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Design of Beam, Slab & Column

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Design Beams and Slabs and Columns

Effective span

A. Simply supported beams and slabs (l eff )

Here, l 0 = clear span

w = width of support
d = depth of beam or slab
B. For continuous beam
(i) If width of support < 1/12 of clear span

(ii) If width of support > 1/12 of clear span

(a) When one end fixed other end continuous or both end continuous.
l eff = l 0

(b) When one end continuous and other end simply supported
C. Cantilever
(i)

(ii)

D. Frames

l eff = Centre to centre distance

Control of deflection
(i) This is one of the most important check for limit state of serviceability.
(a) The final deflection due to all loads including the effect of temperature,
creep and shrinkage and measured from as cast level of the support of floors,
roofs and other horizontal members should not normally exceed span/250
(b) The deflection including the effect of temperature, creeps and shrinkage
occurring after erection of partition and application of finishes should not
normally exceed span/350 or 20 mm which ever is less.
(ii) The vertical deflection limit may generally be satisfied if
(a) Basic span to effective depth ratio for span upto 10m is
Types of Beams:

For cantilever 7
For simply supported 20
For continuous 26
(b) For span > 10 m effective depth

Where 'A' is span to effective depth ratio for span upto 10m.
(c) Depending upon the tension reinforcement the value 'A' can be modify by
multiplying a factor called modification factor (MF 1 )
effective depth

where,

(d) Depending upon area of compression reinforcement, value (A) can be

further modified using a modification factor (MF 2 )
effective depth =

(e) For flanged beam : A reduction factor is used

(f) Deflection check for two way slab:
Slenderness limit

1. For simply supported or continuous beams

where, l 0 = Clear span

b = Width of the section
and, d = Effective depth
2. For cantilever beam

i. Minimum tension reinforcement

ii. Maximum tension reinforcement = 0.04 bD

iii. Maximum compression reinforcement = 0.04 bD
where, D = overall depth of the section
iv. Where, D > 750 mm, side face reinforcement is provided and it is equal
to 0.1% of gross cross-section area (b D). It is provided equally on both
face.
v. Maximum spacing of side face reinforcement is 300 mm.
vi. Maximum size of reinforcement for slab/beam is 1/8 of total thickness
of the member
vii. Nominal cover for different members
Beams 25 mm
Slab 20 to 30 mm
Column 40 mm
Foundations 50 mm
viii. Moment and shear coefficient for beams/slabs
One way slab
(i)

where, l y = length of longer span

l x = length of shorter span
(ii) Slab is supported only on two edges.
Steps of design

Two way slab

(i)
(ii) Slab is supported on all edges.
Design of two way slab

1. Grasoff Ranking method

It is used for corners not held down position.
It is purely simply supported case.

(i)

(ii) Moment in x-direction

Moment in y-direction

(iii) Shear force

At shorter edge (V X )
At longer edge (V y )

2. Design of slab with corner held down position

(a) Pigeauds method:

where, the values of

are read from table

(c) I.S. code method

The values of

read from table (page 91, IS : 456-2000)

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Columns

Working Stress Method

Slenderness ratio ()

If > 12 then the column is long.

Load carrying capacity for short column

where, A C = Area of concrete,

SC Stress in compression steel

CC Stress in concrete
 A g Total gross cross-sectional area
A SC Area of compression steel
Load carrying capacity for long column

where, C r = Reduction factor

where, l eff = Effective length of column

B = Least lateral dimension
i min = Least radius of gyration and

where, l = Moment of inertia and A = Cross-sectional area

Effective length of column
Effective length of Compression Members
Column with helical reinforcement
Strength of the column is increased by 5%

for short column

for long column

Longitudinal reinforcement
(a) Minimum area of steel = 0.8% of the gross area of column
(b) Maximum area of steel
(i) When bars are not lapped A max = 6% of the gross area of column
(ii) When bars are lapped A max = 4% of the gross area of column
Minimum number of bars for reinforcement
For rectangular column 4
For circular column 6
Minimum diameter of bar = 12 mm
Maximum distance between longitudinal bar = 300 mm
Pedestal: It is a short length whose effective length is not more than 3 times of lest
lateral dimension.
Transverse reinforcement (Ties)

where

dia of main logitudnal bar

= dia of bar for transverse reinforcement
Pitch (p)

where, min = minimum dia of main longitudinal bar

Helical reinforcement
(i) Diameters of helical reinforcement is selected such that

(ii) Pitch of helical reinforcement: (p)

where, d C = Core diameter = d g 2 clear cover to helical reinforcement

A G = Gross area
 d g = Gross diameter
V h = Volume of helical reinforcement in unit length of column
h = Diameter of steel bar forming the helix

d h = centre to centre dia of helix

= d g 2 clear cover - h
h = diameter of the steel bar forming the helix

Some others IS recommendations

(a) Slenderness limit
(i) Unsupported length between end restrains

60 times least lateral dimension.

(ii) If in any given plane one end of column is unrestrained than its unsupported
length

(b) All column should be designed for a minimum eccentricity of

Limit state method

1. Slenderness ratio ()
if

<12 Short column

2. Eccentricity

If

then it is a short axially loaded column.

where, P u = axial load on the column
3. Short axially loaded column with helical reinforcement

4. Some others IS code Recommendations

(a) Slenderness limit

(i) Unsupported length between end restrains

60 times least lateral dimension.

(ii) If in any given plane one end of column is unrestrained than its unsupported
length
(b) All column should be designed for a minimum eccentricity of

Concentrically Loaded Columns

Where e = 0, i.e., the column is truly axially loaded.

This formula is also used for member subjected to combined axial load and bi-
axial bending and also used when e > 0.05 D.

27 upvotes 8 comments

Tags : GATE CE GATE CE RCC and Prestressed Concrete

Posted by:

Vishwajeet Sinha
Oct 19 GATE CE

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Comments WRITE A COMMENT

amol vb Oct 19
If any notes for 2and3 point problem in plane table so plz post it
0 0
 0 0

Amar Raj Oct 19

Very Nice
0 0

Venkat Rk Oct 21
Pdf file
0 0

Raj Panwar Oct 23

Thanks
0 0

Nazeer Ahmad Dec 31

Thnx
0 0

Pramod Reddy Deshmukh Mar 19

Thanks
0 0

Kshitij Sneh Apr 12

what shall be the span to depth ratio of cantilever slab??
0 0

Sayan Sardar May 2

If it's ptoviding in pdf then it will be more appropriate
0 0

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