7/2/2017 Twin-lead - Wikipedia

Twin-lead
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Twin-lead cable is a two-conductor flat cable used as a balanced transmission line to

carry radio frequency (RF) signals. It is constructed of two stranded copper or copper-
clad steel wires, held a precise distance apart by a plastic (usually polyethylene)
ribbon. The uniform spacing of the wires is the key to the cable's function as a
transmission line; any abrupt changes in spacing would reflect some of the signal back
toward the source. The plastic also covers and insulates the wires.
300 ohm twin-lead
Twin lead can have significantly lower signal loss than miniature flexible coaxial
cable at shortwave and VHF radio frequencies; for example, type RG-58 coaxial cable loses 6.6 dB per 100 m at
30 MHz, while 300 ohm twin-lead loses only 0.55 dB.[1] However, twin-lead is more vulnerable to interference.
Proximity to metal objects will inject signals into twin-lead that would be blocked out by coaxial cable. Twin lead
therefore requires careful installation around rain gutters, and standoffs from metal support masts. Twin-lead is
also susceptible to significant degradation when wet or ice covered, whereas coax is less or not affected in these
conditions. For these reasons, coax has largely replaced twin-lead in most uses, except where maximum signal is
required.

Contents
1 Characteristics and uses
2 How it works
3 Ladder line
4 Impedance matching
5 Characteristic impedance
6 Antennas
7 References

Characteristics and uses

The characteristic impedance of twin-lead is a function of the wire diameter and its spacing; in 300 ohm twin-lead,
the most common type, the wire is usually 20 or 22 gauge, about 7.5 mm (0.30 inches) apart.[2] This is well
matched with the natural impedance of a folded dipole antenna, which is normally around 275 ohms. Twin-lead
generally has higher impedance than the other common transmission wiring, coaxial cable (coax). The widely used
RG-6 coax has a characteristic impedance of 75 ohms, which requires the use of a balun to match impedance when
used with common antenna types.

Twin lead and other types of parallel-conductor transmission line are mainly used to connect radio transmitters and
receivers to their antennas. Parallel transmission line has the advantage that its losses are an order of magnitude
smaller than that of coaxial cable, the main alternative form of transmission line. Its disadvantages are that it is
more vulnerable to interference, and must be kept away from metal objects which can cause power losses. For this
reason, when installed along the outside of buildings and on antenna masts, standoff insulators must be used. It is
also common practice to twist the twin lead on long free standing lengths to further reject any induced imbalances
to the line.

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Twin-lead is supplied in several different sizes, with values of 600, 450, 300, and 75 ohms characteristic
impedance. The most common, 300 ohm twin-lead, was once widely used to connect television sets and FM radios
to their receiving antennas. 300 ohm twin-lead for television installations has been largely replaced with 75 ohm
coaxial cable feedlines. Twin-lead is also used in amateur radio stations as a transmission line for balanced
transmission of radio frequency signals.

How it works
A 300-to-75-ohm balun, showing
twin-lead on the right hand side
the line.
Twin lead is a form of parallel-wire balanced transmission line. The separation
between the two wires in twin-lead is small compared to the wavelength of the
radio frequency (RF) signal carried on the wire.[3] The RF current in one wire
is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the RF current in the other
wire. Therefore, in the far field region far from the transmission line, the radio
waves radiated by one wire are equal in magnitude but opposite in phase (180
out of phase) to the waves radiated by the other wire, so they superpose and
cancel each other.[3] The result is that almost no net radio energy is radiated by

Similarly, any interfering external radio waves will induce equal, in phase RF currents, traveling in the same
direction, in the two wires. Since the load at the destination end is connected across the wires, only differential,
oppositely-directed currents in the wires create a current in the load. Thus the interfering currents are canceled out,
so twin lead does not tend to pick up radio noise.

However, if a piece of metal is located sufficiently close to a twin-lead line, within a distance comparable to the
wire spacing, it will be significantly closer to one wire than the other. As a result, the RF current induced in the
metal object by one wire will be greater than the opposing current induced by the other wire, so the currents will
no longer cancel. Thus nearby metal objects can cause power losses in twin lead lines, through energy dissipated as
heat by induced currents. Similarly, radio noise originating in cables or metal objects located near the twin-lead
line can induce unbalanced currents in the wires, coupling noise into the line.

