K

FG

E SCIENTIFIC SUPERVISOR
Dr Georgios Giannakopoulos
- - Historian - Librarian - Archivist

H - AUTHOR - RESERCHER
, Anastasia Leriou, Dr of History
, Anna Mourouglou, Author - Resercher

FG

- GENERAL EDITOR - CREATIVE MANAGER

Dimitris Lucas

TRANSLATION
nastasia Leriou

EDITING MANAGEMENT
Maria Lepenioti
Eleni Spyropoulou

Y JUNIOR ART DIRECTOR - DTP

Stilianos Aggelopoulos

I PHOTOGRAPHY
Spyros Panagiotopoulos
Andreas Andreopoulos

- TYPESETING - IMAGE EDITING

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INDING
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O PRODUCTION DESIGN

EI .
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/ MUNICIPALITY OF KALLITHEA CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

ISBN: 960-8092-53-1
, .
2121/1993 - . 100/1975.
(, ..) , 51 . 2121/1993 All rights reserved
 PREFACE
OF THE MAYOR OF ALLITHEA

KOSTAS SKOUNS

ALLITHEA. A Greek-English edition of the citys history constitutes

a signicant milestone for the social and cultural activity of the
Municipality of Kallithea. This is the rst time that the Municipality
has undertaken, and subsequently fullled, a duty as important as the concentration
of information eectively illuminating Kallitheas historical development during
the last one hundred and twenty years in a single volume.
During this period Kallithea evolved from a late 19th century summer resort,
initially inhabited by Georgios Filaretos, Georgios Kremos and other intellectuals,
to a large town of more than 200,000 residents. Not only did Kallithea witness
all the historic developments that made Greeks proud as well as hurt, it also
took active part and was seriously aected by them. It became an integral part
of Athens, the capital city we all love, though it upsets us rather often.
Indeed, the development of modern Greece is directly reected in the 20th
century Kallithean history. In 1922 the settlement, including no more than 1.900
residents at the time, received a large wave of refugees eeing the disasters in
Asia Minor. Greeks from Smyrna and its surroundings, Pontos and other areas
settled in refuge settlements that are still to be seen today. After World War II, the
Kallithea population increased dramatically, as a result of internal immigration.
The latter should be attributed to the persecutions following the Civil war, as well
as the general abandonment of the Greek countryside. This increase determined
the Municipalitys development in the following decades. Kallithea is currently
the fourth largest municipality in Attica; it was created by all the people who
took shelter here, through their dierent cultures and experiences and also the
means by which they faced daily life diculties.
Throughout the 20th century, Kallithea has played multiple roles: centre of Asia


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PREFACE OF THE MAYOR

Minor refugees, signicant nucleus of National Resistance, district of internal

immigrants, trade-centre, Olympic city. This is the town we will be inheriting to
the younger generation, to which the present edition is dedicated.
The energetic and conscious young peoples participation constitutes a fundamental
condition for our visions fulllment: our citys modernization focusing on the
citizens and their needs. It is precisely this dynamic and conscious relationship
between Kallithea and its citizens that the present edition aims to serve.
A number of noteworthy attempts to compile a history of Kallithea have preceded
the present one. We should mention the historical treatise Kallithea, Selides Istorias
(Kallithea, Pages of History, 1963) by Eleutherios Kassianes, Asty Kallitheas (The
City of Kallithea, 1972) by Triandafyllos Triandafyllides, publisher of the newspaper
Kallithea and Kallithea tou Chthes kai tou Semera (Kallithea of Yesterday and
Tomorrow, 2000) by Chrestos Papazoglou, publisher of the still circulating newspaper
Ereuna. We would like to express our warmest appreciation to their authors for
their contribution towards the preservation of our citys historical memory.
By researching the municipal archives and those of various social organisations,
preserving peoples memories, recording the deeds and misdeeds of previous
municipal authorities and revising both the major and the minor historical events,
we hope to make a signicant investment in Kallitheas future. The arduous eorts
of all previous municipal authorities have resulted in the development of eective
infrastructure and the establishment of a wide web of social services. The latter is
by all means necessary for maintaining social coherence within our city today.
We express the modern citys gratitude to all those people, who have worked
hard during the past one hundred and twenty years, so that a place in history
and in our hearts has been reserved for Kallithea. Against the modern Athenian
landscapes grey bulks that often lead human minds to standardisation and
detachment, we place our citys history. This is a secure way towards loving
Kallithea and working with responsibility for the progress and prosperity of its
people.

Kostas Askounes
Mayor of Kallithea

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9
PREFACE
OF THE VICE - MAYOR

THEODOROS PSALIDOPOULOS

ALLITHEA. A Greek-English edition of the citys history constitutes

the fullment of one of The Municipality of Kallithea Cultural
Organisations most signicant plans: the achievement of a substantial
contribution towards the development of the towns historic memory.
The present edition is the result of systematic research of the Municipalitys
multiple archives and City Council Minutes, never so thoroughly studied before,
and a large number of other sources. As such, it will signicantly enrich the
currently available bibliography on local history; additionally, it will demonstrate
the leading role that Local Self-Government should play in regards to the latters
preservation.
The album at hand serves the humanistic values involved in Kallitheas long
historical development into the dynamically evolving and populous city that
presently is. These values stem from the daily eorts undertaken by Kallitheas
residents, in order to improve their life and secure a better future for their children.
Moreover, they are closely related to all those great ideas that put the Kallitheans
conscience at test during critical times for Greece. In any case, Kallithean history,
strongly associated to that of Athens, was primarily made by its people.
The edition entitled Kallithea. A Greek-English edition of the citys history, the product
of worthy young scholars toil, sets eectively the stage. Primarily, it underlines the
need, and also the Municipalitys promptness to plan infrastructure modernisation
and action development aiming at the preservation of Kallitheas history and its
promotion to a fundamental social asset for the younger generations.
We would like to express our warmest appreciation to the researchers team,
namely Dr Anastasia Leriou and Mrs. Anna Mourouglou; also to Dr Geogios
Giannakopoulos, the editions academic supervisor, and the editor Mr. Demetrios


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PREFACE OF THE VICE -MAYOR

Loukas. Moreover, we would like to thank our colleagues Mr. Elias Kakoulides,
Mr. Georgios Antonakakes, and particularly Mrs. Aspa Filippidou and Mrs.
Ioanna Kanake - Soterchou. By serving as members of the editions Supervising
Committee, they contributed considerably to researching and editing. Special
thanks are due to the various Kallithean social clubs and associations that placed
their archives and memories to our disposal. We would also like to acknowledge
all Kallitheans, who, responsibly as well as sentimentally, contributed towards
the arduous completion of this album. Last but not least, we thank Mrs. Pope
Kouvatsou, Mrs. Litsa Christodoulou, Mrs. Toula Antoniou, Mrs. Hara Petridou,
Mrs. Stella Iosephidou, Mrs. Christina Kyriakopoulou, Mrs. Myrto Kappe,
Mr. Giannes Vlasses, Mr. Antones Vavylousakes and Mrs. Demetra Ermeidou,
employees of the Cultural Organisation and other municipal services that spent
time and eort for the editions completion.
Kallithea. A Greek-English edition of the citys history represents modern societys
respect to its predecessors, but also its optimism and determination in regard to
everything that has to be fullled in the future.

Theodoros G. Psalidopoulos
Vice - Mayor
Chairman of Municipalys Cultural Organization
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NTRODUCTION

HE AREA occupied currently by the Municipality of Kallithea has

always been advantageous. Within a short distance from Athens, though
not within Athens itself, Kallithea boasted until the beginning of the 20th
century a quite picturesque landscape featuring cultivable elds and gardens. The
land was particularly fertile due to the River Ilissos owing through the regions
northern section. In 1884, the new suburb named Kallithea (beautiful view), after
the marvellous sea-view it provided was established by the Euthymios Kehagias
Building Company S.A. The rst house-plans were designed by the famous German
architect Ernst Ziller. At the beginning of the 20th century Kallithea included many
neoclassic mansions that were mainly used as summer-houses.
Kallitheas organic inclusion in the Athenian architectural plan in combination
with an increase in its population associated the new suburb with the revival of
the Olympic Games. The shooting games of the 1st Olympiad took place at the
Kallithea Skopefterion ( shooting gallery), which had been built especially for
that purpose. The arrival of numerous refugees from Asia Minor and Pontos
changed drastically Kallitheas character. Gradually, the town was transformed
into an important industrial and trading centre.
One of the most eminent hers of the Greek-Italian war in 1940, colonel
Konstantinos Davakes, resided at Kallithea. His statue adorns the central square
of Kallithea, which has been named after him. During the German Occupation,
Kallitheans demonstrated remarkable solidarity through the activity of the
various charities. Moreover, many of them proved their love for freedom by
participating in national resistance organisations. As a result of the latter, the
Kallithea population paid a heavy blood-price.
Throughout the 20th century, Kallithea has been a major mucleus of intellectual


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INTRODUCTION

and artistic activity. This introduction is too short to allow listing the names of the
signicant Kallithean writers, pts, painters, sculptors etc that have signicantly
enriched Greek cultural life. Additionally, three signicant educational institutions
were established and are still operating at Kallithea: Harokopeion School of Home
conomics and Professions for Women (1915), Panteios Supreme School of Political
Sciences (1927) and Sivitanideios Public School of Trade and Vocations (1927). In
regard to entertainment, Kallithea has an equally interesting past, as the coastal
Tzitzies had been an important rebetiko music centre from the early 1920s until
the 1970s.
The present edition constitutes an attempt to systematically record Kallitheas
history based on the Municipalitys rich archives. The texts were compiled after
systematic study of the available archival material, while many of the photographs
published in the album at hand constitute important primary evidence. Such archival
material constitutes by all means the most reliable source for researching the past, as
it preserves the various developments, processes and changes that the Municipality
of Kallithea underwent throughout its history. In this respect, the municipal archives
scientic organisation seems essential, as it would allow the material to become
available to more people and, consequently, more exploitable. Doubtlessly, the history
of a municipality as large as Kallithea is of great interest to many researchers. Since
1934, when Kallithea was promoted to a municipality, until the present day the
intense political ferment within the Kallithea Municipal Council directly reected
the general political developments in Greece throughout this period.
Contemporary Kallithea was created to a large degree during the rst post-war
decades; this is when systematic construction of block of ats altered signicantly
the Greek capitals architectural face. Kallithea is currently a densely inhabited
suburb with an intense cultural and commercial life, unied with the Athenian
city-centre. Kallithea is a city with a long history and interesting traditions, a
society characterised by solidarity, an urban centre with the ability to overcome
its problems, more or less common in all large urban centres, and secure a good
future for its future citizens.

Dr Georgios Giannakopoulos
Historian - Librarian - Archivist


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1885 140 -
1900 500 257%
1907 1.300 160%
1920 4.200 223%
1925 25.000 519%
1928 27.000 8%
1940 36.000 33%
1951 47.000 30%
1961 55.000 17%
1971 85.000 54%
1981 117.000 37%
1991 114.233 -2,3%
2001 109.609 -4%

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22
 CHAPTER I
GETTING TO KNOW KALLITHEA

by Anastasia Leriou

Topography

T HE MUNICIPALITY OF KALLITHEA OCCUPIES 5,840,000 M2 OF LAND STRETCHING

from the southern part of the Municipality of Athens down to the Phaleron coast. It is
a relatively narrow piece of land dened by Syggrou Avenue to the east, Kallirs and
Lagoumitze Streets to the north, the Kesia-Piraeus railway to the north-west and the River Ilissos
to the west. The Saronic Sea constitutes Kallitheas southern boundary. The land within the above
boundaries is quite at, featuring a low relief that slopes gently southwards to the sea. There
are only a few low hills, namely the central
Filaretos Hill and Sikelia Hill to the north.
Kallitheas location is particularly favourable
due to its close proximity to both Athens and
Piraeus. Moreover, Kallithea boasts an excellent
town-plan. The central Venizelou (Theseos)
Avenue runs across it in a N-S direction.
In the area of Davaki Square, that is to say
the Municipalitys centre, Venizelou Avenue
is crossed at a right angle by Sivitanidou-
Davaki Street. The latter runs across Kallithea
with an E-W direction. The building plots
formed within this grid are symmetrically
rectangular. The area around Davaki Square
is called Central Kallithea. To the north and To the south we have Agia Eleousa and at the
north-east stretches the extensive Harokopou municipalitys southernmost sector the coastal
district and to the north-west Palaia Sfageia. Tzitzies.

23
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37
 CHAPTER II
FROM ANTIQUITY UNTIL THE GREEK REVOLT
by Anastasia Leriou
I N MAY 1934 THE MUNICIPALITY
of Kallithea, newly founded at that
time, decided to adopt Theseus, the
most signicant hero of ancient Attica, as its
emblem. In the circular intaglio constituting
Kallitheas logo Theseus is depicted lifting the
huge rock, under which his father Aigeas had
hidden his sword and sandals. The associa-
tion between Kallithea and Theseus is most
probably based on the fact that at the end of
his return journey from Crete, the Athenian
hero and his men are though to have landed
at the Tzitzies coast. This is where Theseus
fullled the oers he had promised to the
gods, provided he killed the Minotaur and he
and his men returned home safe and sound.
In memory of Theseus adventures during his
journey to Crete the Athenians were holding
annual celebrations at this very coast.
Kallithea during antiquity
D ESPITE ITS CLOSE proximity to the
town of Athens, the area of Kallithea
Detail from the frieze decorating
the base of the Nikeratos
monument, 330-300 BC
was never placed within the Athenian forti-
cation walls. Around the middle of the 5th
century BC the Athenians decided to protect
(Archaeological Museum the roads connecting Athens to the ports of
of Piraeus). Piraeus and Faleron by means of constructing
Theseus and Kallithea
the Faleron wall and Long walls. The region
dened by these walls corresponds more or
less to the area occupied by the modern Mu-
nicipality of Kallithea. Due to the Ilissos Riv-
er owing along its northern section, the land
was particularly fertile.
The largest part of Kallithea was not in-
habited, covered by cultivated elds and gar-
dens. The demos of Ksypete (tribe Cecropis)
has been located by archaeologists in the area
currently occupied by the Municipality of Mo-
schato and along the northern boundary of
Kallithea. Furthermore, the demos of Faleron
(tribe Akamantis) is generally placed to the
south-east, where the Municipality of Palaio
Faleron is to be found today. Kallithea in-
cluded a large number of cemeteries.
This was the case, as ancient Greeks used
to bury their dead outside the towns for-
tications and along the central roads and
avenues.
Cemeteries at Kallithea
T HE EARLIEST cemeteries discovered
so far at Kallithea date from the latest
phase of the Geometric period, that is to say
the second half of the 8th century. They most-
ly include pit-graves containing large
amounts of painted pottery. The beginning
of the 5th century BC witnessed a remarkable
increase in the number of tombs, which
reached its peak during the following cen-
tury. Many of these tombs were adorned by
means of stone burial stele, statues, loutro-
phoroi, lekythoi and small columns.
The most impressive Kallithean burial mon-
ument was excavated near the railway sta-
tion in 1968. It consisted of an ionic faade
standing on a relatively high podium and was
erected above the grave of Nikeratos, son of
Polyides, and his son Polyxenes. In front of
 FROM ANTIQUITY UNTIL THE GREEK REVOLT

the faade stood three marble gures: Nikera-

tos, Polyxenes and a young male servant. The
names of the dead were inscribed on one of
the bases steps. Nikeratos is known through
epigraphic evidence as a wealthy immigrant
from Istros, Romania. Researchers believe that
the monument of Nikeratos, who was obvi-
ously very keen in demonstrating his higher
social and nancial status, was inspired by the
famous Mausoleum of Halikarnassos. On the
basis of stylistic analysis, archaeologists have
concluded that it was constructed during the
last third of the 4th century.
The Nikeratos monument was found in a
highly fragmentary condition, about 5 m be-
low ground-level. Thoroughly restored by the
sculptor S. Triantes, it is presently on display
at the Archaeological Museum of Piraeus. On
the basis of a large number of excessive mar-
ble fragments, the excavators maintain that
another, probably more impressive, burial
monument stood next to the one of Nikera-
tos. The area around the railway station and
along Piraios and Kyprou Streets, in other
words the area along the southern Long wall,
has yielded plenty of cemeteries and burial is generally thought to have occurred to the The siege of Athens by Kioutahi
monuments dating from the 5th down to the east of the Agios Sostes church and near the in 1827. Water-colour
3rd century BC. Agios Georgios of Kynosarges church. The by Panages Zografos according
Another very important nd was excavated location is situated about 600 m to the east of to Makrygiannes narration.
within the grounds of the Faleron Racecourse, Panteion University that occupies the north-
at the southernmost end of the Municipality eastern corner of Kallithea. The short distance
of Kallithea. In 1915 a large pit-grave con- separating the latter from the battles epicen-
taining seventeen male skeletons with iron tre, clearly suggests that it accommodated a
bonds placed on their necks, feet and hands signicant part of the action.
was uncovered. S. Pelekides, who excavated Moreover, during the last decades of the 19th
it, suggested that the seventeen bodies were and the rst of the 20th century the Analatos
criminals executed by mean of apotympanis- region belonged to the Kallithea settlement, and
mos (nailing down on wood). The surround- later to the Municipality of Kallithea. Analatos
ing area yielded more than one hundred and (not salty) was named after a well of fresh-
fty tombs dating from the Geometric to the water that was to be found in the area near
Hellenistic period. The area of the Faleron the modern Panionios Stadium in Nea Smyrne.
Delta and Racecourse has been identied as The location is also marked by a small church
one of ancient Falerons cemetery sites. devoted to Saint Theodoroi, which is though
to have been built during the 1870s.
Kallithea during the years of the Greek The Analatos battle took place in 24 April
Revolt: the Analatos battle (1827) 1827 and constituted the last act in the siege
of Acropolis by Kioutahi (1780-1839). The

K ALLITHEA HAS BEEN closely associ-

ated with the Analatos battle that took
place in April 1827, despite the fact that its
focal point was located outside the limits of
the modern Municipality. The main clash be-
tween the Greek ghters and the Turkish army
Greek ghters were gravely defeated due to
their inecient organisation, improper prepa-
ration, hasty decisions and lack of the mar-
tial skill of the great Georgios Karaiskakes
(1780-1827), who had died in a small ght at
Faleron, one day before the battle.

