Dynamics 4600:203 Homework 02

Due: February 01, 2008

Name:

Please denote your answers clearly, i.e., box in, star, etc., and write neatly. There are no
points for small, messy, unreadable work. . . please use lots of paper.

Problem 1: Hibbeler, 1249.

The v t graph for the motion of a car as it
moves along a straight road is shown. Draw
v (ft/s)
the a t graph and determine the maxi-
mum acceleration during the 30 s time inter-
val. The car starts from rest at x = 0.
v = t + 30
40

v = 0.4 t2

10 30 t (s)

Solution:
The acceleration is the derivative of velocity,
so that a = v. Therefore the acceleration a (ft/s2 )
takes two forms, the first during the interval
0 t 10 s, for which 8

x(t) = v(t) = (0.8 ft/s3 ) t.

During the second interval the acceleration

reduces to

x(t) = v(t) = 1.00 ft/s2 . 10 30 t (s)

The a t graph is shown to the right. Fi-

nally, the maximum acceleration occurs at
t = 10 s, for which x(t) = 8.00 ft/s2 .

Problem 2: Hibbeler, 1281.

Show that if a projectile is fired at an angle from the horizontal
with an initial velocity v0 , the maximum range the projectile can
travel is given by Rmax = v02 /g, where g is the acceleration of gravity.
What is the angle for this condition?
Solution:
The position of the ball is described by rP O =
x(t) +y(t) . When subject to gravity, and initial v0 (x(t), y(t))
velocity,
F
vP = x(0) + y(0) = v0 (cos + sin ) ,

the equations for the motion of the particle are

written as

1
 t2
x(t) = (v0 cos ) t, y(t) = g + (v0 sin ) t.
2

Therefore, when y is written as a function of x, this reduces to

v02 sin(2 )
 
g 2 sin gx
y(x) = 2 x + x = x .
2 v0 cos2 cos v02 (1 + cos(2 )) g

The range occurs when y = 0, or solving for x

v02 sin(2 )
R= .
g

The maximum range thus occurs for 2 = 90 , or

v02
= 45 , Rmax = .
g

Problem 3: Hibbeler, 1290.

The fireman standing on the ladder directs
the flow of water from his hose to the fire at A
B. Determine the velocity of the water at A
if it observed that the hose is held at = 20 .
v0

30 ft

help!!
60 ft
B

Solution:
The vertical displacement of the water y as a function of the horizontal displacement x
is given as
g sin
y(x) = 2 x2 + x.
2 v0 cos2 cos

The initial angle is given as = 20 , while the final displacement is (xf , yf ) =

(60 ft, 30 ft). Therefore, solving for v0 yields

g
r
v0 = xf .
2 cos (sin xf cos yf )

With the given values, this reduces to v0 = 89.68 ft/s .

2
Problem 4: Hibbeler, 1294.
The stones are thrown off the conveyor with
a horizontal velocity of 10 ft/s as shown. De- see textbook for figure
termine the speed at which the stones hit the
ground at B.

Solution:
The position of a stone can be described with the vector rP 0 = x + y , so that using
x(t) = (v0 cos ) t, y can be written as a function of x as
g sin
y(x) = x2 + x.
2 v02 cos2 cos

For this system v0 = 10 ft/s, and = 0 , which reduces the above to

g
y(x) = 2 x2 .
2 v0

The ground at the bottom of the conveyor can be described with the equation
xgr
ygr = (100 ft) .
10

Therefore, the stones hit the ground when their trajectory intersects the equation for
the surface. That is
g xf
2 x2f = yf = (100 ft) 0.161 ft1 x2f 0.10 xf (100 ft) = 0.


,
2 v0 10

This equation is quadratic in xf , and may be solved to yield xf = 25.23 ft. To find the
speed at which the stones hit the ground, we return to the equations for the velocity,
which can be written as
g
x(t) = v0 , y(t) = g t = x.
v0

Finally, the speed of the stones at impact can be written as

s  2
F
p g xf
k vP k = x2 + y 2 = v02 + .
v0

Using the above value xf = 25.23 ft, we find that the stones hit the ground with speed
F
k vP k = 81.87 ft/s .

Problem 5: Hibbeler, 12145.

A truck is traveling along the horizontal cir-
cular curve of radius r = 60 m with a speed of see textbook for figure
20 m/s which is increasing at 3 m/s2 . Deter-
mine the trucks radial and transverse com-
ponents of acceleration.