Ladder line
Ladder line or "window line" is a variation of twin lead
which is constructed similarly, except that the polyethylene
webbing between the wires which holds them apart has
rectangular openings ("windows") cut in it.[2][4] The line
consists of two insulated wires with "rungs" of plastic
holding them together every few inches, giving it the
appearance of a ladder. The advantage of the "windows" is 450 ohm "Ladder line" 600 ohm "open wire line"
that they lighten the line, and also reduce the amount of
surface on which dirt and moisture can accumulate, making
ladder line less vulnerable to weather-induced changes in characteristic impedance.[2] The most common type is
450 ohm ladder line, which has a conductor spacing of about an inch.[2]

Ladder line may also be manufactured or DIY-constructed as "open wire line" consisting of two parallel wires
featuring widely spaced plastic or ceramic insulating bars and having a characteristic impedance of 600 ohms or
more.[5]

Impedance matching
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As a transmission line, transmission efficiency will be maximum when the impedance of the antenna, the
characteristic impedance of the twin-lead line and the impedance of the equipment are the same. For this reason,
when attaching a twin-lead line to a coaxial cable connection, such as the 300 ohm twin-lead from a domestic
television antenna to the television's 75 ohm coax antenna input, a balun with a 4:1 ratio is commonly used. Its
purpose is double: first, it transforms twin-lead's 300 ohm impedance to match the 75 ohm coaxial cable
impedance; and second, it transforms the balanced, symmetric transmission line to the unbalanced coax input. In
general, when used as a feedline, twin-lead (especially ladder line versions) has a higher efficiency than coaxial
cable when there is an impedance mismatch between the feedline and the source (or sink). For receive-only use
this merely implies that the system can communicate under slightly less optimal conditions; for transmit use, this
can often result in significantly less energy lost as heat in the transmission line.

Twin-lead also can serve as a convenient material with which to build a simple folded dipole antenna. Such
antennas may be fed either by using a 300 ohm twin-lead feeder or by using a 300-to-75-ohm balun and using
coaxial feedline and will usually handle moderate power loads without overheating.

Characteristic impedance
The characteristic impedance of a parallel-wire transmission line like twin lead or ladder line depends on its
dimensions; the diameter of the wires d and their separation D. This is derived below.

The characteristic impedance of any transmission line is given by

where for twin-lead line the primary line constants are

where the surface resistance of the wires is

and where d is the wire diameter and D is the separation of the wires measured between their centrelines.

Neglecting the wire resistance R and the leakage conductance G, this gives

[6]

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where Z0 is the impedance of free space (approximately 377 ), r is the effective dielectric constant (which for air
is 1.00054). If the separation D is much greater than the wire diameter d then this is approximately

[7]

The separation needed to achieve a given characteristic impedance is therefore

Antennas
Twin-lead can be connected directly to a suitably designed antenna:

a dipole (whose impedance at resonance is approximately 73 ohms in free space),

a folded dipole (a better match, since its characteristic impedance in free space is around 300 ohms),
a Yagi antenna or similar balanced antenna.

References
1. "Why ladder line?" (http://www.zs6hvb.za.net/index.php/our-favourite-links/
why-ladder-line). Highveld Amateur Radio Club. Wikimedia Commons has
2. Straw, R. Dean, Ed. (2000). The ARRL Antenna Book, 19th Ed. USA: media related to Twin-lead
American Radio Relay League. pp. 24.1617. ISBN 0-87259-817-9. cables.
3. Straw, R. Dean, Ed. (2000). The ARRL Antenna Book, 19th Ed. USA:
American Radio Relay League. p. 24.1. ISBN 0-87259-817-9.
4. Ford, Steve (December 1993). "The Lure Of Ladder Line" (http://www.w6ier.org/images/The%20Lure%20of%20Ladde
r%20Line.pdf) (PDF). QST. ARRL. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
5. Danzer, Paul (April 2004). "Open Wire Feed LineA Second Look" (http://www.cqham.ru/forum/attachment.php?attac
hmentid=35851&d=1244391020). QST. ARRL. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
6. Balanced Transmission Line in Current Amateur Practice, ARRL Antenna Compendium, Volume 6. Wes Stewart,
N7WS.
7. ARRL Handbook for Amateur Radio 2000. p. 19.3.

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Categories: Signal cables Antennas (radio) Transmission lines

This page was last edited on 8 March 2017, at 21:29.

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