39
 19.

1884-1925

19

1834,
, 10.000 ,
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 1884-1925

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 1884-1925

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 1884-1925

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50
 1884-1925

ERNST ZILLER

Ernst Ziller 1837 Oberloessnitz .

1855-1858
.

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 1884-1925

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 1884-1925

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 1884-1925

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 1884-1925

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 1884-1925

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 1884-1925

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68
 1884-1925

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70
 1884-1925

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74
 1884-1925

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76
 1884-1925

(1927)

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78
 1884-1925

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 1884-1925

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84
 1884-1925

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85
 CHAPTER III
THE KALLITHEA SETTLEMENT 1884-1925
Athens during the last decades of the 19th century
by Anastasia Leriou
I N 1834 ATHENS WAS SELECTED
to host the capital of the newly es-
tablished Greek state. At that time it
was only a small town of no more than 10,000
people, while the neighbouring Piraeus laid
almost uninhabited. After 1834, the popula-
tion increased rapidly and many impressive
public and private buildings were erected.
Subsequently, Piraeus, the new capitals har-
bour was also built up. The nal decades of
the 19th century in Greece are characterised by
development and modernization, the result of
Harilaos Trikoupes (1832-1896) vision and
initiative. By 1890 the population of Athens
had been multiplied by ten. Wealthy Greeks
from abroad brought their businesses and
homes in Athens. Besides them, poor people
from all over Greece arrived in Athens look-
Harilaos Trikoupes. Marble statue
by the Kallithean sculptor Thomas
Thomopoulos
(photo by S. Panagiotopoulos).
86
ing for a job and a better life. These people
shared the miserable living conditions of the
lower Athenian social class and dwelled in
small houses or even shacks with no heating
and proper drainage. As more and more peo-
ple kept arriving during the 1880s and 1890s,
the situation became much worse. By the late
1870s Athens had accumulated a population
of 63,374; in 1889 this number had climbed
up to 114,355.
In order for the newcomers to be accom-
modated, the town expanded considerably
through the establishment of new settlements
around its periphery. Kallithea was one of
these. As a matter of fact, Kallithea was the
rst ocially planned and systematically or-
ganised Athenian settlement. The others, such
as Neapole, Kato Patesia, Kypsele, Abeloke-
poi, Pagrati etc, were created by means of
erecting a number of unlicensed buildings in
areas outside the limits of the ocial city-
plan. The idea to establish a well-designed
settlement in the area occupied by modern
Kallithea belonged to the Building Company
S.A. that put it into practice at the beginning
of January 1885.
Kallithea during the 19th century,
before 1885
D URING THE FIRST HALF of the 19th
century the Kallithea area was covered
by elds of barley, vineyards, olive- and g-
trees and vegetable gardens attended by farm-
ers from Plaka and Brahami (current Mu-
nicipality of Aghios Demetrios). The River
Ilissos owing through the north-eastern sec-
tion of the region made the land particularly
fertile. With the exception of a small settle-
ment in the vicinity of the small Agia Eleou-
sa church, the area was practically uninhab-
ited. The church in question had been erected

during the Ottoman period, at some point
during the last decades of the 18th or the be-
ginning of the 19th century. To the north-west
the railway connecting Athens to Piraeus cut
across the Kallithea plain. To the west the
elds stretched southwards until they reached
the sea. This area is known as Tzitzies; it
used to be quite marshy, mainly in the Faleron
Delta region. Populated by numerous birds of
various species, Tzitzies was a popular hunt-
ing place during the rst decades of the 20th
century. The abattoir, constructed by the Mu-
nicipality of Athens in 1856, was located to
the south of the Filopappos Hill and near the
Ilissos River. Immediately to east of the abat-
toir rose the steep Sikelia Hill, almost entirely
of red stone. This area was generally known
as Damari ( quarry), as many lime-furnac-
es were to be found there.
Due to its healthy and pleasant climate,
coastal location and close vicinity to Athens
and Piraeus, the Kallithea region attracted the
Building Company S.A. members attention.
It seemed ideal for hosting a new settlement
aiming to relief the urban centres of Athens
and Piraeus that were getting more and more
crowded.
The Building Combany S.A.
and the establishment of the Kallithea
settlement (1884)
T HE BUILDING COMPANY S.A. was es-
tablished in 1883 by Euthymios Kehagias
(1821-1885), a distinguished banker, Professor
Stefanos Streit (1835-1920), major Anastasios
Theolas, Pavlos Tzolas and Michael Sevastos,
merchants, and the brothers Konstantinos and
Anastasios Giannopoulos. Owning signicant
capitals, these people were interested in con-
struction investment. Consequently, they bought
approximately 910,000 m2 of land from the
Greek State in the region between the modern
Harokopou district and the church of Agia
Eleousa. Their original aim was to create a set-
tlement for workers, analogous to those in
France. The settlement would include small
houses that the workers would be able to buy
by means of loans and mortgages oered by
the Building Company S.A. itself. The settle-
ments plan, prepared by a French civil engi-
neer on the basis of the Hippodamian architec-
tural system, was approved by the Minister of
THE KALLITHEA SETTLEMENT 1884 -1925
Internal Aairs in December 1884. However, it House founding ceremony
was never fully materialised. As the years organised by the Building
passed, it went through plenty of modications Enterprise Company, 1909.
and changes. Euthymios Kehagias named the
new settlement Kallithea (beautiful view),
after the beautiful sea-view it provided.
In 1885 Konstantinos Giannopoulos under-
took the construction of three houses in the
newly established suburb. It is generally be-
lieved that they were designed by the famous
German architect Ernst Ziller (1837-1923) who
happened to live in Athens during that period.
Ziller is also responsible for a large number
of summer houses built in Kesia that look
quite similar to the earliest Kallithea houses.
Nevertheless, due to unexpected nancial di-
culties, Giannopoulos did not manage to com-
plete the houses construction. Subsequently,
the un-nished houses were placed under the
ownership of the Building Company S.A. In
1885 Kehagias died and the company, facing
serious economic problems, resorted to selling
building plots at particularly low prices.
In order to create an ecient urban infra-
structure at Kallithea, the Building Company
S.A. made a contract with the Athenian Com-
pany of Horse-drawn Carriages. The former
oered a piece of land of about 14,000 m2,
where currently Davaki Square is located,
that would accommodate the latters store-
rooms and garage. The Athenian Company
of Horse-drawn Carriages on the other hand,
undertook the responsibilities of completing
the construction of the semi-nished houses,
87
CHAPTER .

The Kallithea shooting-gallery
(Skopefterion).
building ve small houses, constructing a wa-
ter-reservoir, installing water-pipes and pro-
viding the future inhabitants of Kallithea with
cheaper tickets.
During the rst three years after its estab-
lishment, the Building Company S.A. managed
to sell a signicant number of building plots.
However, none of the land-owners went ahead
with having a house built. As the area was
rather desolate, such an endeavour seemed
quite risky. Nevertheless, people changed their
minds eventually, as various distinguished
Athenians decided to have summer houses
constructed in the area. Thus, Kallithea be-
came a summer resort.
The rst inhabitants
of the new Athenian suburb
Filaretos and Laskarides were followed by
more prominent Athenians, e.g. the artillery
ocer N. Goulimes in 1887, the agriculturalist
Panagiotes Gennadios (1848-1917) in 1888, the
gendarmerie chief I. Damilates in 1890 and
Georgios Kremos (1840-1926) in 1895. The lat-
ter was a Reader at the Department of History,
University of Athens and, similarly to Laska-
rides, related to Filaretos. Besides them, the
families of Julios Fornezes, G. Chrestomanos,
I. Tsatsos, K. Mantzagriotakes and K. Kantak-
ouzenos also selected Kallithea as their summer
resort. As the years went by, however, these
families ended up spending the whole year
at Kallithea and not just the summer months.
In 1897 the new suburb had more than one
hundred and fty permanent residents. In col-
laboration with the Building Company S.A., the
Kallitheans made systematic eorts, so as to

T HE FIRST RESIDENT of the newly es-

tablished Athenian suburb was the edu-
cated Georgios Filaretos (1848-1929), a jurist
and politician; he was so attracted by Ka-
llitheas picturesque scenery that he bought
one of the Building Companys semi-nished
houses together with the land surrounding it
in 1887. Filaretos named his new house Sike-
lia. In the future he would have two more
houses, Palladion and Elyssion, construct-
ed within the grounds of his building plot to
accommodate his oce and library respec-
tively. A few months after Filaretos had settled
at Kallithea, he was joined by the family of his
uncle Laskaris Laskarides (1828-1900) who
bought the semi-nished house across Sikelia. means of a donation made by the great ben-
Thoroughly restored, Laskarides house still
stands housing the Municipal Art Gallery.
provide their settlement with the basic means,
such as lamb-posts along its streets and on the
squares, a police station and a surgery.
The revival of the Olympic Games
and the Kallithea shooting-gallery
Skopefterion (1896)
I N 1895 THE OLYMPIC GAMES Commit-
tee bought from the Building Company
S.A. a building plot of 24,000 m2 for the con-
struction of a shooting-gallery (Skopefteri-
on). This is where the shooting matches of the
1st Olympic Games would be held. The shoot-
ing-gallery was built near the settlement by
efactor Georgios Averof (1818-1899). It was
designed by the architect Anastases Metaxas

88
 THE KALLITHEA SETTLEMENT 1884 -1925

(1863-1937), the restorer of the Panathenaic
Stadium. Skopefterion was a long and narrow
building measuring 350x80 m with a fortress-
like appearance. Its construction, which cost
95,000 drachmas, was completed a few days
before the beginning of the Olympic Games.
The shooting-gallery was inaugurated on the
third day of the games (Wednesday, 27 March
1896). After the end of the 1st Olympic Games
the shooting-gallery hosted various athletic
events and shooting practices. Later, it was
used as a refugee camp (early 1920s), a school
(1926-1941) and a prison (1941-1965); it was
demolished in 1965.
Kallithea during the rst decades
of the 20th century
had 136 permanent residents; by 1907 this
gure had grown to 1,270. The arrival of the
refugees from Pontos and Asia Minor pushed
these numbers even higher. In 1928 Kallithea
boasted a population of 29,659 people; more
than half of them were refugees. This dramatic
population increase resulted in Kallitheas de-
tachment from the Municipality of Athens and
the subsequent establishment of the Commu-
nity of Kallithea in 1925. The rst municipal
election took place in June 1925. The winner
was Nikolaos Chatzopoulos, who remained
president of the community until 1929.
Home of the Blind (1906)
T HE HOME OF THE BLIND was estab-
lished in 1906. Its rst director was the

D URING THE FIRST YEARS of the 20th

century, Kallithea was characterised by
impressive villas and mansions. Gradually,
pedagogue Irene Laskarides (1882-1958), the
youngest daughter of Laskaris Laskarides, who
had specialised in tutoring blind people in Eu-
more modest houses started appearing, as rope. The institution was accommodated in an
many members of the Athenian middle-class impressive building constructed by means of a
decided to move to the newly established sub- donation provided by the brothers Anania and
urb. The newcomers were lawyers, teachers, Raphael Abeth, rich merchants from Syria. The
architects, civil servants, merchants, building construction of the building began in 1910.
contractors, and also bakers, grocers, and em- The Home of the Blind at Kallithea was
ployees of the Athenian Company of Horse- superbly organised by Irene Laskarides, who
drawn Carriages. Additionally, there were maintained the directors position for thirty
farmers from the provinces and workers. The years. The institution provided accommoda-
latter were employed at the nearby abattoir, the tion, education and training to blind children Typing practice
queries and the few factories that had been from all over Greece. During the 1920s an at the Home of the Blind.
established around Kallitheas periphery dur-
ing the 1910s and 1920s.
In 1909 the Building Enterprise Company
was established. It constructed fty stone two-
storey houses in the Harokopou area, that is
to say a few hundred metres to the north of
the already existing settlement. The design of
the new houses was impressive, while their
dimensions relatively modest, so that middle-
class buyers could aord them.
During the rst decades of the 20th century
the Athenians regarded Kallithea as a particu-
larly pleasant district with plenty of fresh air,
many trees, and an attractive beach at Tzitzi-
es. Slightly before 1899, the church of Met-
amorfosis, Kallitheas rst church, was built
near Agia Eleousa. During the 1900s the rst
primary schools were founded. At the same
time, the rst stores appeared. The beginning
of the 20th century witnessed a rapid increase
in Kallitheas population: in 1896 Kallithea

89
CHAPTER .
impressive hostel, as well as a boarding school
for blind children were built. Since 1946, the
Home of the Blind has been admitting blind
and deaf-mute children as well. In 1979 the
institution became a legal entity in public law
and was renamed Centre of Education and
Rehabilitation for the Blind (K.E.R.B.).
National War Orphanage (1912)
T HE NATIONAL WAR Orphanage was
founded in 1912, in order to provide
shelter for the poor orphans, whose parents
had died during Balkan War I. The establish-
ment was organised by the distinguished ped-
agogue Aikaterini Chrestomanou (1842-1916),
wife of Laskaris Laskarides. The consecutive
wars and political instability characterising the
rst half of the 20th century resulted in more
and more children taking shelter at the Na-
tional War Orphanage in Kallithea. In 1969
new wings were built; a few years later the
institution was recognised as a legal entity in
public law and renamed Experimental Na-
tional Nursery School.
ursemaid School (1912)
I N 1897 Aikaterini Chrestomanou, who had
studied the pedagogic systems of the fa-
mous German Friedrich Frbel (1782-1852) in
The Nursemaid School Austria, founded the Nursemaid School in Ath-
during the 1960s. ens. Fifteen years later the institution was re-
90
located to Kallithea. In 1922 Nursemaid School
became a public institution; in 1959 it was re-
organised as a pedagogic academy. It current-
ly constitutes an Institution of Higher Educa-
tion subject to the Ministry of Education.
Harokopeion School of Home conomics
and Professions for Women (1915)
I N 1915 THE CONSTRUCTION of a large
building on Theseos Avenue began by
means of a large fund oered by Panages Ha-
rokopos (1835-1911), who intended to estab-
lish an institution able to provide Greek girls
with a proper education in housekeeping and
home economics. Thus, after graduation the
students would be able to nd jobs or become
ecient housewives. Harokopos was inspired
by analogous schools in Europe and the USA
training young women from as early as the
19th century. The rst students were accepted
in 1929. At that time the school included three
departments: housekeeping for future house-
wives, housekeeping for maids and profes-
sional training in jobs for women such as knit-
ting, sewing etc. The institution became pub-
lic in 1931. Twenty years later it was renamed
Harokopeion Supreme School of Home Eco-
nomics aiming at educating future home eco-
nomics teachers. Since 1990 it has been pro-
moted to an Instituion of Higher Educational
called Harokopeio University.
Panteios Supreme School
of Political Sciences (1927)
T HE ESTABLISHMENT of the Panteios
Supreme School of Political Sciences in
1927 should be seen as the result of the sys-
tematic eort of two inspired men: the Cyp-
riot journalist and politician Georgios Fra-
goudes (1869-1939) and the lawyer Alexan-
dros Pantos (1888-1930). Although they had
never met, Fragoudes and Pantos shared the
same vision: creating an educational institu-
tion focussing on social and political sciences.
Fragoudes managed to convince the Greek
State in regards to the importance of such a
school and, moreover, raise a considerable
amount of money through donations in order
have a large building constructed on Syggrou
Avenue in 1930. Fragoudes vision was sig-
nicantly supported by a fund allocated for

the foundation of such a school in Pantos
will. Thus, Panteios School of Political Sci-
ences, a legal entity in private law, was estab-
lished. In 1937 it was recognised as a public
educational institution named Panteios Su-
preme School of Political Sciences. Since 1989
it has been classied as an Institution of High-
er Education called Panteion University of
Social and Political Sciences.
Sivitanideios Public School of Trade
and Vocations (1927)
T HE SIVITANIDEIOS Public School of
Trade and Vocations was founded in 1927
by means of a fund allocated in Vasilios Sivi-
tanides (1830-1921) will to the establishment
of a technical school following European mod-
els and principally the renowned Conservatoire
des Arts et Mettiers in Paris. Sividanideios con-
stitutes a legal entity in public law, subject to
the Ministry of Economy. It aims at providing
eective technical-industrial training.
The Faleron Racecource
T HE CONSTRUCTION of the racecourse
in the Faleron Delta area began in 1924
and was sponsored by the Preferential Greek
Company of Horse-races. The very rst Greek
horse-races took place in 20 April 1925. Since
then, horse-races became very popular among
THE KALLITHEA SETTLEMENT 1884 -1925
The Harokopeion School of Home
Economics and Professions
for Women during the 1950s.
the members of the Athenian society. During
the German occupation the races were inter-
rupted, as the racecourse buildings and facili-
ties were requisitioned, and subsequently seri-
ously damaged, by the German army. The
Preferential Greek Company of Horse-races re-
paired the racecourse and added more build-
ings and facilities during the late 1940s and
early 1950s. Despite the commercial benets
that the Faleron Racecourse brought to the sur-
rounding areas, the nearby Municipalities of
Kallithea and Palaio Faleron had been demand-
ing its closure from as early as the 1950s. This
was due to the unhealthy conditions created by
stabling a large number of horses. The Race-
course was relocated to Markopoulo in 2004.
Kallithea Residents Association
D ESPITE THE RAPID increase in the Ka-
llithea population during the rst decades
of the 20th century, the development in the set-
tlements infrastructure by 1920 was particu-
larly poor. In 1923 the residents established an
association aiming at providing its members
with better living conditions. With the guid-
ance of Georgios Filaretos, the association man-
aged to achieve many of its goals. The most
important of them was the settlements detach-
ment from the Municipality of Athens and its
subsequent establishment as an autonomous
Community. This took place in 1925.
91
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113

