Cells, Diffusion & Osmosis Question answers

(a) (i) cellulose 1

(ii) support 1
accept hold together
accept keeps shape
do not credit protect
(iii) chlorophyll 1
photosynthesis 1
(iv) (cell) sap 1
do not credit liquid
do not credit solution
(b) (i) 35 (C)
(ii) speeds up or alters the rate of 1
(chemical) reactions
do not credit speeds up things
accept speeds up specific (1) reaction (1)
in living things or body or material in 2
or from living things
accept to act as a biological (1) catalyst (1)
do not credit just taking part in reaction
(iii) any two commercial uses 2
do not credit answers which give non-commercial uses e.g.
in the digestive system or which confuse enzymes and
hormones
examples:
* softening centres of chocolates
accept any commercial application of a natural digestion or
decay
* cleaning drains or degreasing
* de-coating or de-husking seeds or grains
* extracting agar (jelly) (from seaweed)
* making alcohol (for use as a fuel)
making gasohol
* making antibiotics
* making, bread
do not credit baking
* making beer or fermentation
do not credit detergents or other cleaning agents
* making cheese
* making methane
do not credit waste disposal
 * making mycoprotein
do not credit stain removers
*making Pruteen
*making Quom
* making soy sauce
* making wine or fermentation
*making yoghurt
* removing hair from hides
* removing orange or (citrus) fruit peel or skin
* (restriction enzymes) to cut DNA
* sewage disposal or water purification
* skinning fish
* softening vegetables
* splitting cellulose
* splitting starch
* tenderising meat
* treating flax fibres or linen manufacture
(c) (i) is fastest or works best or at its peak 1
or at its highest point
accept is at the optimum temperature (for this catalyst)
do not credit fast
do not credit a description of the graph
(ii) (37 C) is the temperature of the 1
digestive system
accept the temperature of or inside the body or body
temperature or our temperature
[12]

(a) A - cell membrane 3

B - cytoplasm
C - nucleus
each for 1 mark
(b) (nerve) impulse 3
sent along nerve fibre
to brain
each for 1 mark
[6]

(a) mesophyll / / / / (all correct) 2

sperm / / x / (all correct)
for 1 mark each
 (b) (i) absorbs light/to produce food/photosynthesis 1
(allow references to gaseous exchange)
for 1 mark
(ii) has chlorophyll/chloroplasts 2
to absorb light/produce food
for 1 mark each
(if linked to gas exchange allow - moist surface/
dissolve gases)
[5]

ideas that
sugar has dissolved in moisture (on surface of fruit)
this solution more concentrated than solution inside fruit
osmosis / diffusion
movement of water out of fruit
through partially permeable membrane (of fruit cells)
any four for 1 mark each
allow explanations in terms of concentrations of water molecules for full marks
[4]

(a) (cell) wall 4

(cell) membrane
cytoplasm
vacuole
for 1 mark each
(b) (i) A 2
(ii) B
for 1 mark each
(c) diffusion (reject osmosis) 1
for 1 mark
[7]

(a) A cytoplasm 1
where (chemical) reactions take place 1
do not accept where cell functions take place
or
carries/holds the organelles/named organelles/
named chemicals (including nutrients)
do not accept keeps the shape of the cell
 or
contains water
or
presses out on the membrane
allow: keeps cell turgid
allows transport through the cell
B membrane 1
do not accept by themselves:
protects cell
gives shape
controls what enters/leaves the cell 1
or
contains the cell/holds the cell together
do not accept keeps harmful substances out
or
allows movement into and out of the
cell
C nucleus 1
contains the genetic
material/DNA/genes/chromosomes
do not accept:
brain of the cell
stores information/instructions
tells cell what to do
or
controls (the activity) of the cell 1
(b) (i) one mark for each correctly labelled
part
cell wall
do not accept anything inboard of the inner edge vacuole
accept anything inboard of transplant
chloroplast: site of photosynthesis/ for
photosynthesis 1
accept word equation or balanced equation
cell wall: supports the cell/keeps the 2
shape/keeps it rigid
do not accept protects the cells
(ii) vacuole: acts as reservoir for water/ 3
chemicals/(cell)/sap
or 1
keeps cell turgid/pushes content to
edge
or
maintains concentration gradient
 or
allows cell elongation (not growth)
[12]

(a) award 3 marks per tube for each key idea 3

for tube 1:
expands or gets firmer or bigger or
inflates
it gains water
because the concentration of water is less than its surroundings
make sure answer is about water movement and not sucrose
solution
for tube 2 3
gets floppy or flaccid or contracts
it loses water
because the concentration of water is greater than its surroundings
(b) any 2 from: 2
uptake of water by root (hair) or
movement from cell to cell within
plant
do not credit references to diffusion unless it is clear that the
candidate is referring to the diffusion of water
guard cell function
maintain turgor
water absorption in the large intestine
reabsorption of water from the
nephron or collecting duct or in
kidney or osmoregulation in kidney
allow osmosis in other animals if some use is shown
[8]

(a) A nucleus 1
B (cell) membrane 1
C cytoplasm 1
(b) any two from:
(contain mitochondria
many (mitochondria)
 respiration (occurs in mitochondria) 2
[5]

(a) (i) 0 1
(ii) osmosis 1
(b) 0.5 1
no change in mass / weight 1
allow chip / it stays the same
or
no (net) osmosis / same amount of water in and out
(c) repeat / use more chips in each solution 1
allow use of other peoples results
do not allow get more results unqualified
do not allow leave longer / use more concentrations / better
instrumentation
[5]