellum copy of the Gutenberg Bible
side (four pages per sheet). owned by the U.S. Library of Congress
After printing the paper was
folded once to the size of a
single page. Typically, five of these folded sheets (10 leaves, or 20
printed pages) were combined to a single physical section, called a
quinternion, that could then be bound into a book. Some sections,
however, had as few as four leaves or as many as 12 leaves.[15] Some
sections may have been printed in a larger number, especially those
printed later in the publishing process, and sold unbound. The pages
were not numbered. The technique was not new, since it had been used
to make blank "white-paper" books to be written afterwards. What was
new was determining beforehand the correct placement and orientation
of each page on the five sheets to result in the correct sequence when
bound. The technique for locating the printed area correctly on each
page was also new.
First page of the first volume: The
The folio size, 307 x 445 mm, has the ratio of 1.45:1. The printed area
Epistle of St. Jerome from the University
of Texas copy. The page has 40 lines. had the same ratio, and was shifted out of the middle to leave a 2:1
white margin, both horizontally and vertically. Historian John Man
writes that the ratio was chosen to be close to the golden ratio of
1.61:1.[6] To reach this ratio more closely the vertical size should be 338 mm, but there is no reason why
Gutenberg would let this non-trivial difference of 8 mm go by in a work so detailed in other aspects.

A single complete copy of the Gutenberg Bible has 1,286 pages (usually bound in two volumes); with four
pages per folio-sheet, 322 sheets of paper are required per copy.[16] The handmade paper used by Gutenberg
was of fine quality and was imported from Italy. Each sheet contains a watermark left by the papermold.

Ink

In Gutenberg's time, inks used by scribes to produce manuscripts were water-based. Gutenberg developed an
oil-based ink that would better adhere to his metal type. His ink was primarily carbon, but also had a high
metallic content, with copper, lead, and titanium predominating.[17] Head of collections at the British Library,
Dr Kristian Jensen, described it thus: "if you look (at the pages of The Gutenberg Bible) closely you will see
this is a very shiny surface. When you write you use a water based ink, you put your pen into it and it runs off.
Now if you print that's exactly what you don't want. One of Gutenberg's inventions was an ink which wasn't
ink, it's a varnish. So what we call printer's ink is actually a varnish, and that means it sticks to its surface."[18]

Type

The first part of the Gutenberg idea was using a single, hand-carved character to create identical copies of itself.
Cutting a single letter could take a craftsman a day of work. A single page taking 2500 letters made this way
was impractical. A less labour-intensive method of reproduction was needed. Copies were produced by
stamping the original into an iron plate, called a matrix. A rectangular tube was then connected to the matrix,
creating a container in which molten type metal could be poured. Once cooled, the solid metal form was
released from the tube. The fundamental innovation is that this matrix can be used to produce many duplicates
of the same letter. The result of each molding was a rectangular block of metal with the form of the desired
character protruding from the end. This piece of type could be put in a line, facing up, with other pieces of type.
These lines were arranged to form blocks of text, which could be inked and pressed against paper, transferring
the desired text to the paper.

Each unique character requires a master piece of type in order to be replicated. Given that each letter has
uppercase and lowercase forms, and the number of various punctuation marks and ligatures (e.g. the sequence
'fi' combined in one character, commonly used in writing) the Gutenberg Bible needed a set of 290 master
characters. It seems probable that six pages, containing 15600 characters altogether, would be set at any one
moment.[6]

Type style

The Gutenberg Bible is printed in the blackletter type styles that would become known as Textualis (Textura)
and Schwabacher. The name texture refers to the texture of the printed page: straight vertical strokes combined
with horizontal lines, giving the impression of a woven structure. Gutenberg already used the technique of
justification, that is, creating a vertical, not indented, alignment at the left and right-hand sides of the column.
To do this, he used various methods, including using characters of narrower widths, adding extra spaces around
punctuation, and varying the widths of spaces around words.[19][20] He also let the punctuation marks go
beyond the vertical line using hanging punctuation, which was used to make the justification of the massive
black characters stronger to the eye.

Rubrication, illumination and binding

Initially the rubrics the headings before each book of the Bible
were printed, but this practice was quickly abandoned, and gaps were
left for rubrication to be added by hand. A guide of the text to be added
to each page, printed for use by rubricators, survives.[21]

The spacious margin allowed illuminated decoration to be added by

Detail showing both rubrication and
illumination.
hand. The amount of decoration presumably depended on how much
each buyer could or would pay. Some copies were never decorated.[22]
The place of decoration can be known or inferred for about 30 of the
surviving copies. It is possible that 13 of these copies received their
decoration in Mainz, but others were worked on as far away as
London.[23] The vellum Bibles were more expensive, and perhaps for
this reason tend to be more highly decorated, although the vellum copy
in the British Library is completely undecorated.[24]

There has been speculation that the "Master of the Playing Cards," an unidentified engraver who has been
called "the first personality in the history of engraving,"[25] was partly responsible for the illumination of the
copy held by the Princeton University library. However, all that can be said for certain is that the same model
book was used for some of the illustrations in this copy and for some of the Master's illustrated playing
cards.[26]

Although many Gutenberg Bibles have been rebound over the years, nine copies retain fifteenth-century
bindings. Most of these copies were bound in either Mainz or Erfurt.[23] Most copies were divided into two
volumes, the first volume ending with The Book of Psalms. Copies on vellum were heavier and for this reason
were sometimes bound in three or four volumes.[1]