by Anna Mourouglou
The rst Community Council
of Kallithea, 1925.
114
CHAPTER IV
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMUNITY
D URING THE LATE 1910s AND
throughout the 1920s Kallithea be-
came one of the most important ref-
ugee concentration areas in Attica. As early
as 1919 ve hundred families from Pontos,
namely from Trapezounda, Kerasounda and
Tripolis, settled in the area of the Kallithea
shooting-gallery/ Skopefterion. During the au-
tumn of 1922 more than 20,000 refugees from
Pontos, Cappadocia, Constantinople, Eastern
Thrace and the coastal towns of Asia Minor
arrived at Kallithea. As the Skopefterion settle-
ment was not large enough to accommodate all
of them, new settlements were founded along
the banks of the River Ilissos, at Palaia Sfageia,
Agia Eleousa, Neos Pontos and Tzitzies.
The refugees living conditions were mis-
erable; they dwelled in huts made of wood,
bricks and tar-paper, with no heating, electric-
ity, water and drainage. The people who lived
at Tzitzies suered the most, as its climate
was unhealthy due to the marshes stretching
along the coast. Moreover, the areas ground-
level was lower than the sea-level; thus, it
tended to ood very frequently.
Refugees at Kallithea, 1919-1925
Despite the extremely dicult living con-
ditions, the refugees managed to survive.
Gradually, they adjusted to the new environ-
ment and took up jobs as builders, salesmen,
gardeners, farmers and workers in the near-
by factories. From 1928, when Eleutherios
Venizelos was re-elected as Prime Minister,
until 1934, the Greek State made systematic
eorts to accommodate the refugees in built
houses. It is during this period that the very
rst houses for refugees, one -or two- storey
buildings, were constructed in various areas
throughout Kallithea. Nevertheless, the settle-
ment at Skopefterion remained the nucleus of
the refugee community of Kallithea.
Community of Kallithea
Nikolaos Chatzopoulos
HE WINNER of the 1925 elections was
Nikolaos Chatzopoulos. He remained pres-
ident of the Community of Kallithea until the
end of August 1929. His primary purpose was
to organise an administrative system that would
allow the eective handling of the numerous
problems the Community was facing. Moreover,
he worked systematically towards the establish-
ment of an ecient infrastructure for the mem-
bers of the Community of Kallithea. The con-
struction of the railway station connecting Ka-
llithea to Athens and Pira eus and the lining of
numerous streets with lamb-posts were impor-
tant developments. Moreover, the community
promoted public education by means of renting
buildings, in order to accommodate schools and
other educational institutions.
Demetrios Anagnostou
N SEPTEMBER 1929 Demetrios Anagnos-
tou was elected president of the Commu-
nity of Kallithea. The Community Council

consisted of I. Arapakes, M. Foteinos, S. Atha-
nasopoulos, S. Nikolaides, I. Zaharopoulos, K.
Kyriazes, N. Aigides, D. Demetriades, I. Kok-
kinos, N. Abatzides. G. Alexandrides, P. Petro-
heilos, G. Aggeles and D. Giakoumides. The
new community leaders were determined to
make Kallithea a better place. Their eorts did
not concentrate solely on infrastructure devel-
opment, such as construction and maintenance
of roads, sewers, watering pipes etc. They also
made a signicant contribution to the promo-
tion of social life, education and culture. They
made special provision for the poor and the
needy, namely the refugees, and supported -
nancially various athletic clubs, charity organ-
isations and educational institutions.
In August 1931 Demetrios Anagnostou was
re-elected. The community council consisted of
I. Arapakes, M. Foteinos, S. Athanasopoulos,
S. Nikolaides, I. Zaharopoulos, K. Kyriazes,
N. Augeides, D. Demetriades, I. Kokkinos, N.
Abatzides. G. Alexandrides, P. Petroheilos, G.
Aggeles and D. Giakoumides. Arapakes had
gradually become more active in regards to
community aairs and, consequently, more
popular among the members of the Council.
The latter seemed divided between these two
leading gures.
During his second presidency Anagnostou
managed to have more infrastructure works,
such as water and electricity provision, road
construction, renovations in the refugees set-
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMUNITY
View of a typical Tzitzies street
during the 1930s
(Municipality of Kallithea
Cultural Organisation collection).
tlements etc, promoted, or even completed.
Special attention was paid to the ood-problem
at Tzitzies and plenty of eort was taken to
relieve the people residing there. Despite the
huge problems that had overwhelmed Greek
economy, the Community Concil managed to
provide systematic nancial support, free medi-
cal treatment and meals to poor Kallitheans.
Moreover, a monthly allowance was oered to
Kallitheas communal conservatory, while large
amounts of money were spent for the comple-
tion of the church construction.
Ioannes Arapakes
N SEPTEMBER 1933 no elections took
place in Greece. Consequently, the com-
munity presidents had to be elected by the
Ioannes Arapakes, third
Community President and rst
Mayor of Kallithea
members of the existing councils. The Council (Municipality of Kallithea
Cultural Organisation collection).
of the Community of Kallithea elected Ioannes
Arapakes. In the light of the crisis that Greek
economy was facing at that time, Arapakes de-
cided to dismiss many community employees
and minimize the nancial support provided
to social organisations and athletic clubs. How-
ever, the communal funds for the poor Ka-
llitheans were not at all reduced. While Arapa-
kes was very interested in the establishment of
a well-designed town-plan and infrastructure
development, the unsurpassable problem of
limited funds made the Community Council
cut down on all technical works.
115
 1930.
 V
1934-1940

(1934-1941)

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123
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 1934-1940

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129
 CHAPTER V
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MUNICIPALITY (1934-1940)

Ioannes Arapakes (1934-1941)

by Anna Mourouglou
Ioannes Arapakes (Municipality
of Kallithea Cultural Organisation
collection).
N 1934 KALLITHEA WAS PRO-
moted to a municipality. The win-
ner of the rst municipal elections,
which were held in 4 April 1934, was Ioannes
Arapakes, the very rst Mayor of Kallithea.
The Municipal Council consisted of P. Giannas,
E. Fornezes, S. Kazantzes, I. Bournozos, Ch.
Fakalos, K. Kakoulides, A. Koumantanos, E.
Kazenov, K. Ananiades, I. Spathias, A. Halkides,
K. Fountoules, E. Papadakes, I. Tzemos, P. Ma-
roulides, K. Kosmanides, E. Zerdes, N. Apat-
zides, N. Theodorides and E. Michaelides.
The rst decisions of Kallitheas Municipal
Council included levying new taxes and the
establishment of various organisations such as
the medical department, a number of evening
schools, the municipal library and band etc.
Moreover, they decided to adopt the image of
the ancient Attic hero Theseus as the munic-
ipalitys emblem. Others decisions included
the re-organisation of the municipal cleaning
service, the nancial support of poor Kallithe-
an families and allowing funds for purchasing
books for the municipal library.
In August 1934 Elene Mantzagriotakes, the
widow of the General Konstantinos Mantzagri-
otakes, proposed a rather advantageous trade to
the Municipal Council: she oered a building,
large enough to house Kallitheas town hall;
in return, Elene Mantzagriotakes asked for a
monthly allowance equivalent to the amount of
money she had been earning through renting
the building in question. The deal was made.
Ioannes Arapekes contribution to the de-
velopment of the Municipality of Kallithea by
the end of 1934 was by all means signicant.
This was fully acknowledged by the members
of the Municipal Council, who ocially con-
gratulated him in November 1934.
In the meanwhile, the political crisis pes-
tering Greece was escalating, after the royal-
ist party had come into force. In order to
obtain further support from the public, the
new government oered benets and nan-
cial support. This is how a large amount of
charity and infrastructure work, mainly road
construction, was undertaken at Kallithea.
In 1936 the Municipal Council resolved on
naming Kallitheas central avenue after Eleu-
therios Venizelos, who had died during the
same year. Within the prevailing nationalistic
climate, they also decided to have a monu-
ment in memory of the soldiers who had died
at wars erected.
The dictatorship of 4 August 1936
FTER THE ESTABLISHMENT of Io-
annes Metaxas dictatorial regime (4 Au-
gust 1936), the Kallithean municipal authority
adjusted rapidly to the new political climate.
This was particularly obvious in their decision
to send a congratulating letter to Metaxas, the
new Prime Minister of Greece. A couple of
months later, they decided to purchase a com-
memorative present for him as well. Many mu-
nicipal employees were red due to their po-
litical beliefs. On the other hand, the Munici-
pality of Kallithea continued oering nancial
support to the poor and the needy, that is to
say to more than 20% of the population. They
also decided to support various associations of
nationalistic and/ or military character. More-
over, they promoted the creation of a munici-
pal cemetery and a municipal medical centre
and gathered the necessary funds, in order to
erect the monument in memory of the dead
soldiers mentioned above. It was placed on
Kyprou Square and inaugurated by Metaxas
himself in May 1937.
In 1937 the Kallithea department of the Na-
tional Youth Organisation (EON) was founded.
National Youth Organisation was one of the
numerous administrative media concocted by

130

the dictatorial authority, in order to eectively
manipulate young people. Moreover, as the dic-
tatorial government was very keen in gaining
as much public support as possible, it oered
plenty of benets to the masses. It was within
this atmosphere of benecence, that the Kal-
lithea department of the Social Insurance Insti-
tution (IKA) was founded (66 Skra Street).
Despite their rigorous attempt to keep in with
the dictatorial regime, the Kallithea Municipal
Council was, as expected, eventually abolished.
Its members were dismissed in December 1938;
subsequently, a Municipal Administrative Com-
mittee was appointed. Ioannes Arapekes, the
former Mayor, became its president and Kalo-
taios, Papamichl, Haberes, Polychronopoulos,
Palamedes and Tsirivagos its members. The
Municipal Administrative Committee continued
its predecessors charity but did not manage
to undertake substantial infrastructure work,
due to unsurpassable nancial problems. In
February 1939 they resolved on collecting do-
nations, in order to gather funds for various
municipal projects, the most important being
the construction of the municipal stadium.
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MUNICIPALITY (1934-1940)
Life at Kallithea during the 1930s Celebrating the national
anniversary of 25 March in
1938 (Municipality of Kallithea
D URING THE 1930S most of the Kal-
litheans were employed in the various
factories and trading rms located at Kallithea
Cultural Organisation collection).
and the surrounding areas. Most of them had
been founded by refugees, who were highly
skilled in business.
From as early as the mid-1920s, a number
of industrial units, such as Peiraike-Patraike,
Elviela, Athenaike Eriourgia, were operat-
ing in Kallithea. Gradually, more were added.
As far as shops were concerned, Kallithea was
considered the second town with the liveliest
commercial activity after Athens.
Furthermore, Kallithea was a signicant en-
tertainment centre featuring plenty of cinemas,
dancing clubs and music halls.
Practically a town of artists, scholars and in-
tellectuals, Kallithea boasted famous painters,
sculptors, cartoonists, pts, writers, literary
critics etc among its residents. Last but not
least, we should mention the remarkable activ-
ity of the various Kallithean charities that had
been established during the 1930s.
131
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162
 1920-1930

163

by Anastasia Leriou
Georgios Filaretos
(Municipality of Kallithea
Cultural Organisation collection).
164
CHAPTER VI
CULTURAL LIFE DURING THE MID-WAR
Kallithea, a centre of intellectuals (late 19th early 20th century)
T HE BEGINNING OF THE LIVELY
cultural activity that characterised
Kallithean life throughout the 20th
century gs back to the 1880s, when plenty
of academics, scholars and artists chose to
spend their summers at Kallithea, a newly
established settlement at that time. The rst
Athenian intellectual to purchase a summer
house there was Georgios Filaretos. More
intellectuals arrived at Kallithea during the
rst decade of the 20th century as a result of
the establishment of signicant educational
institutions such as the Home of the Blind
(1906), the Nursemaid School (1912), the
Harokopeion School of Home conomics and
Professions for Women (1915), the Panteios
Supreme School of Political Sciences (1927)
and the Sivitanideios Public School of Trade
and Vocations (1927).
Intellectual and artistic activity during
the Mid-War period
T HE 1920s AND 1930s witnessed a sig-
nicant alteration in the upper class
character of Kallithea. This was due to the
gradual arrival of middle class population, as
well as the sweeping advent of numerous
refugees from Pontos, Constantinople and
Asia Minor. Despite the significant social
change, the intellectual aspect of life at Kal-
lithea was not eliminated. The refugees cul-
tural potential appeared as soon as they ar-
rived. Since their establishment, the Associa-
tion of Constantinoupolites (1928) and the
Association of Pontians Argonautai-Kom-
nenoi (1930) have been highly energetic as
far as charity and cultural enhancement is
concerned. Their primary target has been the
preservation of the refugees ethnic and cul-
tural identity. The organisation of cultural
events and meetings was undertaken also by
the charities Agia Varvara (1931), Dam-
aris (1936) and Ethnike Psyche (1930s).
In 1931 the Social Kallithea Club was es-
tablished. Its character was intellectual, ar-
tistic and social and it aimed at promoting
cultural life at Kallithea. In 1945 in was re-
named Palladion. The Social Kallithea Club
attracted all Kallitheans with a strong intel-
lectual and/or artistic interest. Accommodat-
ed in a neoclassical building, the Social Kal-
lithea Club organised charities and numerous
entertainments, such as meetings, lectures,
exhibitions, concerts and dances. The most
signicant event organised during the 1930s
was the 1st Kallithea Painters Exhibition in
the winter of 1934. The actual exhibition
consisted of ninety four paintings created by
thirteen important Kallithean painters. These
were Odysseus Fokas (1857-1946), Panteles
Zografos (1878-1935), Konstantinos Maleas
(1879-1928), Soa Laskarides (1882-1965),
Alexandros Christofes (1882-1957), Kon-
stantinos Romanides (1884-1972), Georgios
Oikonomides (1891-1958), Vasilos Magiases
(1880-1887), Penelope Oikonomides (1894-
1963), Apostolos Graikos, Eirene Xenopoulos,
S. Xenopoulos and S. Fragoulides.
Besides the former, at Kallithea resided the
painters Vyron Kontopoulos and Kaisar So-
anopoulos and plenty of sculptors, the most
important of them being Thomas Thomopoulos
(1873-1937), Antonios Sochos (1888-1975) and
Konstantinos Foskolos (1880-1948). Moreover,
the cartoonists Elias Koumetakes (1889-1979)
and Stephanos Xenopoulos lived at Kallithea
during the Mid-War period. Additionally, cul-
tural life at Kallithea included music events, that
is to say concerts organised by the composer
Giannes Fragopoulos and his wife Mary, re-
nowned pianist. Due to its numerous artists and
painters, Kallithea was compared to Monmarte,
the famous artistic quarter at Paris.

