Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Open Channel Flow PDF
Open Channel Flow PDF
2 Channel geometry.
Freesurface
BedSlope
SideSlope
Flume is the channel made of wood, metal, concrete or masonry usually supported on
or above to carry out water across a depression.
A drop is similar to chute but the change in the elevation is effected in a short distance.
A culvert when partially full is a covered channel installed to drain water through
highways or railways embankment.
A channel in which the cross sectional shape, size and the bottom slope are constant is
termed as prismatic channel.
All natural channels generally have varying cross section and consequently are non-
prismatic.
Most of the man made channel are prismatic channels over long stretches. The rectangle,
trapezoid, triangle and circle are commonly used shapes in manmade channels.
RIGID AND MOBILE BOUNDARY CHANNELS:
Rigid channels are those in which the boundary is not deformable. The shape and
roughness magnitudes are not functions of flow parameters. For example, lined canals
and non erodible unlined canals.
In Rigid channels the flow velocity and shear stress distribution will be such that no
major scouring, erosion or deposition will take place in the channel and the channel
geometry and roughness are essentially constant with respect to time.
When the boundary of the channel is mobile and flow carries considerable amounts of
sediment through suspension and is in contact with the bed. Such channels are classified
as mobile channels.
In the mobile channel, not only depth of flow but also bed width, longitudinal slope of
channel may undergo changes with space and time depending on type of flow.
The resistance to flow, quantity of sediment transported and channel geometry all
depends on interaction of flow with channel boundaries.
A general mobile boundary channel can be considered to have four degree of freedom. In
rigid channel we have one degrees of freedom.
FLOW
W REGIME
ES
STEADY
Y AND UNS
STEADY FLOWS
A steady flow
w occurs wheen the flow properties,
p suuch as the depth or dischharge at a seection
do not changee with time.
Flood flows in
i rivers and
d rapidly vary
ying surges in canals aree some exam
mples of unstteady
fllow.
UNIFOR
RM AND NON-UNIFO
ORM FLOW
WS
A flow in wh
hich the flow properties vary alongg the channnel is termedd as non-uniform
fllow.
A prismatic channel
c carry
ying a certain
n discharge with a consttant velocityy is an exampple of
un
niform flow.
In
n uniform flow,
fl the graavity force on the flow wing liquid bbalances thee frictional force
between the flowing
f fluid
d and insidee surface of tthe channel,, which is inn contact witth the
flluid. In case of non-unifoorm flow, th
he friction annd gravity foorce are not iin balance.
Figure1.2
F :- Un
niform flow thrrough open ch
hannel
GRADU
UALLY VAR
RIED AND RAPIDLY VARIED F
FLOW
The
T non-unifform flow can
c be classsified as graadually variied flow (G
GVF) and raapidly
varied flow (R
RVF).
Varied
V flow assumes
a thatt no flow is externally aadded to or ttaken out off channel syystem.
The
T volume of o water in a known timee interval is cconserved inn the channeel system
In
n GVF, thee loss of en nergy is esssentially duue to bounddary frictionn. Thereforee, the
distribution of
o pressure in
n the verticall direction m
may be takenn as hydrostaatic.
Y1
Y2
Q1 Q
Qs
L
Figure1.4:
F Spattially varied flo
ow thourgh Op
pen channel