Early owners
The Bible seems to have sold out immediately, with initial sales to owners as far away as England and possibly
Sweden and Hungary.[1][27] At least some copies are known to have sold for 30 florins - about three years'
wages for a clerk.[28][29] Although this made them significantly cheaper than manuscript Bibles, most students,
priests or other people of ordinary income would have been unable to afford them. It is assumed that most were
sold to monasteries, universities and particularly wealthy individuals.[21] At present only one copy is known to
have been privately owned in the fifteenth century. Some are known to have been used for communal readings
in monastery refectories; others may have been for display rather than use, and a few were certainly used for
study.[1] Kristian Jensen suggests that many copies were bought by wealthy and pious laypeople for donation to
religious institutions.[24]

Influence on later Bibles

The Gutenberg Bible had a profound effect on the history of the printed book. Textually, it also had an
influence on future editions of the Bible. It provided the model for several later editions, including the 36 Line
Bible, Mentelin's Latin Bible, and the first and third Eggestein Bibles. The third Eggestein Bible was set from
the copy of the Gutenberg Bible now in Cambridge University Library. The Gutenberg Bible also had an
influence on the Clementine edition of the Vulgate commissioned by the Papacy in the late sixteenth
century.[30][31]

Forgeries
Joseph Martini, a New York book dealer, found that the Gutenberg Bible held by the library of the General
Theological Seminary in New York had a forged leaf, carrying part of Chapter 14, all of Chapter 15, and part of
Chapter 16 of the Book of Ezekiel. It was impossible to tell when the leaf had been inserted into the volume. It
was replaced in the fall of 1953, when a patron donated the corresponding leaf from a defective Gutenberg
second volume which was being broken up and sold in parts.[32] This made it "the first imperfect Gutenberg
Bible ever restored to completeness."[32] In 1978, this copy was sold for $2.2 million USD to the
Wrttembergische Landesbibliothek in Stuttgart, Germany.[33]

Surviving copies
As of 2009, 49 Gutenberg Bibles are known to exist, but of these only
21 are complete. Others have pages or even whole volumes missing. In
addition, there are a substantial number of fragments, some as small as
individual leaves, which are likely to represent about another 16 copies.
Many of these fragments have survived because they were used as part
of the binding of later books.[27] There are 12 surviving copies on
vellum, although only four of these are complete and one is of the New
Testament only. Locations of known complete Gutenberg
Bibles.
Copy numbers listed below are as found in the Incunabula Short Title
Catalogue, taken from a 1985 survey of existing copies by Ilona Hubay;
the two copies in Russia were not known to exist in 1985, and therefore were not catalogued.

Substantially complete copies of the 42-line Bible

 Holding Hubay
Country Length Material Notes and external links
institution no.[34][35]

One of only two copies to contain the "tabula

rubricarum" (index of rubrics) on four leaves at the
Austrian National
Austria (1) 27 complete paper end. Obtained from Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal
Library, Vienna
in 1793.[36][37][38]
Online images (in German)

Library of the Vol. I, 104 leaves missing,[39] bequeathed by

University of Edmond Puissant to the city of Mons in 1934, but
Belgium (1) 1 incomplete paper
Mons-Hainaut, not identified until 1950.[40] Part of the same copy
Mons as the volume in Indiana (see below).[12]

Danish Royal
Denmark (1) Library, 13 incomplete paper Vol. II, first leaf missing. Acquired in 1749.[41][42]
Copenhagen

Sold to the library in 1788 by Cardinaltienne

Charles de Lomnie de Brienne,[43] and rebound in
15 complete vellum four volumes.[44]

Bibliothque Online images of vol. 1 vol. 2 vol. 3 vol. 4

nationale de
France, Paris Is distinguished by being inscribed with the earliest
date that appears on any copy 24 August 1456 on
17 incomplete paper the first volume and 15 August 1456 on the second
volume, the dates on which the rubricator and binder
(Henricus Cremer) completed his work.[45][46]
France (4)
The first copy to be discovered around 1760 in the
Bibliothque Mazarine, hence the name Mazarin
Bible, by Guillaume-Franois Debureand described
Bibliothque in the first volume of hisBibliographie instructive:
16 complete paper
Mazarine, Paris ou Traite de la connoissance des livres rares et
singuliers devoted to theology, which was published
in Paris in 1763.[47][48][49]
Online images of vol. 1 and vol. 2 (in French)

Bibliothque Vol. I, one missing leaf. Acquired from theAbbey of

Municipale, 18 incomplete paper Saint Bertin.[50]
Saint-Omer Online images (in French)

Germany (13) The Shuckburgh copy, two volumes but imperfect,

sold by Hans P. Kraus for $1.8 million in March
8 incomplete paper
Gutenberg 1978.[51][52]
Museum, Mainz Online images (in German)

Vol. II, the Solms-Laubach copy acquired in

9 incomplete paper
1925.[53][54]

Hochschul- und
Vol. I. Two individual leaves from Vol. II survive in
Landesbibliothek 4 incomplete vellum
other libraries.[27]
Fulda, Fulda

Leipzig
University 14 complete vellum Vol. I through IV.
Library, Leipzig

Gttingen State
and University
2 complete vellum Online images
Library,
Gttingen

Berlin State
3 incomplete vellum
Library, Berlin
 Bavarian State 5 complete paper One of only two copies to contain the "tabula
Library, Munich rubricarum" (index of rubrics) on four leaves at the
end.[37][38]
Online images of vol. 1 and vol. 2 (in German)