The Greek Monmarte accommodated plen-
ty of scholars, writers and pts as well. The
signicant pts Soteres Skipes (1879-1952)
and Ioannes Grypares (1870-1942) together
with their intellectual friends enjoyed a bohe-
mian life frequenting Kelefas patisserie and
Loukatos bookstore. The gang included the
writer, pt and literary critic Giannes Chatzines
(1900-1975), the pt Koules Alepes (1903-
1986), Soa Maurides-Papadakes (1898-1977)
and Elle Alexiou (1894-1988), both writers
and educators, the historian Giannes Korda-
tos (1891-1961), the pts Giorgos Kotzioulas
(1909-1956) and Markos Augeres (1884-1973),
the pts and writers Antones Gialoures (1874-
1945) and Galateia Kazantzakes (1886-1962),
the writer and translator Vasos Daskalakes
(1900-1944), the pt and literary critic Giorgios
Mylonogiannes (1909-1954), the scholar Eli-
saios Giannides (1856-1941), Elias Ziogas, Ior-
danes Pamboukes and the young pts Giannes
Aidonopoulos (1916-1944) and Giannes Fotiou.
The Loukatos bookstore, that has managed
to survive until the present day, remained an
important intellectual centre throughout the
1930s and 1940s. Its owner, Gerasimos Louka-
tos, organised a book exhibition in May 1938,
which turned out a major cultural event. It
CULTURAL LIFE DURING THE MID-WAR
Santorine. Oil-painting by
Konstantinos Maleas.
was supported by the Municipality of Kallithea
and accommodated at the premises of the As-
sociation of Constantinoupolites. The ourish-
ing cultural activity at Kallithea attracted many
scholars, intellectuals and artists from all over
Athens, such as the great pt Kostes Palamas
(1859-1943) and the historian Demetrios Kam-
bouroglou (1852-1942), who were keen in tak-
ing part.
Entertainment at Mid-War Kallithea
L IFE AT PRE-WORLD WAR II Kallithea
used to be very pleasant. The residents
spent their free afternoons and evenings at the
multiple coee houses and patisseries, while
at night there was a wide variety of halls with
live bouzouki music, e.g. Triana on Syggrou
Avenue and Falericon at Tzitzies. More-
over, there were clubs featuring western music
bands.
Additionally, Kallithea boasted a large num-
ber of cinemas. Some of them were open for
the summer months. Besides lms, cinemas
used to host theatrical plays, musicals and va-
rieties, even during the dicult German Oc-
cupation period. The most popular Kallithean
cinemas were Crystal, Etoile and Palla-
165
CHAPTER VI
Landscape. Oil-painting
by Konstantinos Romanides.
166
dion. During the second half of the 1940s
more than forty cinemas were to be found
within the limits of Kallithea. Some of them
have survived until today.
One of the most common forms of enter-
tainment, mostly enjoyed by both children and
adults, was shadow puppet theatre. Signicant
Kallithean shadow puppeteers were: Antones
Poriotes (Botonias), Giorgos Koutsoures, Mar-
kos Xanthakes (Xanthos), Manoles Karystinaios
(Manolaros), Charilaos Kareklas and Andreas
Simotas (Niketopoulos) during the 1910s and
1920s; the famous Antones Papoulias (Mol-
las), Demetres Kotas and Panagiotes Dama-
dakes during the 1930s; M. Mantzouranes, S.
Skavantzos, Th. Theodoropoulos, G. Iatrides, E.
Melides, Th. Giannelos and S. Kouzes (Kou-
zaros) and others after the end World War II
and throughout the 1940s and 1950s.
The most popular Kallithean shadow pup-
peteer was Panagiotes Mihopoulos, who had
been entertaining young and older Kallitheans
from the German Occupation period until the
late 1960s. In 1959 he set up Matina, his
open theatre, in a building plot on Laskaridou
Street, in the vicinity of Kyprou Square. The
closure of Matina in 1969, due to the plots
future building up, meant the end of the Kal-
lithean shadow puppet theatre.
Kallithean Press during
the 1920s and 1930s
T he rapid increase in Kallitheas popula-
tion during the 1920s and 1930s led
to, among other things, the appearance of
local newspapers. During the Mid-War pe-
riod twelve newspapers were being pub-
 CULTURAL LIFE DURING THE MID-WAR

lished. The very rst appeared in 1928, in At the brothel. Watercolour

other words only three years after Kallithea by Elias Koumetakes
(A. Papadopoulo-Koumetakes
had become an independent community. Its
collection).
name was E Kallithea and was being pub-
lished by the journalist Kostas Leondarites.
The primary aim of the early Kallithean
newspapers was the promotion of various
candidates standing for the municipal elec-
tions. More newspapers were published dur-
ing 1929 as a result of the forthcoming elec-
tions: To Vema tes Kallitheas, O Kallithe-
ates and Echo tes Kallitheas. Immediately
after the 1929 municipal elections, the pub-
lication of these papers stopped. In the be-
ginning of the 1930s the young writer Chres-
tos Pyrpasos published Proodos and Pro-
asteiakoVema. In 1933 and 1934 more pre-
election papers, appeared: Phoinix tes Kal-
litheas, E Phone tes Kallitheas, O Laos
tes Kallitheas and, again, Vema tes Kal-
litheas. A few months after the 1934 mu-
nicipal elections Embros Kallithea and
Kallitheikos Typos appeared. The latter
was the result of the most ecient attempt at
creating a proper local newspaper analogous
to those published in Athens. It contained
local news, articles on municipal issues, col-
umns on art and literature etc. It was created Panas and Themistokles Kokaliares. The pub-
by Stelios Nikolaides and featured contribu- lication of Kallitheikos Typos stopped in
tions by Giannes Chatzines, the brothers March 1935. Since then, no other newspaper
Giorgos and Panteles Mylonogiannis, Stratos was published in Kallithea until 1945.

A Kallithean family enjoying

a refreshment, 1930s
(I. Gritses collection).

167
 , 1940
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194
 - 1940-1951

195

by Anna Mourouglou
Kallithean EAM ghters attending
a panhellenic rally
(Museum of National Resistance
at Bizaniou Street collection).
196
CHAPTER VI
WORLD WAR II GERMAN OCCUPATION
CIVIL WAR (1940-1951)
The German Occupation of Athens and the hazardous winter of 1941
I T WAS IN THE MILITARY CONFLICT
between Italy and Greece at the be-
ginning of World War II, that three
renowned Kallithean heroes demonstrated
their bravery and martial skill. These were
colonel Konstantinos Davakes, commander of
the Pindos detachment, captain Vasileios Arsl-
anoglou, governor of the submarine Glaukos
and lieutenant Ioannes Kostakos. Moreover,
numerous Kallitheans joined the army and
fought against the Italian forces.
As soon as the Germans occupied Greece,
food and supplies were minimised. During
1941, many people died of famine, cold and
lack of medicines. Both the Germans and the
Italians had commandeered many buildings
at Kallithea, e.g. the Sivitanideios and Haro-
kopeion Schools and the premises of the As-
sociation of Constantinoupolites, in order to
accommodate their headquarters. The Skopef-
terion became a pris-
on and the Faleron
Racecourse was used
as a military camp
and station. Since the
winter of 1942, the a
black market was es-
tablished along Filare-
tou and Skra Streets.
The extreme starva-
tion conditions that
prevailed rendered
charity highly essen-
tial. Such activity was
undertaken by the
municipal authorities
and the church, the
Association of Con-
stantinoupolites, Ar-
gonautai-Komnenoi,
Palladion, Dam-
aris, Agia Varvara,
various doctors, civil servants and other indi-
viduals.
Municipal authorities during
the German Occupation
I N VIEW OF THE coming war, Mayor Io-
annes Arapakes and the Kallithea Mu-
nicipal Council decided to have hideouts con-
structed and sirens installed. As many mu-
nicipality employees had joined the army, a
large number of new sta members was hired.
During the summer of 1941 the Prefect of At-
tica ordered the closing down of the Kallithea
Municipal Library and evening schools.
In the meeting of the Municipal Council that
took place in 8 August 1941, Ioannes Arapak-
es was replaced by Georgios Katsimagles, who
had been appointed by the government. The
Municipal Administrative Committee includ-
ed Ch. Polychronopoulos, A. Kalotaios, A.
Tsirivagos, Ch. Hamberes, D. Papamichl and
Th. Palamides. The new municipal authoritys
activity focused on providing poor Kallitheans
with allowances and medical treatment. They
also oered grants to the various Kallitheans
clubs and associations, as well as the medical
centre Agioi Pantes. Many hideouts were
constructed by means of municipals funds,
while all Kallithea squares and parks were
used for cultivating vegetables.
Resistance at Kallithea
O RGANISED RESISTANCE against the
Germans at Kallithea was undertaken
mainly by the National Liberation Front
(EAM) and also the Kallithea departments of
the Panhellenic Association of Fighting Youths
(P) and the Unied Panhellenic Youth
Organisation (EPON). The Kallithea EAM force
was particularly large, as it included more than

four hundred men. The EAM ghters activi-
ties involved hampering the German military
operations in the general area of Kallithea, dis-
tributing leaets of subversive content, scrib-
bling rebellious slogans on walls, organising
public meals etc. The Kallithea department of
PEAN had fty one members, not all of them
ghters. Their main activity was providing
shelter to ghters under persecution in hide-
outs located in the districts of Harokopou, Agia
Eleousa and Tzitzies. Moreover, they played
an important role in gathering information and
brieng the population by means of leaets
and newspapers.
During 1942, resistance at Kallithean be-
came more vigorous, as more and more Kal-
litheans had joined the forces of EAM. The
year 1943 witnessed a great deal of ghting
in the streets of Kallithea and a large number
of people being executed, held hostage or im-
prisoned. In the meanwhile, many Kallithea
youths had joined EPON that had been estab-
lished since February 1943.
WORLD WAR II GERMAN OCCUPATION
Front page of Rizospastes
(29/8/1943) featuring an article
on the re that destroyed the tram
station at Kallithea during
a major strike.
Engraving depicting the heroic
sacrice of the ten EPON ghters
at Bizaniou Street, mid-1940s
(Museum of National Resistance
at Bizaniou Street collection).
Resistance Press at Kallithea
WO PRINTING-HOUSES were operat-
ing at Kallithea during the Occupation
period. One of them was located in the base-
ment of the Karantinos Stoa and owned by
the Kostas and Manoles Aslanes from Asia
Minor.
From June 1941 until August 1942 the Aslanes
brothers had been printing Rizospastes, and
from April until August 1942 Eleuthere El-
lada. In August 1942, the Aslanes brothers
were arrested and imprisoned.
In spring 1942, EAM set a printing-house
up in the basement of a small house (31 Skra
Street) owned by Vaggeles Menemenes. This is
where a large amount of EAMs informative-
subversive material was printed. The print-
ing-house was staed by Vaggeles Menemenes
(printer), Nikos Kalantzopoulos and Chrestos
Tzemas (typesetters). The texts, paper, ink and
engravings were provided by the journalist
Kostas Vidales.
197
CHAPTER VII
The ght at Bizaniou Street
I N ORDER to shield the Kallithea popula-
tion against the German means of sup-
pression, LAS had established armed guard-
ing teams patrolling the area. In 24 July 1944,
one of these teams was involved in a ght in
the vicinity of a small house, an ELAS strong-
hold at Bizaniou Street, in the Harokopou
district. The team consisted of ten EPON
members. Early next morning, Kallithea was
surrounded by German forces, Security Batal-
lions and numerous policemen. ELAS, on the
other hand, had summoned a large number of
ghters from Kallithea, Petralona, Sfageia, Pa-
grati, Nea Smyrne, Kokkinia and Dourgouti.
Soon, Kallithea became a real battleeld. The
ten EPONites at Bizaniou Street kept ghting
until they were out of ammunition. Subse-
quently, they sang the national anthem and
committed suicide. Fighting continued until
late afternoon, when all forces were with-
drawn. More than fty Kallitheas were killed
in this bloody encounter.
The 28th August blockade
The rst victims to fall at
Syntagma Square
in 3 December 1944.
O NE OF THE MOST COMMON German
methods to cause havoc among the EAM
ghters and terrorise the population was creat-
ing blockades. After the
bloody blockades at Vy-
ronas and Kokkinia, it
was Kallitheas turn. In
28 August 1944, large
numbers of German sol-
diers ocked to Kallithea
and blocked all exits.
More than four thousand
Kallitheans were ordered
to concentrate in a foot-
ball pitch. Those acknowl-
edged to be involved in
resistance activity, were
singled out and executed.
The rest were ordered to
move towards a number
of lorries, that would car-
ry them to concentration
camps in Germany. As
large numbers of people
started running towards
all directions in order to
198
escape, the Germans opened fire on them.
Twenty-one Kallitheans were killed in the
blockade of 28 August 1944.
The events of December 1944
I N 3 DECEMBER 1944, EAM organised a
large protest at Syntagma Square, which
resulted in bloodshed. Twenty-eight people
were killed and more than one hundred
wounded under the British soldiers and na-
tional guards re. The next morning EAM
organised a general strike. Throughout De-
cember numerous bloody ghts were taking
place in almost all Athenian suburbs. The
events of December 1944 constituted the ini-
tial phase of the Civil War. As Kallithea was
an ELAS stronghold, most of the wounded
ghters were brought to Nikolaos Skandal-
akes clinic. The ELAS ghters besieged the
Kallithea police station for many hours, until
a British tank came in aid of the policemen.
Determined to obliterate the Kallithea ELAS
army, the British forces surrounded the town.
Throughout December, the streets of Kallithea
became theatre of numerous ghts and kill-
ings. At the beginning of January, ELAS made
truce with the Greek government and with-
drew its powers from all urban centres. Battles
at Kallithea stopped and the area was crowd-
ed by British soldiers and national guards.
Municipal authorities during
the period 1945-1951
D URING THE PERIOD 1945-1951, in
other words from the end of World War
II until the rst post-war elections, all Kal-
lithea mayors and municipal council members
had been appointed by the government.
In 1945 colonel Nikolaos Zervos was ap-
pointed Mayor of Kallithea by the short-term
Plasteras government. The Municipal Coun-
cil consisted of E. Katenov, N. Takes, D. Ale-
monos, S. Vasileiou, D. Giakoumides, G. Iat-
rides, G. Kokonezos, E. Karemfullides, Ch.
Kakoulides, E. Laines, N. Leontopoulos, G. Ba-
rou, I. Ouraioglou, G. Plakotares, Th. Symeoni-
des, G. Andreades, A. Georgiades, K. Karydes,
E. Papadakes, K. Aslanides, N. Mpaltatzes, K.
Kousourelakes, V. Lazarides and N. Skandal-
akes. The Municipal Councils decisions in-
cluded infrastructure works, though limited in

number and extent due to lack of funds, and
the nancial support of poor Kallitheans.
Zervos was replaced by Telemachos Kos-
mides, who was appointed by the Tsaldares
government in July 1946. Kosmides remained
Mayor of Kallithea until March 1949. The
Municipal Council included L. Malachias, K.
Bouloukos, V. Makres, A. Koumantanos, Ch.
Drigas, Ch. Haliotes, D. Koletsos, G. Vlahon-
tes, E. Kyriakoulakes, P. Galanopoulos, P. The-
odoropoulos, D. Benousan, G. Leontarites, D.
Margaritides, M. Alibrantes, D. Papademetria-
des, E. Aristogenes, G. Katsaros, G. Koutselas
and A. Zachares. One of the most important
decisions taken by the new Municipal Council
was the establishment of a health committee
aiming at the prevention of the various in-
fectious diseases, which were very common
among Kallitheans at that time.
In March 1947, Telemachos Kosmides was
re-appointed. The new Municipal Council
consisted of S. Kyriakoulakos, Ch. Haliotes,
V. Makres, V. Benousan, P. Galanopoulos, D.
Delaportas, A. Koumantanos, P. Theodoropou-
los, G. Koutselas, D. Koletsos, L. Malachias, D.
Papademetriades, E. Aristogenes, G. Katsaros,
Ch. Drigas, G. Vlahontes, A. Zachares, G. Le-
ontarites, D. Margaritides, M. Alibrantes, Gi-
annopoulos, Boulakes, Georgiades, S. Kazantes
and Protopappas. Their decisions included the
development of waterworks in the refugees
districts, repairs of roads and at the Tzitzies
WORLD WAR II GERMAN OCCUPATION
Informative leaet published by the
Agia Eleousa-Tzitzies department
of EAM regarding the events
that took place in 24, 26 and 29
August 1944
(Museum of National Resistance
at Bizaniou Street collection).
pier, the establishment of a summer camp for
childred and nancial support for poor Kal-
litheans and various associations, charities and
military units.
In March 1949 Georgios Iatrides was ap-
pointed Mayor of Kallithea. The Municipal
Council included P. Alexakos, D. Alemonos,
K. Ananiades, N. Theodorides, S. Kazantzes,
S. Kaklamanos, E. Karemfullides, D. Katsares,
G. Katsaros, R. Kostakes, E. Laines, Ch. Lizas,
G. Bantounas, G. Barou, M. Mylonogiannes, E.
Papadakes, K. Papadopoulos, G. Plakotares, N.
Skandalakes, I. Spathia, Th. Symeonides, Th.
Haliotes and Ch. Haberes. Their decisions in-
cluded nancial support to the Municipalitys
parishes, various associations, sports clubs, the
poor and the needy and the widows.
In view of the forthcoming elections, the
judge Anastasios Tsapogas was appointed
Mayor of Kallithea in August 1950. His Mu-
nicipal Council consisted of K. Ananiades,
N. Skandalakes, R. Kostakes, P. Anezakos, E.
Karemfullides, D. Katsares, G. Katsaros, E.
Laines, G. Barou, E. Papadakes, K. Papado-
poulos, G. Plakotares, I. Spathias, I. Tsaramia-
dos, Ch. Haberes, D. Alemonos, N. Theodor-
ides, G. Iatrides, S. Kazantzes, S. Kaklamanes,
G. Bantounas, M. Mylonogiannes, Th. Syme-
onides and Th. Tsigakes. The same Municipal
Council framed Mayors Chrestos Maniatakos
(30 October 1950 - 28 February 1951) and
Antonios Kastanas (1 March 1951 - June
1951), both appointed by the government.
199
 41. . .
 V
OI

K
A I KH H H
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203
 VIII

17 (. . ).

204


(1969),
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205
 VIII

( ).

206


(1947),

(1947),
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207
 VIII

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1943 - - .
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208


, 1946
( ).

209
 CHAPTER VIII
INTELLECTUALS IN NATIONAL RESISTANCE

Cultural activity during World War II

by Anastasia Leriou
D URING THE PERIOD OF THE GER-
man Occupation, Kallithea was one
of the most important resistance
centres in the periphery of Athens. This was
due to the systematic activity of the Nation-
al Liberation Front (EAM), the Panhellenic
Association of Fighting Youths (P) and
the Unied Panhellenic Youth Organisation
(EPON). The Kallithean intellectuals played a
signicant part in it. Similarly to intellectuals
in other Athenian suburbs, they took part in
strikes, organised fundraisings activities, pro-
tests and public gatherings.
Leading gures in these movements were
Soteres Skipes, Elle Alexiou, Soa Mauroeide-
Papadake, and Markos Augeres. As a matter
of fact, Alexiou, Mauride-Papadake together
with Skipes, Chatzines, the historian Giannes
Kordatos, the literary critic Giorgos Valetas
(1907-1989) and Giorges Lambrinos were ac-
tive EAM members.
Just before the outburst of the World War
II, these people founded the Kallithea Intel-
lectual Circle dynamically claiming freedom
of speech.
During the years 1940-1944, Kallithea in-
tellectuals engaged in resistance action by
producing subversive writings printed and
distributed in secret. The much frequented
Loukatos bookstore became a true resistance
centre.
The rebellious spirit embodied by the Kal-
lithea Intellectual Circle members was evi-
dent in the pm recited by Soteres Skipes
on the occasion of Kostes Palamas funeral
in 28 February 1943. This was quite a risky
endeavour, as Skipes did not have an ocial
permission to do so. As soon as the pt Ag-

Elle Alexiou and Markos Augeres.

