ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

SURVEYING I

WEEK 9

CLASS PRESENTATIONS FOR SURVEYING I COURSE BY E.TARI, H. KARAMAN

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TACHEOMETRY (STADIA METHOD)

Tacheometry is a method which is used to determine the location of

topographic details.
Stadia method determines the polar coordinates of detail points via
horizontal angle and horizontal distance from stations and their
elevation via slope distance and vertical angle.
Tacheometric observations can be carried out by using a theodolite
or total station and rods.

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TACHEOMETRY (STADIA METHOD)
Tacheometry Procedure:
Set up the instrument at a station point.
( Setting , Centering, Leveling, Focusing)
Measure the height of instrument
(Vertical distance between horizontal (trunnion) axis and station
point on the ground).
Select a suitable station point to be observed and horizontal
direction is taken as 0.0000 grad .
Then a referencing point which can be identified clearly is selected
and an horizontal direction observation is compiled to the
referencing point. And check the horizontal direction of referencing
point after about 10-15 detail point observations.
Then observations are made to detail points on which leveling rod
set up. Read the upper, middle, and lower hairs for each detail
points.

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Tacheometry Procedure:
Leveling Rods:
Cross-hair readings; leveling instruments have three horizontal
crosshair; the top and the bottom hair, the center hairs. The three
wire leveling gives check on readings.

Center = (Upper + Lower) / 2 Distance = 100*(Upper Lower) If Upper reading > lower reading

A suggestion for rod readings; upper rod readings can be fixed at

1.000m or 2.000m to make computation easier.

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Tacheometry Procedure:

Record the horizontal and vertical direction for each points.

Calculate horizontal distance from station point to detail points .
Calculate elevation of each detail points with the help of stadia
observation on the field.

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TACHEOMETRY (STADIA METHOD)

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TACHEOMETRY (STADIA METHOD)
Z = zenith angle
S = horizontal distance
h = tacheometric height
T = middle cross hair reading

n = ( upper crosshair lower crosshair) . k

If lower reading > lower reading
n = ( lower crosshair upper crosshair) . k

k = is the stadia interval factor

If rod reading is recorded in meter k = 100
If rod reading is recorded in cm k=1

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Idealised optical diagram showing stadia principle
f/i = D/l
D= l . (f/i)
n = (upper crosshair lower crosshair) . K
l = (upper crosshair lower crosshair)
(f/i) = K

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TACHEOMETRY (STADIA METHOD)

Horizontal distance : S = n . sin2z = k .l. sin2z

Tacheometric Height : h = ( k.l. sin2z)/2 h = S / tan z
T : middle rod reading
Elevation of observed detail :
Elev.Station+ instrument height + h - T

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TACHEOMETRY (STADIA METHOD)

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AREA COMPUTATION WITH COORDINATES OF POINTS

2F = XN(YN+1 YN-1) = YN(XN-1- XN+1)

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REFERENCES:.

C.D. Ghilani, P.R. Wolf; Elementary Surveying , Pearson Education International Edition,
Twelfth Edition, 2008 .

.n , Topografya Ders Notlar ,

U.zerman, Topografya Ders Notlar , 2007,

H. zener, Lecture Notes, CE200 Surveying, Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and
Earhquake Research Institute Department of Geodesy.

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