Frankfurt
University
6 complete paper Online images
Library, Frankfurt
am Main

Hofbibliothek,
7 incomplete paper
Aschaffenburg

Wrttembergische Purchased in April 1978 for 2.2 million US dollars

Landesbibliothek, 10 incomplete paper from the General Theological Seminary.
Stuttgart Online images

Stadtbibliothek,
11 incomplete paper Vol. I
Trier

Landesbibliothek,
12 incomplete paper Vol. I
Kassel

Gottorf Castle,
- incomplete paper The Rendsburg Fragment[12][55]
Schleswig

Originally part of the Estelle Doheny bequest to St.

John's Seminary in Camarillo, California. Vol. I,
sold in October 1987 to Maruzen booksellers for
Keio University $4.9 million (plus an auction house commission of
Japan (1) 45 incomplete paper
Library, Tokyo
$490,000) for a total of 5.4 million US dollars.[56]
Purchased by Keio University in 1996.[57]
Online images

The only existing copy in two volumes surviving in

Diocesan
its original 15th century binding.[58] See: digitized
Poland (1) Museum in 28 incomplete paper
sample page images from both volumes including
Pelplin
print (vol.1) and binding (vol.2).[59]

Biblioteca
Formerly owned by Cardinaltienne Charles de
Portugal (1) Nacional de 29 complete paper
Lomnie de Brienne.
Portugal, Lisbon

Moscow State
Looted in 1945 from the library of theUniversity of
University, 49 complete paper
Leipzig.
Moscow

Acquired in 1886 by theGerman Museum of Books

Russia (2) and Writing, Leipzig, as part of the book collection
Russian State of Heinrich Klemm.[60][61] At the end of World War
48 incomplete vellum
Library, Moscow II, it was taken as war booty and transferred to the
Russian State Library in Moscow, where it remains
today.[62]

Biblioteca
Universitaria y New Testament only
32 incomplete paper
Provincial, Online images (in Spanish)
Spain (2) Seville

Biblioteca Pblica
Provincial, 31 complete paper
Burgos

Bodmer Library,
Switzerland (1) 30 incomplete paper
Cologny

United British Library, 19 complete vellum The Grenville copy.[63][64] Bought for 6260 francs
Kingdom (8) London in 1817 by Thomas Grenville, who bequeathed his

collection to the British Museum in 1846.[65]

 collection to the British Museum in 1846.[65]
Online images

21 complete paper Online images

National Library
of Scotland, 26 complete paper Online images
Edinburgh

Lambeth Palace
20 incomplete vellum New Testament only
Library, London

Eton College
Library, Eton 23 complete paper
College

Acquired for 80 by George Spencer, 2nd Earl

John Rylands Spencer some time before 1814,[66][67] Enriqueta
Library, 25 complete paper Augustina Rylands bought it in 1892 for the John
Manchester Rylands Library.
Online images of 11 pages

Bought in 1793 for 100 from Cardinaltienne

Bodleian Library,
24[68] complete paper Charles de Lomnie de Brienne.
Oxford
Online images of vol. 1 and vol. 2

Cambridge
University Acquired as part of a gift in 1933.[70]
22[69] complete paper
Library, Online images of vol. 1 and vol. 2
Cambridge

United PML 13 & PML 818. Acquired in 1815 byMark

37 incomplete vellum
States (11) The Morgan Masterman-Sykes.[71]
Library &
38 complete paper PML 192067
Museum, New
York PML 1. Old Testament only
44 incomplete paper
Online images

Library of
Congress, 35 complete vellum Online images
Washington DC

New York Public

42 incomplete paper
Library

Widener Library,
Harvard 40 complete paper
University

Beinecke Library, The Melk copy, a gift from Mrs. Edward S.

41 complete paper
Yale University Harkness in 1926.[72][73]

The Brinley-Cole-Ives-Ellsworth-Scheide
Scheide Library,
copy,[74][75][76] one of three existing copies in its
Princeton 43 incomplete paper
University original binding.[77]
Online images

New Testament only, 12 leaves missing.[79] Part of

Lilly Library,
the same copy as the volume in Mons (see
Indiana 46[78] incomplete paper
University above).[80]
Online images

Henry E.
Huntington
Library, San 36 complete vellum
Marino,
California

Harry Ransom 39 complete paper Purchased in 1978 for 2.4 million US dollars.
 Humanities Online images
Research Center,
University of
Texas at Austin

Vatican 33 incomplete vellum Online images of vol. 1 and vol. 2

Vatican Library
City (2) 34 incomplete paper Vol. I.