The Kallithea order of the Unied

Panhellenic Youth Organisation
(EPON) marching along the
streets of Kallithea
(Museum of National Resistance
at Bizaniou Street collection).

210
 INTELLECTUALS IN NATIONAL RESISTANCE

Theatrical play organised

by the organisation Gynaikes-
Kallitheas in 1945
(Museum of National Resistance
at Bizaniou Street collection).

From left to right: Markos

Augeres, Galateia Kazantzake,
Soa Mauroeide-Papadake and
Elle Alexiou.

gelos Sikelianos (1884-1951), the only speaker

with an ocial permission, had completed his
recitation, Skipes decisively climbed up the
podium and started reciting his passionate
verses honouring dead Palamas. Surprisingly,
he was not arrested on the spot, but a few
days later.
At this point, it is essential to mention the
remarkable charity activity undertaken by the
members of the Social Kallithea Club, despite
the facts that many of them were persecuted
and the Clubs building was commandeered
by the Germans. More charities were organ-
ised by the Association of Constantinoupolites
and the Association of Pontians Argonautai-
Komnenoi. Furthermore, the cultural resis-
tance undertaken by actors, shadow puppe-
teers and cinema owners was of particular
importance, as it lifted considerably the spirits
of the troubled Kallitheans.

211
 1950 ( ).

1950-1974

. -
.
,
.
, -
.1
-
,
, ,
, , .

.
, .

1950.
1950 1970 -
: 47.000
1951, 85.000 1971.

, -
.
, -
, -
,
, ,
, , -
, , IKA, ,
, , , -
, ,

E IX

1950-1974


.

U.S.I.S.

,
-
,
.
, ,
.
, -
1951 ,
, .
, -

,
20 .
, ,
, , -
. .
,
. 1951,
37,7% , 1961 43,3%
1971 53,2%.
-
.
1950 1960
30%. -
60,
,
.

214
 1950-1974

- .

,
.
(1946-1949).
1951-1967
1951,

-

-
, -
, , -
( )
, 15 1951 - .

. - , -
,
, .
-
. 7 1951.

1454/50
. (1951)
(1951-1961) 48 ,

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-
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E
( . ).

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1950. . .
, - . -
1945 , 5 1951,
. 1936 . 23 , .
18 .

1950.



( . ).

215
E IX

216
 1950-1974

. , 14
1951 -
1960
29 -
( . ).
18 . .2
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-



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1951-1954 . ,
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. . .


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217
E IX

,


(
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14 1951 -
( -
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(17/11/1952) .
31 1952
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218
 1950-1974

-
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219
E IX

- ,
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1950. .13 .15 ,

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3.500.000 , 4,5 -
( . ).
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1952 -
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220
 1950-1974

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2,60 ., 1,60 .,
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221
E IX

6
,


(

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28,5 .27
. 75
.28
1952, -
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. - 200.000.000
- . -
- 600.000.000 . -
,

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( . ). ,
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.25 , , 24/5/1953. -
3.720 - -
26 - 31
,32
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222
 1950-1974

1950
(

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36 -

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223
E IX

6/1/1955
(

).

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1950
373 ..
, -
21 1954

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( . ). .37
,38 -

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2/3 -
40%
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, . , . -
, . , . , .
, . , . , . -
, . , . , . ,
. , . , . -
, . , . , .
, . -
.

224
 1950-1974

1954
( . ).

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, . ,


1955
70%,
- ,
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- . , 21 1954.
,
, 17 . ,
( . ).
-
. -
- ,


. .
15 1956, ,
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(- 150
) - 180 -

225
E IX

1950
( . ).

. 1959
( . ).

226
 1950-1974

. -

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1952


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-


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-
.
.

227
E IX

1957,
-
.44
-
, -

,

.45
-


- -


.
-
-
,
-


.

.40 1958 -

, .46 -
( . ).
, - -
1.000.000

, .
.41
-
19.997 ..
- .47
.42 -
1957 - -


, .48
. 1952
, , -
5% .49
, , -
. -
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-
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- ,

228
 1950-1974

1950
(

).

229
E IX

,
.
-



.53 ,

, -

.54
, 1951-1958,
,
19.160 ,

1.769.000 . -
5.000
. ,

. , 1957 .
( . ).

, ,
, 5
. 1959. 23.588 -
, 10.672,
,51 45% .
, -
..
.52
21/11/1958 . 1959.

. . . -
( . ). - , . , . ,

, -
,
,
, 29
1959:
-
,

, .


,
.

230
 1950-1974

1950
(

).

231
E IX

,
1950
(

).

,

1950
(

).

232
 1950-1974

. , . , . , . -
, . , . , ,
. , . , . , ,
. , . , . , .
. , . , . , . - , -
, . . , - , ,
.
: . ,
, - 1960
, , -
( )
. . 150
1959 -
-
.
, -
, ,
.55 .
- -
, -

,
.56
1959 1961 - .
. -
,
1959
. . -
, -
, ,
, . -
1950
.57 , - , - ( . ).

,
. -

, -

...

,
.58
-
1959
-

-

-
.59

233
E IX

1959

.
( . ).

:


,
1950
( . ).

( . ).

234
 1950-1974

235
E IX

O






( . ).

. 50% .
-
.
, - -
.
-
. , -
, .
.60 ,
- 1960, ,
1960 - 1/3 -
( . ). , ,
- -

-
- . -

-
. -
- . , 2/3
-

, ,
- -
-
: .61
, -

236
 1950-1974

. -

1961,

.62
1961
-

.63
1961 -

(...).
, 1944
,

-
120 . -
(...)

... . , - . 1960
... - (
: -
, - ( ).
. )
1961 1961, -
. , , -
. - .

, - ,
29 8 -
, - 1962. , , -
1961-1964.
,
... , 1961 ,
.
.
(1961-1964)
1963

,
-


,

- 1964,
,
1963 , -
. .64 ,
, -
, - .65 -
. ,

. -
, - .66

237
E IX

23 1964,
, - -
, -

- .
.67 ... 25-

(1964-1967) , , -
, ,

1964 -
-
-
, , -
, , -
,
32% . -
(8.789 ) 31% (8.369) - -
,
(1964-1967).
. - , . , .
, . , . ,
30,4% (8.197). . , . , . -
- , . , . ,


- . , . , . , . ,
, . . , . .
- , ,
-
( . ). .

238
 1950-1974

-
13 -
1964.
.
,
, -
-
.


-
1/3 -


, -
.66 ,
- -
: . , , 1964-1967
, - ( . ).
; ,
[] .69
, ,
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. []
.
, 8
. 1965 -

. -
1964
, , .
, , ,
[]. -
- .
- 10
(1964-1967), - 1965, -
,
, -
(1964-1967).
, - .
- -
. -
,
, . -
. -
, , - .
,

, , ,
.
. -

,
. .

239
E IX

.


.

.
1965,
,
, .
-


,
1966 .

.
(. . ). , ,

. 70

1966 20 .
, ,
1966 -
.
, (-
,
1966 )71
. , -

.72

240
 1950-1974

:
, ,
16 1967,
-

(. )
,
.

-
: - ,
- -
. ,
- . :
- .
: ( .
- ,
), (-
), ., - [...]. -
, ., ., - , -
., ., .,
., ., .
-
,
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. - -
. . :

-

- .
,
-

[...].75



, , -
-
, . - ( . ).


. [...]

. , ,
, 40
.73
9 ,



25 ,
.

.74
27 :
(
)

241
E IX

1967) ,

.
-
21
4 1967,
. .
. -
, -
, , -
, ,
, , -
, ,
, ,
.

,
, -
:



,
. 1962 ,
-
, ,
1960 -
( . ).
. -
-
, -
,
[...].

, . ,
,
.
. (1967-1974)

21
-
,
.76

, 7 1967
4 1967
. -
-
.
, - .
,
,
, . - . . -
, . , . ,
. , . , . -
, . , . ,
( 25 1967 6 . , . , . ,

242
 1950-1974

1967-1974

... ( ),
, 1962,
.



1963 1964 -


21 1967

(
1965. , ,
).

.
21 1967
. -
161 ,
, , ,
.


-
.
, -
-
...,
, -
-
. ,
,
, -
, ,
...
. .

243
E IX

244
 1950-1974

.
:

1950
(

).
:
1970
(

).

245
E IX

. , . , . - , -
, . , . , . , .
. , . , . , -
. .77
1968, -
- . ,
, -
..., 1967
,
.78 21
18 , -
17 1967,
.80
. -
, -
, - 1960-1970
. ,
.
. , . , . -
, . , . ,
1960, -

. ,
. , . -- ,
, . , . , . , , ,
. , . , . , . , -
.79 1974 -
- -
. . , -
,
-
. , -
-

21
, 1969
(
).

246
 1950-1974

. 1970,
. :
- , -
1970
, , . - (
- ).
- -
. , (
-
- ) .

, -
, .
, - .82
, -
1960. -
: [] 1967-68
, . , -
, ,
. 1967 - , ,
, , 1970 -
.81 5.000
, .

247

by Anna Mourouglou
Nikolaos Skandalakes giving
a speech (R. Demetriadou
collection).
248
CHAPTER IX
KALLITHEA DURING THE PERIOD 1950-1974
T HE SITUATION AT KALLITHEA
after the end of the Civil War was
quite discouraging. Only the central
streets were asphalted, while the residents of
remote areas and the refugees districts suf-
fered lack of electricity, adequate watering and
proper drainage. Gradually, during the 1950s
and 1960s, Kallithea was covered by blocks of
ats and numerous shops, while its popula-
tion increased signicantly. According to the
1951 census, Kallithea had 47,000 residents;
in 1971 this number had risen to 85,000. This
phenomenon should be viewed as a result of
the multiple migratory waves from the Greek
countryside towards the large urban centres.
The large number of workers that had concen-
trated at Kallithea was employed in the vari-
ous industries surrounding it, e.g. Izola, El-
viela, Peiraike-Patraike, Vika and others. was founded. One year later, the Kallithean
Municipal authorities during 1951-1967
HE FIRST POST-WAR elections were
held in 15 April 1951. According to the
legislation of that time, the mayors were not
directly elected by the public, but from the
municipal councellors.
Nikolaos Skandalakes
(1951-1961)
HE MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS
held in April 1951 were won by
Nikolaos Skandalakes, a doctor origi-
nating from Laconia, who had been
involved in the Municipalitys admin-
istration since the mid-1940s. During
the period 1951-1954, the Municipal
Council consisted of Ch. Vitsaras, A.
Varlas, P. Giannas, I. Iakoumides, T.
Kosmides, E. Kassianes, G. Karagi-
annes, S. Laritzakes, Ch. Lyberopoulos,
Kallithea after the Civil war
G. Barou, L. Malahias, G. Moraitides, . Pau-
lopoulos, E. Papadakes, A. Rontere, Th. Tsi-
menes, G. Iatrides, Th. Andreiomenos, N. Zer-
vos, K. Makrides, S. Mastrogiannakos, I.
Makrides, Ch. Haberes and E. Lefa.
Nikolaos Skandalakes set about develop-
ing Kallitheas infrastructure by constructing
and repairing streets, covering the Katsipodou
stream, improving the electricity, watering and
drainage systems in many areas, completing
the construction of numerous refugees hous-
es etc. As the Municipality of Kallithea lacked
adequate funds, the works were sponsored by
means of loans. Thus, many Kallithean or-
ganisations, cultural associations, charities and
sports clubs were provided with municipal
nancial support. In the summer of 1951, the
Municipal Cultural Organisation of Kallithea
sculptor Achilleas Aperges was commissioned
to create a copper statue of colonel Konstan-
tinos Davakes. The statue was placed at the
central square of Kallithea, currently known
as Davake Square, and ocially presented to
the public in 24 May 1953. In December 1953
the Municipal Library was re-established. It
was accommodated at the former residence of
the pt Ioannes Grypares.
During the summer of 1952 refugees from
Romania arrived at Kallithea and settled in
tents at Palaia Sfageia. By means of govern-
mental funds, the Municipality had streets and
an elementary drainage system constructed in
the area. In late 1953, the Municipality of Kal-
lithea provided the Romanian refugees with
signicant nancial support that would allow
them to rent ats.
Nikolaos Skandalakes was re-elected Mayor
of Kallithea in November 1954. The Munici-
pal Council included Ch. Vitsaras, Ch. Ly-
beropoulos, H. Paulopoulos, L. Roussos, E.
Vourloume, I. Iakoumides, G. Kakoulides, D.

Kardiasmenos, L. Koutropoulos, N. Stauro-
poulos, N. Makres, A. Rontere, E. Lefa, G. Ba-
rou, N. Papageorgiou, D. Polites, P. Rokanas,
E. Kassianes, G. Karagiannes, S. Laritzakes, S.
Mastrogiannakos, I. Makrides, D. Gennematas,
G. Hairetas and A. Konstantianou.
During the period 1955-1958, Skandalakes
continued his borrowing policy, in order to
fund systematic infrastructure works such as
the development of drainage, ood-control,
and water and electricity supplying systems.
Moreover, many streets were tarred, school
buildings were erected and Kyprou and Ha-
rokopou Squares were re-constructed.
Nikolaos Skandalakes was elected Mayor
of Kallithea for a third time at the municipal
elections of April 1959. The new Municipal
Council consisted of H. Paulopoulos, P. Rokan-
as, St. Pierroutsakos, Ch. Haberes, I. Kokotos,
P. Avramea, E. Moustakes, Ch. Karatzaferes,
E. Vourloume, A. Eliopoulos, I. Makrides, G.
Soteriades, A. Kserotyre, Ch. Balaskas, G. Kak-
oulides, N. Makres, E. Kassianes, D. Tsimene,
N. Davides, O. Thalassinos, G. Frantzeskakes, S.
Nikolaides, S. Mastrogiannakos, F. Mylonakou,
E. Gallou and E. Iatride.
Systematic infrastructure work continued. In
the autumn of 1959, the Heroon monument,
KALLITHEA DURING THE PERIOD 1950-1974
Roadworks at Tzitzies
during the 1950s
(Municipality of Kallithea
Cultural Organisation collection).
created by the renowned sculptor Perantinos
and located at Kyprou Square, was presented
to the Kallithean public. This was done in a
formal ceremony attended by king Paul and
queen Frederike. During the years 1960 and
1961, the Mayor worked hard, in order to
obtain loans and gather the funds necessary
for the construction of a municipal stadium
on Sikelia Hill, which was initiated in January
1961. During the same year, the construction of
the municipal parking station was completed.
In August 1961, Nikolaos Skandalakes re-
signed from oce, so as to participate at the
parliamentary elections that would take place
in the coming October. He was replaced by Ch.
Haberes, who remained Deputy Mayor until
December 1961.
Hares Paulopoulos (1961-1964)
ARES PAULOPOULOS, Municipal
Councillor since 1951, was elected May-
or of Kallithea in December 1961. Only a lim-
ited amount of works were undertaken during
Paulopoulos mayoralty. This was due to the
Municipalitys particularly low nancial sta-
tus, as well as the intense conict among the
members of Municipal Council. The latter re-
249
E IX
Distinguished guests visiting
the Association of Pontians
Argonautai - Komnenoi during
the 1950s
(Association of Pontians
Argonautai - Komnenoi
collection).
250
ected directly the turbulence characterising
Greek political life in general.
Ioannes Gallos (1964-1967)
HE 1964 ELECTIONS WERE won by
Ioannes Gallos Demokratike Demotike
Enoteta. The Municipal Council consisted of
S. Mastrogiannakos, S. Ameras, G. Sarakenides,
Th. Chrysanthopoulos, N. Makrides, D.
Gennematas, Th. Papadopoulos, G. Petrakakes,
H. Paulopoulos, P. Rokanas, S. Pierroutsakos, P.
Avramea, Ch. Haberes, E. Moustakes, N. Stau-
ropoulos, D. Euaggelopoulos, L. Malahias, G.
Kakoulides, E. Kassianes, Th. Gazes, G. Kaloi-
das, E. Lefa, G. Kokonas and N. Mikropoulos.
Gallos served as Kallithea Mayor from 1964
until 1967, when the military dictatorship was
established. Due to the complete lack of gov-
ernmental support to the new municipal au-
thorities of Kallithea, Gallos failed to make a
substantial contribution to the towns develop-
ment. The conict between the new municipal
authority and the Greek government became
particularly evident, when Ioannes Gallos and
Leonidas Malahias were arrested by the po-
lice, on the grounds that they had had sewage
disposal pipes installed, without bothering to
obtain permission from the Prefect of Attica
rst. Gallos was suspended for three months.
The political polarisation characterising Greek
society at that time, was also particularly obvi-
ous in the conict among various Municipal
Councillors. Reaching a unanimous decision
within a reasonable amount of time was some-
thing beyond imagination. Nevertheless, some
signicant decisions were eventually taken. The
Municipal Council decided to ocially claim
the Laskarides mansion, in order to create a
municipal gallery. This was in accordance to
the late Aikaterine Laskarides will. The paint-
er, who died in 1965, had declared in her tes-
tament that she wished her house to become a
gallery accommodating a permanent exhibition
of her paintigs. Moreover, the Drakeios Mu-
nicipal Playschool was established by means of
funds provided by Panagiotes Drakos, owner
of the Izola factory.
During Gallos mayoralty the Skopefterion
was demolished, the Ilissos bridge constructed
and the covering of the Katsipodou stream
nally completed. Additionally, the Munici-
pal Cultural Organisation of Kallithea received
considerable nancial support, the municipal
choir was revived and the Municipal Theatre
was established.
The dictatorship, 1967-1974
N 21 APRIL 1967 a military dictatorship
was established in Greece. Subsequently,
more than one hundred and fifty labour
unions and associations in Athens were abol-
ished, while numerous non law-abiding
professors, teachers, civil servants, judges etc
were made redundant. Similar phenomena
were observed among military and municipal
ocials. The disobedient functionaries were
replaced by people sharing the dictators
chauvinist beliefs.
Municipal authorities during
the dictatorship, 1967-1974
ARLY IN THE MORNING of 21 August
1967, Ioannes Gallos was arrested, on the
grounds that he had signed a manifesto con-
demning the junta issued by the Local Union
of Attica Municipalities and Communities. To-
gether with many other disobedient Kallithe-
ans, he was brought to the Faleron Racecourses
grounds. Subsequently, they were all sent into
exile. Gallos was replaced by Vice-Mayor Sta-
mates Matstrogiannakos for eleven days. The
members of the Municipal Council had been