3
Solution:
Given the path of the truck, it is natural to de-
scribe its position in terms of polar coordinates,

so that e
er

rP O = r er ,
F
vP = r er + r e ,
    P
r r 2 er + r + 2 r e .
F
aP =
rP O
With constant radius of the curve, r = 0 and
r = 0, so that the kinematics reduce to

rP O = r er , O
 
F
vP = r e ,
   
r 2 er + r e .
F
aP =

The speed of the truck, 20 m/s, is given in terms of the coordinates as

F
k vP k = r = 20 m/s,

while its rate of change is

d F
k vP k = r = 3 m/s2 .


dt

Notice that the rate of change of the speed is different from the magnitude of the
acceleration. From these, we can determine and as
1 1
= rad/s, = rad/s2 .
3 20

Finally, with these values the acceleration of the truck can be written as
 
    20
aP = r 2 er + r e = m/s2 er + 3 m/s2 e .
F


3

4
Problem 6: Hibbeler, 12152.
At the instant shown, the water sprinkler is
rotating with an angular speed = 2 rad/s see textbook for figure
and an angular acceleration = 3 rad/s2 . If
the nozzle lies in the vertical plane and wa-
ter is flowing through it at a constant rate of
3 m/s
a) determine the magnitudes of the veloc-
ity and acceleration of a water particle
as it exits the open end, r = 0.2 m;

b) (this part is not in the textbook

but builds upon this problem) once
it exits the nozzle, find how far this wa-
ter particle travels before hitting the
ground. Assume that the nozzle is at
ground level.
Solution:
a) The kinematics of a particle of water P can be
described in terms of polar coordinates as

e
rP O = r er , er

F
vP = r er + r e ,
   
r r 2 er + r + 2 r e .
F
aP =

From the problem statement, the coordinates and

their derivatives of P at the nozzle exit are given
as

r = 0.2 m, r = 3 m/s, r = 0,
= 2 rad/s, = 3 rad/s2 .

Notice that the coordinate is not given, and does not influence the kinematics when
written in terms of the radial and tangential directions ( certainly does affect the
orientation of er and e relative to the ground). The velocity and acceleration can be
written as
F
vP = (3 m/s) er + (0.4 m/s) e ,
0.8 m/s2 er + 12.6 m/s2 e .
F



aP =

Finally, the magnitudes of these quantities are

F
vP
F F 2
k vP k = 3.03 m/s , k aP k = 12.6 m/s .
e er
Notice that the velocity of the water is not simply in the er
direction. Instead, the water velocity is directed at an angle
of 7.59 off the er direction.

5
 b) The range of the water can be determined from the equation

v02 sin(2 )
R= ,
g

where the water has an exit speed of v0 and a velocity direction of . Using the above
values, we find that v0 = 3.03 m/s and = + 0.13 rad, so that


R = (0.93 m) sin 2 ( + 0.13 rad) .

In contrast, if the nozzle is held stationary at an angle , the range of the sprinkler is
R = (0.92 m) sin(2 ).

Problem 7: Hibbeler, 12154.

A cameraman standing at A is following the
movement of a race car, B, which is traveling see textbook for figure
along a straight track at a constant speed of
80 ft/s. Determine the angular rate at which
he must turn in order to keep the camera di-
rected on the car at the instant = 60 .

Solution:
With the perpendicular distance between the track and O given as d, the distance r
between O and C is
d
krCO k = r = .
sin
Here the velocity of the car is naturally written
in terms of Cartesian coordinates. However, the C
response of the cameraman is determined in terms v0
of polar coordinates. In terms of the former, the
velocity of the care is written as
F
vC = v0 ,
rCO
while in terms of the polar coordinates r and er
e

F
vC = r er + (r ) e ,

with O

er = cos + sin = cos er sin e ,

e = sin + cos = sin er + cos e ,

F
Setting these two descriptions of vC equal to one another, we find that

v0 = r er + (r ) e .

This vector equation has two unknowns, r and . We could write the directions er and
e in terms on and , which would lead to two scalar equations, coupled in the two

6
unknowns. However, instead we write in terms of er and e . Doing so yields

v0 (cos er sin e ) = r er + (r ) e .

Thus, solving the equation in the e for provides

v0 sin v0 sin2
= = .
r d

Therefore, at = 60 , we find that = 0.6 rad/s .