Recent history
Today, few copies remain in religious institutions, with most now
owned by university libraries and other major scholarly institutions.
After centuries in which all copies seem to have remained in Europe,
the first Gutenberg Bible reached North America in 1847. It is now in
the New York Public Library.[81] In the last hundred years, several
long-lost copies have come to light, considerably improving the
understanding of how the Bible was produced and distributed.[27]

In 1921 a New York rare book dealer, Gabriel Wells, bought a damaged
paper copy, dismantled the book and sold sections and individual leaves
to book collectors and libraries. The leaves were sold in a portfolio case
with an essay written by A. Edward Newton, and were referred to as
"Noble Fragments".[82][83] In 1953 Charles Scribner's Sons, also book
dealers in New York, dismembered a paper copy of volume II. The
largest portion of this, the New Testament, is now owned by Indiana
University. The matching first volume of this copy was subsequently Binding of the copy at the University of
discovered in Mons, Belgium.[12] Texas at Austin

The only copy held outside Europe or North America is the first volume
of a Gutenberg Bible (Hubay 45) at Keio University in Tokyo. The Humanities Media Interface Project
(HUMI) at Keio University is known for its high-quality digital images of Gutenberg Bibles and other rare
books.[57] Under the direction of Professor Toshiyuki Takamiya, the HUMI team has made digital
reproductions of 11 sets of the bible in nine institutions, including both full-text facsimiles held in the collection
of the British Library.[84]

The last sale of a complete Gutenberg Bible took place in 1978, which sold for $2.2 million. This copy is now
in Stuttgart.[81] The price of a complete copy today is estimated at $2535 million.[2][3] Individual leaves now
sell for $50,000$150,000, depending upon condition and the desirability of the page. Eight leaves (Book of
Esther) from the fragment owned by the Collection of the Library of the Jewish Theological Seminary in New
York was sold in June 2015 by Sotheby's for $970,000.

A two-volume paper edition of the Gutenberg Bible was stolen from Moscow State University in 2009 and
subsequently recovered in a FSB sting operation in 2013.[85] This particular copy had been looted by the Soviet
Army after World War II from the Library of the University of Leipzig, Germany, and is estimated to be worth
in excess of $20.4 million.

See also
Incunable
36 Line Bible
Printing press
Jikji

Bibliography
 Niels Henry Sonne. America's Oldest Episcopal Seminary Library and the Needs It Serves. New York?:
General Theological Seminary, 1953.
St. Mark's Library (General Theological Seminary). The Gutenberg Bible of the General Theological
Seminary. New York: St. Mark's Library, the General Theological Seminary, 1963.