appointed by the dictatorial government. No
left-wingers were included and the new Coun-
cil consisted of the following: L. Malahias, H.
Paulopoulos, G. Papadopoulos, S. Pierroutsakos,
P. Avramea, Ch. Haberes, E. Moustakes, N.
Stauropoulos, D. Euaggelopoulos, G. Kaloidas,
E. Lefa, G. Kokkonas and N. Mikropoulos.
In 7 May 1967 Mastrogiannakos was re-
placed by Hares Paulopoulos, who remained
Mayor of Kallithea until November 1967. The
Municipal Council consisted of P. Dragou-
manos, G. Kakoulides, G. Papadopoulos, S.
Pierroutsakos, E. Moustakes, P. Avramea. N.
Stauropoulos, D. Euaggelopoulos, N. Koutsou-
akes, Th. Zeses, I. Kontakiotes, D. Panagiot-
ou, P. Papadopoulos, N. Fornezes, L. Malahias,
E. Kassianes, Th. Gazes, G. Kaloidas, G. Kok-
konas, N. Mikropoulos and P. Sepsas.
In November 1967, the municipal authorities
were replaced once more. Theolos Kares
became mayor, while P. Dragoumanos, P. Pa-
padopoulos, N. Stauropoulos, I. Zaheilas, I.
Katakiotes, N. Koutsouakes, A. Karahalios,
G. Liakopoulos, M. Sagiannou-Haralabidou, P.
Sepsas, N. Fornezis, P. Skoundres, E. Ionas, K.
Kondyles, D. Panagiotou and D. Spanos. No
KALLITHEA DURING THE PERIOD 1950-1974
A typical Kallithean residence
during the 1960s
(Municipality of Kallithea
Cultural Organisation collection).
more changes would take place until 1974.
No substantial work was undertaken during
the period 1967-1974, as the authority of all
Local Self-Government institutions had been
minimised by the dictators. Nevertheless, the
removal of the tram station in 1968, as well
as the reconstruction of Kyprou Square are
noteworthy developments.
The population of Kallithea during
the 1960s and 1970s
ORE AND MORE internal immigrants
looking for jobs in the factories kept
arriving at Kallithea throughout the 1960s.
Nevertheless, the closure of most of Kallithean
industrial during the 1970s, as well as the
concentration of many stores in the area,
transformed Kallithea into a commercisl cen-
tre. Many workers lost their jobs and, conse-
quently, abandoned Kallithea. During the
1970s Kallitheas population mainly included
civil servants, tradesmen and freelancers.
Many refuge families obtained housing loans
and moved to Nea Smyrne, Tauros, Perissos
and elsewhere.
251
 atelier . . ( ).

1945-1975

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266
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268
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269

by Annastasia Leriou
Tatiana Gritse-Milliex
(I. Gritses collection).
270
CHAPTER X
POST-WAR CULTURAL ACTIVITY
AT KALLITHEA, 1945-1975
Intellectual and artistic activity after the Liberation
T HE LIVELY CULTURAL ACTIVITY
that characterised life at Kallithea
during the 1920s and 1930s was re-
sumed immediately after the Liberation. The
Kallithea Social Club was revived and provided
with a new name: Palladion. Besides Palladion,
almost all pre-war cultural associations, clubs
and charities recommenced organising lectures,
meeting, exhibitions, musical events etc. One of
the 1950s most successful cultural events was
the Kallithea Painters Exhibition in 1953, at
the premises of the charity Ethnike Psyche.
It was based on an idea by the journalist Eleu-
therios Kassianes and meant to recreate the
artistic atmosphere of the 1st Kallithea Paint-
ers Exhibition that took place in the winter of
1934. Besides the renowned Sophia Laskaridou
and Alexandros Christofes, many young Ka-
llithean painters took part at the exhibition.
Post-war Kallithea retained the characterisa-
tion Greek Monmarte, as many artists used
to live there during 1945-1970. To the artists
living at Kallithea since the 1920s
and 1930s, the following painters
and engravers were added: Em-
manouel Zepos or Alafouzos (1905-
1995), Solon Fragoulides, Apostolos
Gerales, Marios Aggelopoulos, Anna
Kontogiorge, Georgia Giannopoulou-
Terlide, Hara Vienna, Demetrios Pa-
pageorgiou, Maria Ramfou, Gregores
Theoharakes, Demosthenes Kokki-
nides, Valias Semertzides, Achilleas
Varvaressos, Fotes Palekaras, Nikos
Amvrazes, Georgios Demetrakopou-
los, Lazaros Vasileiades, Antones
Kepetzes, Filda-Maria Niamonitake,
Maria Roussea and Diana Anton-
akatou. Moreover, during the period
1962-1967, the painters Vasiles Sper-
antzas, Nikos Stefanou and Alekos
Fasianos, young and experimental
at that time, shared a studio at Kallithea. It
was housed in the former residence of the
painter Odysseus Fokas. The sculptors Tha-
nases Apartes (1899-1972), Achilleas Aperges
(1909-1986), Georgios Georgiades, G. Gente-
kos, Evaggelos Markantones, Vania Mantzou-
vanes, Demetra Tserkezou and the popular
cartoonist Archelaos Antonaros (1921-1998)
were also based at Kallithea. Last but not
least, the lithographic studio Phoenix at
Harokopou was producing highly artistic
lithographs for magazines and newspapers,
stamps, cards, posters etc during the 1950s
and early 1960s.
Theatrical activity was particularly vigorous
at post-war Kallithea. There were many thea-
tres, some of which had been operating since
the Mid-War period. The numerous plays that
were being presented were attracting many
Athenians at Kallithea. One of the leading g-
ures in this movement was Socrates Karanti-
nos (1906-1979), director and theatrical writer.
Furthermore, during the period 1947-1951 the
innovative director Athanasios Lemos was pre-
senting newly-written Greek plays, initially at
Palladion and later at Dionysia.
Moreover, Kallithea remained a signicant
intellectual centre during the period 1945-
1970. Besides Elle Alexiou, Soa Mauroeide-
Papadake, Markos Augeres, Giannes Chatz-
ines, Giorgos Valetas and Giannes Kordatos,
Kallithea accommodated the writers Tatiana
Gritse-Milliex (1920-2005) and Roger Mil-
liex, Tatianas philhellene husband, Dionysios
Kalogeropoulos, director of the Greek Parlia-
ments library, Ioannes Pamboukes, historian
and translator, Giannes Ioannides, poet and
journalist, the writers Chrestos Kouloures,
Nikos Veliotes and Giorgos Roumes, the lit-
erary critic and journalist Elias Ziogas, the
poets Kostas Papadakes, Panteles Mylono-
giannes and Thaleia Kalligiannes, the writers
 POST-WAR CULTURAL ACTIVITY

and educators Katina Paize-Zografou, Soa

Amariote and Nikolaos Zafeiriou and the jour-
nalists Paulos Palaiologos, Nikos Kapnas, Va-
sileios Spanopoulos, Epameinondas Kaoures,
Michales Hanouses and Vasiles Korahs.

Tzitzies by night

MMEDIATELY AFTER the Liberation,

many halls with live bouzouki music ap-
peared at Tzitzies. Leading gures in this
movement were the famous composers Markos
Vamvakares and Giannes Papaioannou (1914-
1972). Tzitzifies remained a significant
bouzouki music centre until the 1970s.

Kallithean Press during

the period 1945-1975

MMEDIATELY AFTER the end of the

German Occupation, newspapers reap-
peared in Athens. Most of the rst post-war
newspapers were of electoral character and,
therefore, limited duration. Nevertheless, there
were some exceptions. E Kallithea published
by Triantafyllos Triantafyllides has been the
post-war newspaper with the longest duration
(1945-1989). It included local news, articles
on municipal issues and columns on art and
literature. Frequently E Kallithea hosted
articles written by Soteres Skipes, Giannes
Chatzines and Paulos Palaiologos. Of similar
content to E Kallithea was Ta Chronika tes
Kallitheas published by Giannes Theodorides
from 1946 until 1961. Frequently, it featured
contributions by Paulos Palaiologos, Soteres
Skipes, Giannes Chatzines, Koules Alepes and
other Kallithean intellectuals.
Oil-painting by Vasiles Sperantzas.
Other newspapers published during the
1940s-1970s were Echo tes Kallitheas (1974,
Kostas Rokanas), Kallitheikon Vema (Athana-
sios Atlas), Tharros (1974, L. N. Kleidonop-
oulos), Fone tes Kallitheas (1953-1955, Poly-
vios Alexakes), Agon tes Kallitheas (1954,
D. Paulopoulos), Nea tes Kallitheas (1958,
Eleftherios Kassianes), Efemeris tes Kallith-
eas (1961-1965, M. Adamopoulos and Anna
Lerikou-Moraite), Demokratike Kallithea
(1964, Ioannes Gallos), Vema tes Kallitheas
(1966), Fone tes Kallitheas (1977, Zacharias Cartoon by Archelaos published
Nikolakakis), Enemerosi (1974-1975, Stamates at Thesauros during the
Liakos) and Ereuna (1959-1960, 1964-1967, 1950s (Municipality of Kallithea
1973-1983, 1994-today, Chrestos Papazoglou). Cultural Organisation collection).

271
 1990 (. . ).
 I
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(1975-1985)

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274
 1975-2005

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278
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279
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281
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288
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289
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323

by Anastasia Leriou
& Theodoros Psalidopoulos
Ioannes Gallos
(D. Gallos collection).
324
CHAPTER XI
MODERN KALLITHEA 1975-2005
T HE MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS HELD
in March 1975, the rst elections af-
ter the fall of the military dictator-
ship, were won by Ioannes Gallos, head of the
Demokratike Demotike Enoteta ticket. The
Municipal Council consisted of A. Kakoulidou,
K. Panagiotopoulos, S. Ameras, N. Haritides,
G. Psalidopoulos, Th.Gazes, I. Makrides, S.
Nikolaides, D. Euthymiou, L. Lameras, I. Kit-
sios, S. Mastrogiannakos, P. Manos, A. Pou-
lopoulos, G. Baletas, M. Zeka-Neofotistou,
S. Otapasides, N. Skandalakes (resigned), P.
Avramea, E. Moustakes, P. Rokanas, G. Kak-
oulides, G. Papadopoulos, P. Patsilinakos, D.
Salasides and N. Mikropoulos.
Kallitheas need for development and mod-
ernisation seemed immense during the rst
post-junta years. In his electoral programme,
Gallos had included the erection of a new town-
hall and schools, the removal of the Faleron
Racecourse, the restoration of the beach and
the Ilissos river-bed, the expansion of the street
network, the improvement of the drainage sys-
tem, the reconstruction of various squares and
the creation of parks, playgrounds and a vari-
ety of cultural and social welfare institutions.
During the period 1975-1978, Ioannes Gallos
and the Municipal Councillors toiled over the
fullment of the above plans.
Gallos systematic activity resulted in
Demokratike Demotike Enotetas second
electoral victory. This occurred in October
1978 and allowed Ioannes Gallos to continue
with his developmental policy. The new Mu-
nicipal Council included A. Kakoulidou, K.
Panagiotopoulos, S. Ameras, I. Makrides, G.
Psalidopoulos, A. Athanasiadou, A. Koutras,
K. Papanikolaou, M. Kasvikes, G. Margarites,
N. Leontopoulos, S. Ksyrades, Th. Gazes, V.
Karamanos, I. Tagmatarhe, S. Nikolaides, S.
Makrides, S. Pierroutsakos, G. Lalas, E. Mor-
fopoulou-Georgoulea, G. Kalidas, H. Valves,
Ioannes Gallos (1975-1985)
A. Barou, Th. Anthes and P. Valasakos.
In October 1982, Demokratike Demotike
Enoteta won the municipal elections once
more and Ioannes Gallos was re-elected
Mayor of Kallithea for the fourth time. The
Municipal Council consisted of St. Ameras,
G. Psalidopoulos, P. Maritsas, S. Makrides,
Ch. Metseas, Th. Andreades, F. Moutesides,
K. Filippides, N. Haritides, A. Kakoulide, A.
Vakalopoulou, S. Otapasides, I. Makrides, K.
Panagiotopoulos, G. Anagnostopoulou, G.
Antonakakes, Th. Gazes, E. Panagiotides, P.
Psaltakos, I. Aroutsides, A. Koutras, P. Konto-
georges (resigned), P. Kontogeorge (resigned),
S. Nikolaides, S. Alexandrakes, L. Anagnostou,
G. Margarites, G. Alexopoulos, M. Kasvikes,
S. Voulgares, D. Hariades, S. Pierroutsakos,
P. Skandalakes, Ch. Kasalias, G. Kalidas, E.
Morfopoulou-Georgoulea and P. Avramea.
During the ten years of Gallos post-junta
mayoralty, Kallithea was transformed into a
municipality with modern infrastructure and
multiple services and institutions aiming at
meeting the needs and solving the various
problems of the Kallithean population. Sig-
nicant progress was made in regard to ood
control, the improvement of the municipal
cleaning service, the removal of the Faleron
Racecourse and various factories within the
limits of Kallithea and the restoration of the
Ilissos area. Moreover, the Municipal Theatre
of Kallithea and three cultural centres includ-
ing artistic workshops for children and adults
were established, while the Municipal Library
was re-organised.
One of Gallos most signicant administra-
tive innovations was the establishment of local
councils. These aimed at the detailed recording
and, consequently, the ecient solution of the
various problems in each and every Kallithean
neighbourhood. In 1983, the Municipal Council
divided Kallithea in forty neighbourhoods and