References
1. Davies, Martin (1996). The Gutenberg Bible. British Library. ISBN 0-7123-0492-4.
2. MSNBC: In the book world, the rarest of the rare (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6124643/)
3. Luxist.com: The World of Rare Books: The Gutenberg Bible, First and Most Valuable (http://www.luxist.
com/2008/01/31/the-world-of-rare-books-the-gutenberg-bible-first-and-most-val/)
4. "The text of the Bible" (http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/textbible.html). bl.uk. British Library.
Retrieved 6 November 2016.
5. Childress 2008, p. 62
6. Man, John (2002). Gutenberg: How One Man Remade the World with Words. New York: John Wiley and
Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-21823-5.
7. "The Gutenberg Bible" (http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/gutenberg/html/4.html).
utexas.edu.
8. Wagner, Bettina; Reed, Marcia (2010-12-23). Early Printed Books as Material Objects: Proceeding of
the Conference Organized by the IFLA Rare Books and Manuscripts Section Munich, 19-21 August 2009
(https://books.google.com/books?id=rXSAvawdIZIC&pg=PA11). p. 11. ISBN 9783110255300.
9. British Library, Three phases in the printing process (http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/threephases.ht
ml) accessed 4 July 2009
10. British Library, The differences in line lengths per page (http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/flash4.htm
l): pictures showing differences between the Keio copy (40 lines per page) and the British Library copy
(42 lines per page) in Genesis 1. Accessed 10 July 2009
11. British Library, Gutenberg's life: the years of the Bible (http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/bibleyears.
html) accessed 10 July 2009
12. White, Eric Marshall (2002). "Long Lost Leaves from Gutenberg's Mons-Trier II Bible". Gutenberg
Jahrbuch. 77: 1936.
13. Lane Ford, Margaret (2010). "Deconstruction and Reconstruction: Detecting and Interpreting
Sophisticated Copies". In Wagner, Bettina; Reed, Marcia. Early Printed Books as Material Objects:
Proceedings of the Conference Organized by the Ifla Rare Books and Manuscripts Section Munich, 19-21
August 2009. De Gruyter Sur. pp. 291304. ISBN 978-3-11-025324-5.
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accessed 10 July 2009
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accessed 10 July 2009
16. "Fast Facts: The Gutenberg Bible" (http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/gutenbergbible/fact
s/#top). utexas.edu.
17. British Library, Making the Bible: the ink (http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/ink.html) accessed 18
October 2009.
18. BBC Radio 4 programme "Gutenberg: In the Beginning Was the Printer" first broadcast 21-10-2014
19. Television presentation, "The Machine that Made Us", presenter: Stephen Fry
20. "InDesign, the hz-program and Gutenberg's secret" (http://www.typografi.org/justering/gut_hz/gutenberg
_hz_english.html).
21. Kapr, Albert (1996). Johann Gutenberg: The Man and His Invention. Scolar Press. ISBN 1-85928-114-1.
22. "Gutenberg Bible: The Copy on Paper - the Decoration" (http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/paperdeco
ration.html). bl.uk.
23. Estes, Richard (2005). The 550th Anniversary Pictorial Census of the Gutenberg Bible. Gutenberg
Research Center. p. 151.
24. Jensen, Kristian (2003). "Printing the Bible in the fifteenth century: devotion, philology and commerce".
In Jensen, Kristian. Incunabula and their readers: printing, selling and using books in the fifteenth
century. British Library. pp. 11538. ISBN 0-7123-4769-0.
25. Shestack, Alan (1967). Fifteenth Century Engravings of Northern Europe. National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC. LCCN 67029080 (https://lccn.loc.gov/67029080).
26. van Buren, Anne H.; Edmunds, Sheila (March 1974). "Playing Cards and Manuscripts: Some Widely
Disseminated Fifteenth Century Model Sheets". The Art Bulletin. 56 (1): 1230. ISSN 0004-3079 (http
s://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3079). JSTOR 3049193 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3049193).
doi:10.1080/00043079.1974.10789835 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00043079.1974.10789835).
27. White, Eric Marshall (2010). "The Gutenberg Bibles that Survive as Binder's Waste". In Wagner, Bettina;
Reed, Marcia. Early Printed Books as Material Objects: Proceedings of the Conference Organized by the
Ifla Rare Books and Manuscripts Section Munich, 19-21 August 2009. De Gruyter Sur. pp. 2135.
ISBN 978-3-11-025324-5.
28. McGrath, Alister (2001). In the Beginning: The Story of the King James Bible and How It Changed a
Nation, a Language, and a Culture. Anchor Books. p. 15. ISBN 0-385-72216-8.
29. Cormack, Lesley B.; Ede, Andrew (2004). A History of Science in Society: From Philosophy to Utility.
Broadview Press. p. 95. ISBN 1-55111-332-5.
30. Needham, Paul (1999). "The Changing Shape of the Vulgate Bible in Fifteenth-Century Printing Shops".
In Saenger, Paul; Van Kampen, Kimberly. The Bible as Book:the First Printed Editions. British Library.
pp. 5370. ISBN 0-7123-4601-5.
31. Needham, Paul (2010). "Copy Specifics in the Printing Shop". In Wagner, Bettina; Reed,Marcia. Early
Printed Books as Material Objects: Proceedings of the Conference Organized by the Ifla Rare Books and
Manuscripts Section Munich, 19-21 August 2009. De Gruyter Sur. pp. 920. ISBN 978-3-11-025324-5.
32. St. Mark's Library (General Theological Seminary). The Gutenberg Bible of the General Theological
Seminary. New York: St. Mark's Library, the General Theological Seminary, 1963.
33. "Gutenberg Bible Census" (http://www.clausenbooks.com/gutenbergcensus.htm).
34. Estelle Betzold Doheny (1987). The Estelle Doheny Collection: Fifteenth-century books, including the
Gutenberg Bible (https://books.google.com/books?id=XaVMAAAAYAAJ). 1. Christie, Manson &
Woods International. pp. 23.
35. "British Library Incunabula Short Title Catalogue" (http://istc.bl.uk/search/search.html?operation=rec
ord&rsid=502970&q=4). Retrieved 12 June 2016.
36. Das Antiquariat ... (https://books.google.com/books?id=wOziAAAAMAAJ) (in German). 7. W. Krieg.
1951. pp. 122. "Das Exemplar enthlt das lteste festgestellte Da* tum, das im Zusammenhang mit der
Gutenberg* Bibel steht. ... Mit der tabula rubricarum", auf 4 Blttern am Schlu des Werkes gedruckt. ...
Das Exemplar gehrte frher Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal, dem Kurfrsten von Mainz, dessen
Bibliothek 1793 aufgeteilt wurde."
37. Bettina Wagner; Marcia Reed (23 December 2010). Early Printed Books as Material Objects:
Proceeding of the Conference Organized by the IFLA Rare Books and Manuscripts Section Munich, 19-
21 August 2009 (https://books.google.com/books?id=rXSAvawdIZIC&pg=PA15). Walter de Gruyter.
pp. 15. ISBN 978-3-11-025530-0. "As has been known for decades, the Gutenberg Bible shop printed
not just the Bible itself, but also a separate rubric guide ... Gutenberg Bible at the Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek, Munich, and at the sterreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna."
38. The AB Bookman's Yearbook (https://books.google.com/books?id=Wh4bAAAAMAAJ). Bookman's
weekly. 1956. p. 392. "This copy contains the earliest recorded date associated with the Gutenberg Bible.
At the end of both volumes are notes ... With the "tabula rubricarum" (index of rubrics) printed on 4
leaves at the end. These additional leaves occur in only one ..."
39. Antiquarian Bookman (https://books.google.com/books?id=avwYAQAAIAAJ). 14-26. 18. R.R. Bowker.
1956. pp. 1410. "The example of the Gutenberg Bible in Mons is quite incomplete, containing only 220
leaves of Volume I. Folio 1 is ... end of the Book of Ruth (folio 128 verso) and chapter 5 of Kings II
(folio 149 recto) These comprise the 104 missing leaves."
40. Josef Stummvoll (1971). Die Gutenberg-Bibel (https://books.google.com/books?id=fvYaAAAAMAAJ)
(in German). sterreichisches Institut fr Bibliotheksforschung. pp. 26. "...Kanonikus Edmond Puissant
in Mons. 1934 beim Tode Puissants an die Stadt Mons gekommen. Wurde erst 1950 vom Bibliothekar
Dr. M. A. Arnould identifiziert. Nur bei Norman (20) und Stwesand (14) verzeichnet. Aufbewahrt in der
..."
41. Kongelige Bibliotek (Denmark); Harald Ilse (1 January 1993). On parchment, paper and palm leaves--:
treasures of the Royal Library, Denmark : a presentation in pictures and words on the occasion of the
200th anniversary of the opening of the library to the public (https://books.google.com/books?id=h_RLA
QAAIAAJ). Royal Library. pp. 30. ISBN 978-87-7023-621-8. "Then, in 1713, Gottorp was captured
during the war with Danmark and the library made the property of the Danish king. At that ... was
volume 2 of the famous 42-line Bible, Johan Gutenberg's first great work of the art of printing done at
Mainz c. ..."
42. Harald Ilse (1999). Det kongelige Bibliotek i stbeskeen: studier og samlinger til bestandens historie
indtil ca. 1780 (https://books.google.com/books?id=b5QIaOgQZfwC&pg=PA65) (in Danish). Museum
Tusculanum Press. pp. 65. ISBN 978-87-7289-550-5. "Med et eksemplar af bind 2 af Gutenberg-biblen
trykt i Mainz ca. ... af bger til forsendelse trak ud, blev biblioteket frst endeligt modtaget i Kbenhavn
1749."
43. Verffentlichung der Gutenberg-gesellschaft (https://books.google.com/books?id=5wLjAAAAMAAJ) (in
French). 59. 1908. pp. 58. "Cd en 1767 par les Bndictins de Mayence Dom Maugrard, pour
Dupr de Geneste, Administrateur des Domaines Me, dont la bibliothque fut vendue en 1788 par le
cardinal Lomnie de Brienne la BIBLIOTHQUE NATIONALE ..."
44. AB Bookman's Yearbook (https://books.google.com/books?id=ieZWAAAAIAAJ). Bookman's weekly.
1956. pp. 391. "It is hoped these emendations will bring this revision of the Gutenberg Bible list totally
up to date. The compiler ... In 1788 or shortly afterwards, it was rebound in red morocco, with the arms
of Louis XVI stamped in gilt on the covers, in 4 vols."
45. Das Antiquariat ... (https://books.google.com/books?id=wOziAAAAMAAJ) (in German). 7. W. Krieg.
1951. pp. 122. "Am Schlsse der beiden Bnde sind Vermerke des Rubrikators und Buchbinders
Henricus Cremer ber die Voll* endung seiner Arbeit eingetragen: (Bd. I ... 24. August 1456; Bd. II . . .
15. August 1456)."
46. Howard, Nicole (2005-09-30). The Book: The Life Story Of A Technology (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=4WwdMJKXzhEC&pg=PA31). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-313-33028-5.
Retrieved 23 August 2012.
47. Frederick Richmond Goff (27 July 1971). The permanence of Johann Gutenberg (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=W_fgAAAAMAAJ). Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin;
[distributed by University of Texas Press. pp. 18.
48. Harold Rabinowitz; Rob Kaplan (18 December 2007). A Passion for Books: A Book Lover's Treasury of
Stories, Essays, Humor, Lore, and Lists on Collecting , Reading, Borrowing, Lending, Caring for, and
Appreciating Books (https://books.google.com/books?id=xzjkYlfHXL4C&pg=PA229).
Crown/Archetype. pp. 229. ISBN 978-0-307-41966-8. "The story of the resurrection of the Gutenberg
Bible, after Francois Guillaume de Bure recognized its importance when he came upon a copy in 1763 in
the Mazarin library, is however not a part of the history of the Bible in English and must ..."
49. Talbot Wilson Chambers; Frank Hugh Foster (1890). Concise Dictionary of Religious Knowledge:
Biblical, Doctrinal, Historical, and Practical (https://books.google.com/books?id=bOxBAAAAYAAJ).