subsequently established forty local councils.
Their members were selected by means of elec-
tion, which was held in 1984.
Last but not least, we should mention Gal-
los eort to create an eective athletic su-
perstructure at Kallithea. Thus, he managed
to have the municipal stadiums construction
completed and a number of courts and pitches
built at various areas. In late 1984, the Munic-
ipal Chess Centre was created. The Municipal-
ity oered nancial support to all Kallithean
sports clubs and provided schools with large
funds, in order to repair and/ or extend their
athletic facilities
Georgios Psalidopoulos (1985-1990)
MMEDIATELY after Gallos resignation in
1985, Georgios Psalidopoulos was elected
Mayor of Kallithea by the Municipal Coun-
cillors. Leading the Demokratike Demotike
Enoteta ticket, he was re-elected Mayor in
the municipal elections held in October 1986.
The Municipal Council consisted of G. Anton-
akakes, A. Vakalopoulou-Lykake, S. Ameras,
E. Karitsas, G. Anagnostopoulou, A. Kyrkos,
I. Makrides, S. Makrides, P. Psaltakos, Th.
Papathanasopoulos, F. Moutesides, E. Vagge-
les, G. Pezoulas, S. Nikolaides, N. Bakales, D.
Zermas, St. Karakasides, N. Haritides, E. Er-
mides, Th. Andreades, Ch. Koutses-Tsoutses,
P. Skandalakes, M. Stamoule, Ch. Kasalias, Ch.
Demopoulos, S. Pierroutsakos, A. Paparoupas,
I. Hatzeniklaides, P. Avramea, E. Georgoulea-
Morfopoulou, E. Kakoulides, G. Kyriopoulos,
K. Askounes, D. Hariades and S. Alexan-
drakes.
MODERN KALLITHEA 1975-2005
During G. Psalidopoulos mayoralty, the Davake Square depicted on a
Municipality promoted the creation of vari- greeting-card issued by the
ous municipal organisations and dynamically Municipality of Kallithea
(D. Gallos collection).
claimed the preservation of the Laskarides
mansion, the removal of the Faleron Race-
course, the development of the Tzitzies beach
and the closure of the highly polluting factory
Foivos. Additionally, building plots for the
construction of new schools were purchased,
while cultural and athletic activity was par-
ticularly vigorous. It was during this period,
that the Municipality of Kallithea started de-
veloping social welfare and anti-drug addic-
tion programs.
Georgios Kyriopoulos (1991-1999)
HE MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS held in
October 1990 were won by Georgios
Kyriopoulos, leader of the Allage-Demokra- Georgios Psalidopoulos.
tike Synergasia ticket. The Municipal Council
consisted of N. Ioakeimidou, D. Hariades, K.
Askounes, K. Polychronides, A. Kalaitzides,
S. Alexandrakes, M. Rouhota-Gardiakou, A.
Gavalas, D. Klapsianos, K. Paulides, A. Fo-
topoulos, G. Kallintzes, K. Triantafyllides, K.
Kerkyras, N. Karagiannes, D. Vasilopoulos,
Sp. Marinos, M. Basileiou, G. Alexopoulos,
V. Eliakes, A. Papandreou, Ch. Demopoulos,
P. Skandalakes, S. Pierroutsakos, A. Paparou-
pas, N. Papathanases, E. Kakoulides, S. Pa-
padopoulou, Ch. Moustafellou, D. Kasalias,
G. Psalidopoulos, Th. Papathanasopoulos, G.
Antonakakes, A. Avramides, Ch. Kasalias.
The beginning of Kyriopoulos involvement
in municipal administration gs back to 1986,
when he was elected Municipal Councillor. In
325
CHAPTER I
Georgios Kyriopoulos.
Mayor Kostas Askounes oering a
medal to his predecesor Georgios
Kyriopoulos
(Municipality of Kallithea Cultural
Organisation collection).
326
1994, he was re-elected Mayor of Kallithea;
the new Municipal Council consisted of K.
Askounes, K. Polychronides, D. Hariades, A.
Papadakes, V. Eliakes, E. Kavvadias, V. Mar-
garite, K. Kerkyras, M. Rouhota-Gardiakou, K.
Paulides, M. Makridou, G. Alexopoulos, S. Al-
exandrakes, D. Vasilopoulos, M. Vasileiou, E.
Korbopoulou, P.Galanopoulos, A. Papandreou,
P. Demakos, A. Fotopoulos, G. Magganias, P.
Skandalakes, E. Gallos, Chr. Pierroutsakos, S.
Papadopoulou, N. Papathanases, N. Ioakeimi-
dou, E. Kakoulides, Ch. Antonatou, V. Artikes,
A. Ouranes, A. Avramides, N. Polites, E. Er-
mides and Ch. Kasalias.
Kyriopoulos development policy included
repairing and/ or expanding the water and
electricity supplying systems, the street and
drainage networks and the ood-control in-
stallations. Many streets were pedestrianised,
while Davake, Kyprou and Agia Eleousa
Squares were re-constructed.
Many dynamic claims to the solution of
various persisting problems, such as the re-
moval of the Faleron Racecourse and the fac-
tory Foivos at Tzitzies, were made during Psalidopoulos, D. Hariades, P. Demakos, E.
Kyriopoulos mayoralty. The Ilissos River was
covered and the area above it was arranged
as a park with athletic facilities. Furthermore,
new schools were built, while the old ones
were systematically repaired. The cultural
centre Melina Merkoure was inaugurated
and the ocial process for the purchase of
the Laskarides mansion by the Municipality
was initiated.
Kyriopoulos was particularly interested in
preventing drug-addiction among Kallitheans.
Thus, Theseus, a
municipal agency
aiming at preventing
addiction, providing
information and sup-
port and contributing
towards rehabilita-
tion, was established
at Kallithea. In 1996,
the Municipal Advi-
sory Family Centre of
Kallithea was created.
The preservation of
children and teenagers
mental and psycholog-
ical health constitutes
its primary target.
Kostas Askounes (1999-2006)
OSTAS ASKOUNES became Mayor of Ka-
llithea, after winning the 1999 elections
as leader of the Synergasia gia ten Kallithea
ticket. The Municipal Council consisted of P.
Galanopoulos, N. Ioakeimidou, V. Margarite, A.
Adamopoulou, M. Benekou, D. Hariades, Ch.
Soanides, E. Kavvadias, B. Dedouses, S. Voul-
gares, P. Demakos, G. Alexopoulos, E. Babales,
A. Papapostolou, G. Magganias, I. Maurides, Z.
Konstantopoulos, D. Klapsianos, I. Skouras, Th.
Psalidopoulos, D. Zalkazanes, N. Papathanases,
P. Kotteas, Ch. Pierroutsakos, D. Karnavos, I.
Hatzopoulos, V. Papachrestos, E. Kakoulides,
K. Tsitines, G. Kyriopoulos, V. Eliakes, K. Poly-
chronides, A. Abramides, D. Gallos, A. Kyrkou-
Alexopoulou and Ch. Kassalias.
Leading the same ticket, Askounes won
the municipal elections of October 2002 and
was re-elected Mayor. The Municipal Council
consisted of P. Galanopoulos, V. Margarite, A,
Adamopoulou, V. Eliakes, N. Ioakeimidou, K.
Polychronides, I. Eliades, Ch. Soanides, Th.
Kavvadias, N. Maroses, G. Alexopoulos, Ch.
Antonatou, S. Voulgares, P. Georgouses, G.
Margomenos, E. Babales, Z. Konstantopoulos,
E. Moustake, A. Fotopoulos, M. Stamoule, D.
Karnavos, P. Kotteas, I. Hatzopoulos, V. Pa-
pachrestos, E. Kakoulides, G. Kastanes, G.
Karvounes, E. Barbakos, K. Tsitines, M. Kon-
tova, V. Demopoulos, G. Antonakakes and D.
Gallos.
During Askounes mayoralty, Kallithea be-
came, once more, an Olympic city. Due to the
Olympic Games 2004 being held in Athens,
athletic facilities were built in the area former-
ly occupied by the Faleron Racecourse. The
eventual removal of the Racecourse constitutes
the nal act in the Municipalitys long strug-
gle to improve the living conditions at Tzitzi-
es. The Racecourse area currently belongs to
the Municipality of Kallithea, which plans to
exploit it for athletic and cultural purposes.
Furthermore, the achievement of Foivos
closure has contributed signicantly towards
the establishment of a healthier environment
at Tzitzies. The area formerly occupied by
the factory Izola has been used to erect a
new school complex. Additionally, the Munici-
pality has purchased building plots all over
Kallithea, in order to have parks and squares

created. The Tzitzies, Davake and Haroko-
pou Squares have been reconstructed and new
playgrounds have been created.
Particular attention has been paid to issues
of public health and social welfare. number
of new Old Peoples Centres (KAPE) have
been founded and a unicipal Health Centre
has been created, while many welfare agencies
providing help for elder, ill or disabled people
are currently operating.
Finally, Askounes mayoralty has been char-
acterised by vigorous cultural activity, directly
reected in the ocial ceremony inaugurating
the Municipal Gallery Soa Laskarides in
December 2001.
Squares and parks
HE MOST signicant Kallithean squares
are Davake Square and Kyprou Square.
Both of them were included in the initial ar-
chitectural plan of Kallithea, which was com-
piled as early as 1884. Additionally, there are
the Sfageia Park at Harokopou, the Harokopou
Park in front of the Harokopeio University,
the Agia Eleousa and the Tzitzies Squares.
Smaller parks may be found in almost all the
MODERN KALLITHEA 1975-2005
districts of Kallithea. Many of these squares
have been adorned by statues and monuments
commemorating signicant people or histori-
cal events associated with Kallithean history.
Churches and parishes
allithea includes seven parishes, which
belong to the Diocese of Athens 8th
section. Besides the parish churches, there
are six more temples to be found within the
limits of Kallithea. The earliest one of them
is the church of Agia Eleousa that was built
early in the 19th century. The church of Meta-
morfosi Soteros was constructed between the Kostas Askounes.
early 1900s and 1970; it currently constitutes
the centre of a parish of 30,000 members.
Moreover, there are the parish churches of
Agioi Apostoloi at Tzitzies (more than 4,500
parishioners), Pantanassa (7,500 parishioners),
Euagelismos Theotokou (5,000 parishioners),
Agios Georgios and Stefanos (20,000 parish-
ioners) and the monumental parish churches
of Agioi Pantes on Venizelou Avenue (20,000
parishioners) and Agios Nikolaos near Davake
Square (28,000 parishioners).
Besides the parish churches, four more
Modern view of Kyprou Square
(K. Liontes collection).
327
CHAPTER I
The Municipal Health Centre
(photo by A. Andreopoulos).
328
Christian temples are located within the
grounds of the Kallithea Municipality: Agia
Varvara, Agia Paraskeue in the premises of
KEAT, Koimeses Theotokou and the catholic
Euaggelismos Theotokou.
Public health and social welfare
s far as illness prevention and treat-
ment is concerned, the Kallitheans may
visit the Municipal Health Centre, the four
departments of the Social Insurance Institu-
tion (IKA) that are to be found within the
limits of Kallithea, the Athenian Therapeutic
Clinic, the Onassis Cardiac Surgery Centre, the
Childrens Hospital, the Mental Health Centre,
the Red Cross Peripheral Committee, and the
Mental Health Activity Company. The Cen-
tre of Education and Rehabilitation for the
Blind (KEAT), formerly known as Home
of the Blind, aims at providing shelter and
training to blind people. Its activity is con-
siderably supported by Faros Tyon Ellados,
also located at Kallithea. Besides the Health
Centre mentioned above, the Municipality of
Kallithea has established a number of agencies
providing social welfare services. There are
day-nurseries and nursery schools, advisory
centres for families and multiple organisations
supporting the poor, the elderly and the un-
employed youths.
Education and schools
he Municipality of Kallithea includes 30
kindergartens, 28 primary schools, 15 sec-
ondary schools and 9 lyceums. KEAT includes
two specialised primary schools and a kinder-
garten. Additionally, there is the Sivitanideios
Public School of Trade and Vocations and two
Institutions of Higher Education: Harokopeio
University and Panteion University of Social and
Political Sciences.

Cultural organisations and clubs
unicipal cultural activity is adminis-
tered by the Municipality of Kallithea
Cultural Organisation, a legal entity in public
law. It includes a relatively large network of
artistic workshops for children and adults, the
Municipal Library, the Municipal Conservatory
Odysseus Demetriades, the Municipal Gal-
lery Soa Laskarides, the Municipal Band,
the Centre of Modern Greek Literatute Gi-
annes Chatzines and ve cultural centres,
where the artistic workshops mentioned above
are based. The Cultural Organisation occupies
more than a hundred artistic advisors-instruc-
tors of various professions, while more than
12,000 Kallitheans attend the various cultural
events organised by it on a yearly basis. Fur-
ther activities, events and festivals are carried
out by various cultural associations and chari-
ties, as well as clubs associated to a particular
geographic region. Many of the latter are as-
sociated with Pontos.
Local Press
P ublishing activity was signicantly in-
creased during the 1990s. Many new
newspapers appeared, most of which have
MODERN KALLITHEA 1975-2005
survived until the present day. The newspa-
pers that are currently in circulation at Ka-
llithea are: Akalyptos Horos, Anagnostes
Kallitheas, Vema tes Kallitheas, Ereuna
Kallitheas, E Gnome tes Kallitheas, Nea
Kallithea, O Reporter tes Kallitheas, Nea
Pole, Polis and Nea Gnome.
Sports organisations and clubs
K allithea boasts a rich athletic tradition,
the beginning of which gs back to
the 1930s. During the 1950s-1970s football,
and also basketball, wrestling and athletics
ourished.
The Kallithean sports clubs have produced
numerous athletes that have received signi-
cant distinctions in national and international
sports events. Athletic activity at Kallithea is
currently administered by the Municipality of
Kallithea Athletic Organisation, a legal entity
in public law.
Its primary purposes are the development and An event organised by the
maintenance of the athletic facilities, the devel- Kallithea Athletic Organisation
opment of athletic programs for the Kallithean just before the Olympic Games
public and the nancial support of the sports of 2004
clubs, about twenty in number, that are based
in Kallithea.
(photo by A. Andreopoulos).
329
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

W E WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS our warmest appreciation to all the people who
contributed to the exploration of Kallitheas history and the compilation of this
book by providing us with archival material and photographs, information and
help in many ways.
We are particularly grateful to Mrs Aggelike Papadopoulou-Koumetake, Mrs Rena Deme-
triadou-Skandalake and Mr Ioannes Gritses, old Kallitheans, who placed their rich collections,
memories and knowledge to our disposal. We thank them for their hospitality and willing-
ness to answer our questions and respond to our requests. Moreover, we would like to thank
Mr Georgios Psalidopoulos and Mr Georgios Kyriopoulos, both former Mayors of Kallithea,
and Mr Daniel Gallos for their time and allowing us to use their personal collections.
Many thanks are due to Dr Euaggelia Georgitsogianne, Professor at the Harokopeio Uni-
versity, who brought her research concerning Panages Harokopos and other topics related
to Kallitheas history to our attention. To Mr Kostes Liontes we are particularly grateful, as
he put his photo-collection and all the information he had gathered while investigating old
Kallithea, willingly to our disposal. Additionally, we received important archival material
and information from Mr Giannes Lymberes, General Director of the Sivitanideios Founda-
tion, Mr Elias Zaharopoulos, Director of the 7th Kallithea Lyceum, Mr Platon Davakes and
Mr Demetrios Vasilopoulos.
The present edition would not have been completed without the invaluable contribution
of Mr Andreas Andreopoulos, who allowed us to employ his abounding photo-collection he
has been assembling since the early 1980s, while working as a photographer at Kallithea
We would also like to thank Mr Georgios Isaakides, former President of the Association
of Constantinoupolites, for supplying us with signicant illustration-material related to the
history of both Association and Kallithea. Moreover, we would like to acknowledge the
Association of Pontians Argonautai-Komnenoi and particularly Mrs Maria Alexiou for
willingly providing us with documents and photographs.
Special thanks are due to Mrs Christina Kyriakopoulou for her multiple aid and to all the
municipal ocials and the Municipality of Kallithea Cultural Organisation employees, who
contributed to the completion of the present album.
Last but not least, we would like to express our gratitude to Mr Theodoros Psalidopoulos,
President of the Municipality of Kallithea Cultural Organisation, for his immense support
through all stages of this editions preparation.

The authors

330


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1980.
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332


2. 2003. 26. 1924-1928, . 167-168. 2003, . 19-20.

3. 1977. 27. 58. 2000, . 87-88 -
4. , 2003, . 19 -
19 . Sicilianos 1960, . 325- 23 2006 - (http://
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- 2003. 30. 1924-1928, . 294-297. 2003, . 19.
5. 1999, . 274-275, -- 31. 1972, . 225. 60. 1972, . 228,
2003, . 109, 1978, . 66. 32. 1924-1928, . 592. 2000, . 137-140, 2003,
6. 33. 1924-1928, . 600. . 19 2005.
34. 1996, . 26. 61. 1972, . 254.
1880 35. 1972, . 192-193 62. -
- 198. .
(1972) 36. 2000, . 155. 1972, . 253-254,
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9. , . - 2004, . 144-149, - 4. . . 240, . 8.
: 2004, . 74. 5.
1972, . 123. 39. 1977 - 1999.
10. 1972, . 251-252 257- 40. 2000, . 115-174 - .
258, 1982 - 2003, . 12-14. 1972,
1999, . 22-37. 41. 1996, . 33-35.
11. 1966, . 356. 42. , 22 1911, . 1. , 3,
12. 1972, . 27 164. 43. - 2003, . 11. 4, 5, 8, 9.
13. 2003, . 58-63. 44. 1972, . 104. 6. , -
14. 1972, . 189. 45. 1978, . 146. , -
15. 1972, . 46. 1972, . 199-204. 1, . 3-4. .
189 2000, . 32. 47. 2002.
16. 2003. , , 7. 13/5/1927, 3, . 2.
17. Ernst Ziller . - - 8. .., . 6.
1973 - 2003, ( 1995, . 53-54). 9. .., . 9.
. 111-112. 48. 1988, . 92-95. 10. .., . 36.
18. - 2003, . 10. 49. J. M. Cossano - 11. . . 95.
19. 1972, . 257-258, - 1924-1928, . 598-600. 12. .., . . 65.
1999, . 50- 13. .. 7, . 5.
59 2000, . 100-102. 2002, . 19-20. 14. . . 65, 11/6/1927, 3.
20. 1924-1928, 1972, 50. 2003, . 17. 15. . . 71, 3.
. 223 241-242, 1996, . 16- 51. 1989, . 48, 60 159, - 16. . . 11, 4.
17, 45 2, 2000, . 27- 2003, . 6 17. ..
31 - 2003, . 26-27. 2003, . 13. 18. . . 10, 4.
21. 2003, . 255-257. 52. , . 1921- 19. . . 4, 4.
22. 1925 1972, . 30. 20. . . 4-5, 4.
5/11/1886 (- 53. 1972, . 83-85, - 21. . . 8.
1972, . 2003, . 18-19 22. . . 48, . 7, 21/11/1929.
191). 23. . . 14, . 7.
23. (http://www.keat. 24. . . 173, . 7.
18/7/1887. gr/welcome/history.asp). 25. . . 8, . 4.
24. 1972, . 223-224, - 54. 1972, . 81-82. 26. . . 46, . 7.
1996, . 17-18 2000, 55. 1972, . 227 - 27. . . 169, . 7.
. 41. 2003, . 19. 28. . . 205, . 8.
25. 1972, . 225, 56. 2000. 29. ..
1994, 1996, . 45 1, 57. 1972, . 232, - 30. A. . 271, . 8.
2000, . 53-69. 2000, 2000, . 81-86 31. . . 284, . 8.

333


32. . . 15, . 10. 16. . . 75, . 18. . 351.