Christian Literature Company. pp. 553. "Mazarin Bible, The, or Gutenberg Bible, Mentz, 145055, the
first book printed with movable types. It was discovered by De Burc in the Mazarin Library at Paris
about 1760. Six copies on vellum are known and 81 on paper. One of the latter is in ..."
50. Alexandre Saint-Lger (1984). Revue du Nord (https://books.google.com/books?id=RelnAAAAMAAJ).
261-263 (in French). 66. pp. 637. "Nous ne saurions bien videmment passer sous silence un volume de
la Bible 42 lignes de Gutenberg, conserv Saint-Omer et venant de l'abbaye de Saint-Bertin '3, mais le
catalogue relve galement les ditions de Pierre Schoeffer ..."
51. The Living Church (https://books.google.com/books?id=11zkAAAAMAAJ). 176. Morehouse-Gorham
Company. January 1978. pp. 75. "A Gutenberg Bible has been sold by New York book dealer Hans P.
Kraus for $1.8 million, the same price for which he bought it in 1970. ... Known as the Shuckburgh
Bible, the Kraus copy was named after Sir George Shuckburgh, its 18th century owner, who ..."
52. Sandra Kirshenbaum. Fine Print (https://books.google.com/books?id=RqHgAAAAMAAJ). S.
Kirshenbaum. pp. 102. "Early in March Mr. Kraus sold his Bible, known as the Shuckburgh copy, to the
Gutenberg Museum of Mainz for $1,800,000, the highest price ever paid .."
53. Gutenberg-Gesellschaft (1979). Aloys Ruppel, 18821977: Wrdigung bei der Gedchtnisfeier des
Fachbereichs 16 Geschichtswissenschaft der Johannes Gutenberg-Universitt Mainz und der Gutenberg-
Gesellschaft am 21. Juni 1978 (https://books.google.com/books?id=BqUOAQAAMAAJ) (in German).
Verlag der Gutenberg-Gesellschaft. pp. 26. "Als wir 1925 das silberne Jubilum des Gutenberg-
Museums vorbereiteten, rief mich Ministerialrat Hassinger vom ... von Solms-Laubach wolle sein
Exemplar verkaufen und habe bereits ein Angebot von einem Leipziger Antiquar erhalten."
54. "Vor ungefhr 600 Jahren wurde Gutenberg geboren. Mainz ehrt ihn auf verschiedene Weisen: Heute fr
Stielaugen" (http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/vor-ungefaehr-600-jahren-wurde-gutenberg-geboren--mainz-
ehrt-ihn-auf-verschiedene-weisen-heute-fuer-stielaugen-16774418). Berliner Zeitung. Retrieved 5 March
2016.
55. White, Eric Marshall; Rosenstein, Natalee; Travis, Trysh; Adams, Peter W.; Baensch, Robert E. (2003).
"Book reviews". Publishing Research Quarterly. 19 (2): 6572. ISSN 1053-8801 (https://www.worldcat.
org/issn/1053-8801). doi:10.1007/s12109-003-0009-3 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12109-003-0009-3).
56. "Ellensburg Daily Record Google News Archive Search" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Co
xUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XI8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2197,2580330&dq=gutenberg+bible&hl=en). google.com.
57. "Gutenberg Bible: The HUMI Project" (http://www.themorgan.org/collections/works/gutenberg/humi).
The Morgan Library and Museum. The Morgan Library and Museum. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
58. Muzeum Diecezjalne (2017). "Biblia Gutenberga" (http://www.muzeum.diecezja.org/muzeum/nasze-zbio
ry/biblia-gutenberga/) [The Gutenberg Bible]. Pelplin. "Google translate. (https://translate.google.ca/trans
late?sl=pl&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muzeum.diecezja.org%
2Fmuzeum%2Fnasze-zbiory%2Fbiblia-gutenberga%2F&edit-text=)"
59. Polska Biblioteka Internetowa (2012), Sample page from vol. 1. (http://web.archive.org/web/2010061400
3013/http://www.pbi.edu.pl/book_reader.php?p=32&s=1) Internet Archive. Sample binding from vol. 2.
(http://web.archive.org/web/20120702041627/http://www.pbi.edu.pl/book_reader.php?p=1527&s=1) (in
Polish)
60. "German Museum of Books and Writing "Signs - Books - Networks" " (http://mediengeschichte.dnb.de/
DBSMZBN/Content/EN/Printing/04-ein-verlorener-schatz-en.html). Retrieved 10 April 2016.
61. Georg Jger (30 July 2010). Geschichte des deutschen Buchhandels im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Band 1:
Das Kaiserreich 1871-1918 (https://books.google.com/books?id=5zRBThkBXtoC&pg=PA218) (in
German). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 218. ISBN 978-3-11-023238-7.
62. "Buch- und Schriftkultur: Das Geisterhaus - Kultur - Tagesspiegel" (http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/bu
ch-und-schriftkultur-das-geisterhaus/6356990.html) (in German). Retrieved 10 April 2016.
63. Johann Wetter (1836). Kritische Geschichte der Erfindung der Buchdruckerkunst durch Johann
Gutenberg zu Mainz, begleitet mit einer, vorhin noch nie angestellten, genauen Prfung und gnzlichen
Beseitigung der von Schpfiin und seinen Anhngern verfochtenen Ansprche der Stadt Strassburg, und
einer neuen Untersuchung der Ansprche der Stadt Harlem und vollstndigen Widerlegung ihrei
Verfechter Junius, Meerman, Koning, Dibdin, Otley und Ebert (https://books.google.com/books?id=fr4y
AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA520) (in German). J. Wirth. pp. 520.
64. Henry Noel Humphreys (1867). A History of the Art of Printing: From Its Invention to Its Wide-spread
Development in the Middle of the 16th Century : Preceded by a Short Account of the Origin of the
Alphabet and the Successive Methods of Recording Events and Multiplying Ms. Books Before the
Invention of Printing (https://books.google.com/books?id=GIlWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA62). B. Quaritch.
pp. 62.
65. Donald Kerr (1 January 2006). Amassing Treasures for All Times: Sir George Grey, Colonial Bookman
and Collector (https://books.google.com/books?id=uhPhAAAAMAAJ). Oak Knoll Press. pp. 95.
ISBN 978-1-58456-196-5.
66. Thomas Frognall Dibdin (1814). Bibliotheca Spenceriana; Or a Descriptive Catalogue of the Books
Printed in the Fifteenth Century, and of Many Valuable First Editions in the Library of George John Earl