33. . . 205, . 8 17. . . 77, . 18. 21. 1961, 1976, . 444-
34. . . 163, . 9 18. , . 194. 445 1976, . 302
35. . . 295, . 9. 19. . . 106, . 18. 22. 1996, . 57-58.
36. . . 244, . 9. 20. 1 9/12/ 1938. 23. 1981, . 331-332
37. . . 18, . 10. 21. 3, 4, 6. 1996, . 18-20, 193.
38. . . 19, . 10. 22. 7. 24. 1981, . 462-463
39. . . 4, . 10 . . 12, . 10. 23. 35. 1996, . 199-200.
40. . . 1, 18, . 10. 24. , 30 1934. 25. , -
41. . . 2, . 10. 25. , 10/12/1934. 1998.
42. . . 2, . 10, 1932. 26. , -
43. . . 4/5, . 10. VI 1998, . 15.
44. . 10. 27. , -
45. . . 257, . 9. 1. 1924-1928, . 468-70. 1998, . 17.
46. . . 9, . 10. 2. 2003, . 20 - 28.
47. . . 187, . 9. 2003, . 13. 17.09.1994 ,
48. . . 13, . 10-11/1931. 3. 1972, . 67-73 - 1998, . 9.
49. . , 2000, . 155. 2000, . 144-146 149-152. 29. . -
50. . . 1, . 10. 4. 1972, . 89-92, - (07.11.1934)
51. . . , . 2003, . 183-184.
52. . . 3, . 10. 1972, . 30. . Vitti
53. . . 1, . 10. 42, - 2003, . 27 - 1977 2003.
54. . . 4, . 10. 2000, . 166, 192-193. .. . 39.
55. . . 4, . 10. 5. ., . 39. 31. .. . 39.
56. . . 5, . 10. 6. 1972, . 75-79 - 32. 1966, . 116,
57. . . 5, . 10. 2000, . 158-162. 1969, . 173-200, 1972,
58. . . 5, . 10. 7. 1972, . 76. . 243, Vitti 1987, . 317-318, -
59. . . 6, . 10. 8. .., . 40. 2002, . 105-108, , .
60. . . 6 8 . 10. 9. ,
61. . . 10, . 10. . 2002, . 36-41 -
62. . . 1, . 10. 10. , .
63. . . 1, . 10. - 2002. . 42-52.
64. . . 4, . 10. - 33. 1972, . 243.
65. . . 4, . 10. 34. 1966, . 127,
66. . . 7, . 10. 1969, . 313-343, 1996, . 45-
67. .. 4 7 - 46 , . , -
68. . . 10, . 10. ,
69. . . 11, . 10. 2002, . 149-166.
70. . . 11, . 10. 35. 1984,
71. . . 12, . 10. 2003 2004 . 1996, . 47-50, 2002, .
72. . . 12, . 10. 11. 1965, 1976, . 466, 110-112 , .
73. . . 15, . 10. 1976, . 344-347,
74. . . 7 8, . 10. 2000, . 185-186 2003. 2002, . 68-70.
12. 1972, 1976, . 127, 36. 1972, . 242.
V 2000, . 188-189. 37. 1996, . 59.
13. 1976, . 241-242, 1976, 38. 1966, . 152 ,
1. . . 2, . 18. . 352-354, 1985, .
2. . . 3, . 18. 1976, 1996, . 56-57, - 2, . 146-152.
3. . . 4, . 18. 2000, . 189-191, - 39. 1962, . 161.
4. . . 5, . 18. 2003, . 29. 40. 1992, . 96-97.
5. . . 8, . 18. 14. 1992, . 109-122, - 41. 1963 1966, . 130.
6. . . 13, . 18. 1976, . 219-220, 1976, . 42. 1966, . 105-107.
7. . . 26, . 18. 309, 1996, . 55-56, 43. 1966, . 103.
8. . . 35, . 18. 2000, . 42-52 186-187 - 44. 1982, . 106-107 -
9. . . 48/49/50, . 18. 2003. - 2003, . 30.
10. . . 50, . 18. 15. - 2003, . 24. 45.
11. . . 52, . 18. 16. 2003. 9 1934 -
12. . . 53, . 18. 17. - 2003, . 24. .., . 42.
13. . . 57, . 18.. 18. 1966, . 127. 46. 2000, . 280-285.
14. 7 1936, . 18, . 19. 1976, . 487, 2000, 47. 2001, . 58.
175. . 187-188. 48. 1972, . 263-264, -
15. . . 59, . 18. 20. 1976, . 379 1976, 2000, . 281-282 --

334


2003, . 30. , 48. 98/9-6-1948.

49. 1972, . 49-50 - - 49. 100/9-6-1948
2003, . 21. , 1951. , 50. 126/15-7-1948.
51. 136/21-7-1948.
19,32% . . - 52. 256/15-10-1948, . 26.
, ., , . - , .., . 28/29) 53. 20/30-3-1949, . 28.
, . - 21. .... 54. 105-109/18-5-1949, . 28.
55. 164/6-7-1949.
- 56. 175/6-7-1949.
, 1784 . - , , 57. 176/6-7-1949.
( , . . , 58. 176/6-7-1949.
/ , 23- .., .31/32. 59. 115, 25-5-1949, .28)
25 2002). 22. .., . 158. 60. 122/8-6-1949, . 28.
50. 1996, . 64. 23. . - 61. 238/24-8-1949, . 28.
51. . , 62. , 15/9/1949,
1985, . , - 124, . 1.
2, . 28-30 -, . - , 63. 406/16-12-1949, . 30.
. . - 64. 19/16-1-1950, . 30.
2002, . , .., . 231. 65. 409/16-12-1949, . 30.
167-173. 24. 66. 117/27-3-1950, . 30.
52. 1996, . 64-65 - - 67. 104/5-5-1950.
2003, . 21. 68. 167/22-5-1950, . 30.
53. .., . 42. , . , 1984. 69. 321/22-8-1950, . 31.
42 - 70. 30/5/1950.
VII
. . VIII
1. 2001, . 150. , .., . 236.
2. 2002, . 26. 25. . , .., . 29-30. 1. 1940 .
3. . , .., . 219. 26. 2003.
4. 2002, .27/28. , - 2. 1966, . 153, , .
5. 2001, . 149-167. , ,
6. 145-150, 28/10/1940, . 22. - -
7. 164, 20/12/1940, . 22. , - 2002, . 174-176,
8. 199, 16/4/1941 200, 17/4/1941, . 22. , 2002, . 90, - 2003,
9. 203, 9/5/1941, . 22. . 28.
10. 208. 2/6/1941, . 22. . 3. , .
11. 219, 7/9/1941, . 22. , - (1978), . 22-23.
12. 230 231, 7/7/41, . 22. 4. 1966, . 152-153, ,
13. 274, 8/8/1941, . 22. 1985, .
14. 310, 311, 312, 5/9/1941, . 22. . , .., . 1, . 48-50, 1986, --
15. 308, 5/9/1941, . 22. 219/221. 1987, 1988, 1990
16. 326, 10/9/1941, . 22. 27. , .., . 225. 1992, . 121-128.
17. 335, 30/9/41, . 22. 28. 34, . 25. 5. . : -
18. 385, 17/11/1941, . 22. 29. 55/11-4-1946, . 25. 1976 1987.
19. , - 30. 23/16-5-1946, . 25. 6. 1992, . 334-336.
31. 57/11-4-1946, . 25. 7. 1966, . 145, 1992,
, - 32. 71/29-4-1946, . 25. . 128-139, 1996, . 47, -
33. 112/20-6-1946, . 25. , . -
34. 79/16-5-1946, . 25. 2002, . 18-26,
, - 35. 86/16-5-1946, . 25. , .
36. 96/27-5-1946, . 25. 40 -
, . , 37. 114/11-7-1946, . 25. 2002, . 27-32
.., . 27/28. 38. 114/11-7-1946, . 25. 2002, . 89-91.
20. 39. 143/24-7-1946, . 25. 8. 1966, . 172, 1978 -
- 40. 151/31-7-1946, . 25. 1990.
41. 211/4-10-1946, . 25. 9. -
- 42. 50/2-3-47. , . -
. , 43. 54/2-3-47. 2003, . 299-230.
, 44. 131/17-7-1947. , . .
45. 148/17-7-1947. VIII ,
46. 255/18-12-1947. , 53-54 (1976), . 21-61.
47. 18/19-1-1948. 10. , . . -

335

1972, 52. . . 74, 8/10/1958.
. 147.
11. , . 1955. , . 54. ..
209.
12. .., . 148.
13. .., . 209.
14. 1972, . 264.
IX
1. . , 1992, . 57/58.
2. . 1, 2, 3, . 31.
3. . 3, . 31.
4. . . 6, 20/7/1951, . 31.
5. . . 6, 20/7/1951.
6. . . 7, 27/7/1951, . 31.
7. ..
8. . . 9, 13/8/1951.
9. . . 11, . 31.
10. . . 12, 18/9/1951, . 31.
11. . . 13, 19/9/1951, . 31.
12. . . 16, 2/11/1951,. 31.
13. . . 17, 22/11/1951.
14. . . 22, 16/1/1952, . 31.
15. . . 25, 20/2/1952, . 31.
16. ..
17. . . 23, 30/1/1952, . 31.
18. . . 25, 20/2/1952.
19. . . 33-34, 23/7/1952 6/8/1952, . 31.
20. . . 27, 2/4/1952, . 31.
21. . . 29, 14/5/1952, . 31.
22. . . 32, 25/6/1952.
23. . . 31, 11/6/1952, . 31.
24. . . 32, 25/6/1952, . 31.
25. . . 34, 23/7/1952, . 31.
26. . . 36, 21/8/1952, . 31.
27. . . 37, 17/9/1952, . 31.
28. . . 35, 14/8/1952, . 31.
29. . . 39, 29/10/1952 46, 11/2/1953, .
31.
30. . . 47, 4/3/1953, . 31.
31. . . 49, 27/3/1953.
32. . . 48, 11/3/1953.
33. . . 57, 12/8/1953.
34. . . 62, 4/12/1953.
35. . . 64, 30/12/1953.
36. . . 66,68, 15/1/1954, 4/2/1954, . 31.
37. . . 69, 2/3/1954.
38. ... 139/1/7/1954.
39. . . 34, 5/6/1956, . 43.
40. . . 36, 21/6/1956, . 43.
41. . . 37, 3/7/1956, . 43.
42. . . 43, 22/11/1956, . 43.
43. . . 48, 15/2/1957, . 43).
44. . . 57, 3/10/1957, . 43.
45. . . 59, 5/12/1957, . 43.
46. . . 60, 27/1/1958.
47. . . 61, 5/1/1958.
48 . . 62, 5/2/1958.
49. . . 70, 4/7/1958.
50. . . 69, 9/6/1958.
51. . .70, 4/7/1958.
336
10. 2002, . 13.
53. . . 78, 9/1/1959. 11. 2002, . 15.
12. 1977, 1981, . 274-276,
55. . . 4, 2/7/1959, . 43. 1996, . 198-199 -
56. . . 6, 8/9/1959, . 43. 2002, . 92.
57. . . 71, 24/7/1958. 13. 1981, . 277-178
58. . . 5, 4/8/1959. 1996, . 209-210.
59. . . 6, 8/9/1959. 14. 2002, . 91-92.
60. . . 5, 9/6/1960, . 43. 15. 2001, . 84-115.
61. . . 9, 22/11/1960, . 43. 16. 1972, . 265,
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BASTA, E. 2000. The creation of modern Athens. Planning the myth.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
CALLIPOLITIS-FEYTMANS, D. 1963. Tombes de Callithea en Attique. -
Bulletin de Correspondance Hellnique, 87, 404-430
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F.J. 1994. The archology of Athens and Attica under the democracy. Proceedings

339
 CONTENS

PREFACE of the mayor of allithea
Kostas skounes ................................................................................................................................... 6
PREFACE of the vice - mayor
Theodoros Psalidopoulos ................................................................................................................. 10
NTRODUCTION by Georgios Giannakopoulos......................................................... 14
CHAPTER I Getting to know Kallithea
Topography ..........................................................................................................................................23
CHAPTER IX Kallithea during the period 1950-1974
Kallithea after the Civil war .................................................................................................... 248
Municipal authorities during 1951-1967 ......................................................................... 248
Nikolaos Skandalakes (1951-1961) ..................................................................................... 248
Hares Paulopoulos (1961-1964)............................................................................................ 249
Ioannes Gallos (1964-1967) ..................................................................................................... 250
The dictatorship, 1967-1974 .................................................................................................... 250
Municipal authorities during the dictatoship, 1967-1974 ..................................... 250
The population of Kallithea during the 1960s and 1970s ................................... 251

CHAPTER I From antiquity until the Greek Revolt
Theseus and Kallithea ...................................................................................................................38
Kallithea during antiquity ...........................................................................................................38
Cemeteries at Kallithea
Kallithea during the years of the Greek Revolt
The Analatos battle (1827)..........................................................................................................39
CHAPTER I The Kallithea settlement 1884-1925
Athens during the last decades of the 19th century.....................................................86
Kallithea during the 19th century, before 1885...............................................................86
The Building Combany S.A. and the establishment
of the Kallithea settlement (1884).......................................................................................... 87
The rst inhabitants of the new athenians suburb ......................................................88
The revival of the Olympic Games
and the Kallithea shooting-gallery Skopefterion (1896) ..........................................88
Kallithea during the rst decades of the 20th century...............................................89
Home of the Bleind .........................................................................................................................89
National War Orphanage (19120) .........................................................................................90
Nursemaid School (1912).............................................................................................................90
Harokopeion School of Home Economics
and Professions for women (1915) ........................................................................................90
Panteios Supreme School of Political Sciences (1927) ................................................90
Sivitanedeios Public School of Trade and Vocations (1927) .................................. 91
The Faleron Racecource ............................................................................................................... 91
Kallitheas Residents Association............................................................................................ 91
CHAPTER X Post-War cultural avtivity at Kallithea 1945-1975
Intellectual and artistic activity after the Liberation................................................ 270
Tzitzies by night ........................................................................................................................... 271
Kallithean Press during the period 1945-1975 ............................................................ 271
CHAPTER XI Modern Kallithea 1975-2005
Ioannes Gallos (1975-1985) ..................................................................................................... 324
Georgios Psalidopoulos (1985-1990)................................................................................. 325
Georgios Kyriopoulos (1991-1999) .................................................................................... 325
Kostas Askounes (1999-2006) .............................................................................................. 326
Squares and parks ......................................................................................................................... 326
Churchs and parishes .................................................................................................................. 326
Public health and social welfare ........................................................................................... 326
Education and schools................................................................................................................ 326
Cultural organisation and clubs ............................................................................................ 326
Local Press ......................................................................................................................................... 326
Sport organisations and clubs ................................................................................................ 326
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................. 330
NOTES .............................................................................................................................................. 332
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... 337

CHAPTER IV Establishment of the Community

Refugees at Kallithea 1919-1925 ........................................................................................... 114
Community of Kallithea - Nikolaos Chatzopoulos ..................................................... 114
Demetrios Anagnostou ................................................................................................................ 114
Ioannes Arapakes............................................................................................................................115

CHAPTER V Establishment of the Municipality (1934-1940)

Ioannes Arapakes (1934-1941).............................................................................................. 130
The dictatorship of 4 August 1936 .................................................................................... 130
Life at Kallithea during the 1930s ....................................................................................... 131

CHPTER VI Cultural life during the Mid-War

Kallithea, a centre of intellectuals (late 19th - early 20th century) .................... 164
Intellectual and artist activity during the Mid-War period................................. 164
Entertainment at Mid-War Kallithea................................................................................. 165
Kallithean Press during the 1920s and 1930s ............................................................. 166

CHAPTER VII World War II

German Occupation Civil War (1940-1951)
The German Occupation of Athens
and the hazardous winter of 1941 ...................................................................................... 196
Municipal authorities during the German Occupation
Resistance at Kallithea ................................................................................................................ 196
Resistance Press at Kallithea .................................................................................................. 197
The ght at Bizaniou Street .................................................................................................... 198
The 28th August blockade ........................................................................................................ 198
The events of December 1944................................................................................................ 198
Municipal authorities during the period 1945-1951................................................ 198

CHAPTER VIII Intellectuals in National Resistance

Cultural avtivity during World War II ............................................................................. 210

340


................ 159
1920-1930 ..................................... 162
................................................................................................................................ 7

VII
. ..................................................................................................... 11 1940-1951
1941 ..................................... 169
.......................................................... 15 ............................................................................................. 175
.............................................................................................................. 176
................................................................................. 177
........................................................................................................ 19 ............................................................................................................ 180
.................................................................................................. 182
28 ........................................................................................... 185
..............................................25 ............................................................................................................................. 188
..........................................................................................................26 1945-1951 ............................................................................. 190
......................................................................................................26 ................................................................................................................. 190
.........................................................................................30 ...................................................................................................................... 192

.........................................36 VIII
............................................................................................................. 201
1884-1925 ................................................ 201
19 ..................................... 41 - .............................................................................................. 201
19 1885 ........................... 44 ................................................................................................................................... 202
.......................................................................................................................... 203
(1884) ............................................................................................. 46 .......................................................................................................................... 205
......................................................................... 57 ......................................................................................................................... 205
(1896) ......................63 .................................................................................................................... 207
20 ......................................65
(1906) .....................................................................................................................71
(1912) ...................................................................... 73 1950-1974
(1912) ....................................................................................... 74 ............................................................................................ 213
1951-1967 .................................................................................................... 215
(1915)...................................................................... 75 (1951-1961) ............................................................................... 215
(1927) ........................................77 .......................................................... 224
(1927) .................... 78 (1964-1967) ................................................................................................. 238
.....................................................................................................80 .......................................................................................... 241
..............................................................................................85 (1967-1974) .......................................................... 242

IV 1960-1970 ....................................................................................... 246
.......................................................93
............................................................................................................99
..............................................................................................................99 1945-1975
............................................................................................................. 103 ....................................................................................................................... 257
........................................................................................................................112 ....................................................................................................................... 262
......................................................................................................................... 263
V 1934-1940 .................................................................................................................. 263
(1934-1941) ........................................................................................... 117 - ........................................................................................................266
.......................................................................................... 127 ....................................................................... 268
1945-1975 ............................................... 268
VI
1920-1930 XI , 1975-2005
....................................... 133 (2975-1985) ........................................................ 273
(1985-1990)............................................... 286
............................................................................... 133 (1991-1999) .................................................. 289
.......................................................................................................................... 136 (1999-2006) .................................................................. 293
................................................................................................................... 137 , ...................................................... 307
.............................................................................................................. 137 ......................................................................... 313
...................................................................................................................... 138 ............................................................................ 315
..............................................................................................................144 .............................................................................................................................. 320
.........................................................................................................144 , ........................................... 322
................................................................................................................ 145 ......................................................................... 323
.................................................................................................................... 146
............................................................................................................................. 146 ........................................................................................................................ 331
........................................................................................................................ 147
........................................................................................................................ 152
............................................................................................................................. 154 .......................................................................................................................... 332
........................................................................................................................... 156
............................................................................................................................... 158 ..................................................................................................................... 337

341


3.000

2006