Spencer (https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8Fwu-apy3AC&pg=PA6). 1. pp. 6.
67. Albert Charles Robinson Carter (1940). Let Me Tell You (https://books.google.com/books?id=joMMAQA
AIAAJ). Hutchinson & Company. pp. 202.
68. "Bod-Inc online" (http://incunables.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/record/B-237). Retrieved 5 March 2016.
69. "Cambridge University Library Addendum" (http://audiblewink.com/blog/?tag=cambridge-university-l
ibrary). Addendum. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
70. Peter Fox (27 August 1998). Cambridge University Library: The Great Collections (https://books.google.
com/books?id=xxlgKP5thL8C&pg=PA65). Cambridge University Press. pp. 65. ISBN 978-0-521-
62647-7.
71. Takami Matsuda; Richard A. Linenthal; John Scahill (1 January 2004). The medieval book and a modern
collector: essays in honour of Toshiyuki Takamiya (https://books.google.com/books?id=-roPAQAAMAA
J). D.S. Brewer. pp. 448. ISBN 978-4-8419-0348-5.
72. Allen Kent; Harold Lancour; Jay E. Daily (29 January 1982). Encyclopedia of Library and Information
Science: Volume 33 The Wellesley College Library to Zoological Literature: A Review (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=XPY96DdVt2UC&pg=PA315). CRC Press. pp. 315. ISBN 978-0-8247-2033-9.
"Perhaps the most outstanding volume in the Beinecke collection is the Melk copy of the Gutenberg
Bible, the gift of Mrs. Edward S. Harkness. The Gutenberg Bible is thought to have been the first book
printed with movable type and was ..."
73. Christopher Morley; Ken Kalfus; Walter Jack Duncan (January 1990). Christopher Morley's
Philadelphia (https://books.google.com/books?id=vyOYIsTIIM8C&pg=PA76). Fordham Univ Press.
pp. 76. ISBN 978-0-8232-1270-5.
 74. Randolph G. Adams (1939). The Americanists (https://books.google.com/books?id=A9yvS17hLlkC).
pp. 49. "This particular Bible came from Erfurt, in Germany.24 It was handled by a Berlin dealer, A.
Asher, who also had a ... So Brinley got a Gutenberg Bible at ,637-15-0, and, as Stevens said, "Cheap at
the price." 25 But ... Brinley Hamilton Cole Brayton Ives James W. Ellsworth A. S. W.
Rosenbach John H. Scheide."
75. Grolier Club (1966). Gazette of the Grolier Club (https://books.google.com/books?id=5JUqAQAAMAA
J). pp. 116. "There were three main type groups represented in the exhibition: The type of the 42-line
Bible. The type of the 36-line ... THE 4'2-LINE BIBLE This work is the masterpiece of Johann
Gutenberg. Mr. Goff has ... now owned by Arthur A. Houghton Jr.; and the Brinley-Cole-Ives-Ellsworth
copy, now owned by William H. Scheide."
76. The Princeton University Library Chronicle (https://books.google.com/books?id=IlM4AAAAIAAJ). 37-
39. Friends of the Princeton University Library. 1976. pp. 77. "sold the Bible a year later for $46,000 to
the late John H. Scheide, the father of the present owner. The Brinley-Cole-Ives-Ellsworth- Scheide copy
was brought to Princeton from Titusville, Pennsylvania, in 1959, where it had remained for 35 years. ...
Hellmut Lehmann-Haupt in his Gutenberg and the Master of the Playing Cards (New Haven and London,
1966) has shown the relationship of a number of ..."
77. Princeton Alumni Weekly (https://books.google.com/books?id=8hJbAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA86). 61.
princeton alumni weekly. 1960. pp. 86. PRNC:32101081976894.
78. Frank P. Leslie (1960). The 46th Gutenberg (https://books.google.com/books?id=wXw2AAAAIAAJ).
Vagabond Press.
79. The Friends of the Lilly Library Newsletter (https://books.google.com/books?id=otrjAAAAMAAJ). 29-
32. Indiana University Foundation. 1998. pp. 5. "The second volume of the Gutenberg Bible from
which the Lilly Library New Testament would eventually be extracted was discovered in 1828 in a
farmhouse ... The copy had 116 leaves of the original 128 of a full Gutenberg New Testament."
80. Lotte Hellinga; Martin Davies (1999). Incunabula: studies in fifteenth-century printed books presented to
Lotte Hellinga (https://books.google.com/books?id=ojDrAAAAMAAJ). British Library. pp. 341.
81. Clausen Books Gutenberg Bible Census (http://www.clausenbooks.com/gutenbergcensus.htm) accessed 7
July 2009
82. "Incunabula Leaf Biblia Latina (ca 1450) Gutenberg" (http://www.mccunecollection.org/Incunabula%20
Leaf%20Biblia%20Latina.html). The McCune Collection. 31 August 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
83. http://lbis.kenyon.edu/sca/exhibits/incunabula/z241b58.phtml
84. Pearson, David (2006). Bowman, J, ed. British Librarianship and Information Work 1991-2000: Rare
book librarianship and historical bibliography. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-
7546-4779-9.
85. "Russia sentences secret agents over theft of Gutenberg Bible" (http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-
27738164). BBC News.

External links
Gutenberg Digital Public access to digitised copy of the Gutenberg Bible held by the Gttingen State and
University Library in Germany
Treasures in Full: Gutenberg Bible Information about Gutenberg and the Bible as well as online images
of the British Library's two copies
Gutenberg Bible Census Details of surviving copies, including some notes on provenance
The Munich copy of the Gutenberg Bible on bavarikon
Tabula rubricarum (in German) Image of rubricators' instructions from the Munich copy
The Gutenberg Bible at the Beinecke Podcast from the Beinecke Library, Yale University
The Gutenberg Leaf Image and information about a single "Noble Fragment" held by the McCune
Collection in Vallejo, California
History in the Headlines: 7 Things You May Not Know About the Gutenberg Bible History.com,
February 23, 2015

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