Abstract ENERGY

Abstract
This paper describes and analyzes the behavior of the households in Albay Province, Philippines
on the energy use, practices and their contexts, and the appropriate efficiency use strategies. The
study employed secondary analysis of data from 616 participants. It employed both qualitative
and quantitative techniques in analyzing the data, namely insight, intuition, reasoning,
imagination and discernment and comparisons with discourses of experts, peer-accepted
references, data from related literature and centrality measures, gauges of dispersion and other
related quantitative tools and standardized regression modeling.
The research findings showed that the households in the province already observed electrical
energy conservation measures primarily to lessen electrical bill/cut down on expenses. There are,
however, considerable potentials for more efficient electrical energy utilization practices among
such households based on the proportion of the households which do not yet practice
conservation measures, namely scheduling of appliance use (100%), not overheating/overcooling
rooms (84.9%), scheduling home energy audit (84.7%), selecting energy efficient appliances
(84.4%), scheduling computer games only on weekends (76.9%), air dying of clothes instead of
electrical drying (66.2%), using electric fans only when people are around (63.8%) and using
fluorescent lamps instead of incandescent lamps (55.8%).
It was further found out that the electricity utilization-conserving practices in the households
behaved or manifested a distinguishable trend with respect to family energy consumption,
educational qualification of the household heads, and number of children.
Overcoming Fuel Crises Using Social Safety Nets: The Case of Kerosene-to-LPG Conversion
Program in
Sundanese Village, West Java, Indonesia
368 4th Asian Rural Sociology Association (ARSA) International Conference
Future efficient electric energy utilization strategies comprise the continued observance of the
now existing measures but to include the proportion of households that does not practice them
yet by addressing the detected quantitative behavior between conservation practices and
household contexts, and some creative behavioral (human) and technological approaches.
The researchers recommend the training of and dissemination of information to the households
regarding the findings of this study on electrical energy conservation measures.
Introduction
Energy, the capacity to do work, comes in different forms- chemical, mechanical,
thermal, solar and electrical. Its sources include wind, water, the sun, fossil fuels, and
thermal gradients. This technical term is interesting even to the layman because it
provides lighting and runs most of the appliances inside the households. The increased
flow of material goods to the households such as electric washing machines and dryers,
computers, digital video disk players, and television sets, has shifted household
maintenance and recreation from human energy to electric energy. Electricity, according
to Buesing (1980, p.194) will go on to be the dominant energy source among
households for three reasons- it is the highest grade and most versatile energy source
available, it is the most universally available energy source already in the homes, and it
can be generated from any number of future energy sources.
OECD/IEA (1994) reported that with increasing disposable income and changes in
lifestyles, households tend to move from the cheapest and least convenient fuels
(biomass) to more convenient and normally more expensive ones (charcoal, kerosene)
and eventually to the most convenient and usually most expensive types of energy
(LPG, natural gas, electricity). Furthermore, the report highlighted that there is a
correlation between choice of cooking fuels and the value of womens time. Women
who enter the formal workforce demand more convenience in their use of household
fuels.
Among the different forms of energy, the alternating-current kind of electricity,
supplied by power distributors from the generating stations through the transmission
lines up to the service drop wires leading to household circuits, has become the most
prevalent because it is the most convenient and the designed driver of many work,
convenience and leisure machines and devices in the homes. It has the best prospects to
increase energy utilization efficiency through the development of appliances and
systems that optimize usage. It also delivers excellent environmental performance, as it
emits little CO2, SOx and NOx, and brings safety and comfort to our lives, among other
diverse benefits. (Raivanshi, 2003). The facets of alternating current electricity-
prevalence among households and best potentials for efficient usage and therefore
contributing less to global warming and climate change- are the main reasons why it is
the subject of this study, and it was the object of many previous investigations
especially conducted during periods of energy crises. As Purchase (1980) has suggested,
many reasons are apparent for wanting to reduce the amount of energy used and the
money spent for energy. These include the desire to conserve natural resources, the wish
to be independent of foreign suppliers, and the need to save money.
Eddie Seva See, Liwayway R. Ables, Melinda D. De Guzman, Joseph L. Bartolata and Mary
Ann M. See
September 2010
Legazpi City, Philippines 369

In general, families use electric energy directly for home heating and cooling,
cooling and heating water, lighting, cooking, refrigerating, clothes ironing, grooming
and recreation, some of which creates negative impacts to the environment. According
to Hogan (1980), the family and the environment are linked in such as way that the
more energy we use from our present nonrenewable sources, the more problems we
create for ourselves and future generation.
This paper highlights the energy utilization in the Province of Albay in the
Philippines. Albay is a province in Bicol Region, with a population of more than 1.2
million, occupying a land area of almost 3,000 sq.km, and is comprised of three cities-
Legazpi, Ligao, and Tabaco and 15 municipalities, namely: Tiwi, Bacacay, Malilipot,
Malinao, Manito, Sto. Domingo, Daraga, Camalig, Guinobatan, Oas, Jovellar, Libon,
Pio Duran, Polangui, and Rapu-Rapu. The province of Albay has an average household
size of5.22. Almost 50% of the total manufacturing establishments in Bicol is located in
this province, including the cement factory in Palanog, Camalig and the Isarog Pulp and
Paper Company in Daraga.
The province is one of the very few places in the country that produces geothermal
energy. Yet it is not immune to global and national energy shortages and to high energy
prices. It has, however, a very prominent feature- its commitment to address the issue of
global warming and climate change, wherein misuse and neglect of energy resources is
a major contributor. With three cities, and numerous urbanizing adjacent municipalities,
the province has to contend with advancing economic activities and the household
activities that come along with them, and regulating energy use.
A possible key to tackle this kind of situation is through efficient energy utilization.
While conservation may be interpreted by some as doing without energy use
(Purchase, 1980), efficient utilization signifies using energy (purporting the continual
employment of energy) as input and expecting higher or optimum output. Inasmuch as
electricity is the major source of energy that lights up and runs appliances in the
households, this energy is the focus of this study to address the problem on determining
data from the households in Albay province that would serve as basis for making
policies and identifying interventions that could motivate and encourage these and/or
other families to enhance or apply efficient energy use method to help solve the energy
problem besetting or is forewarned to beleaguer the province in the future.
The rise in electric energy consumption in the province is expected in the coming
years due to natural population growth, demographic changes such as ageing of the
population and change in household number, and economic activity and development.
This foreseen growth in electricity consumption, together with the growing alarms on
global warming and climate change, the fluctuating but continuously soaring price of
fossil fuels, and the financial crisis besetting the globe, will have serious consequences
on the Albay familys electric energy use practices.
Program in
This paper describes and analyzes the behavior of the Albay households energy use
practices and their contexts, and develop the appropriate efficiency use strategies. The
data that were generated from this project served as basis for the development of
policies and the identification of interventions that might eventually partly help solve
energy-related woes and enhance energy conservation practices by families,
communities and local government units in Albay Province.
The theoretical bases of this research are the ecological systems approach of Cotrell
(1955) which acknowledges that the preservation of values is related to the availability
of energy, the energy concept of Touliatos and Compton (1988, p. 154) referring to the
term as a broad unifying concept in studying ones relation to environment, and the
ecological systems approach to studying family managerial behavior proposed by Stedly
(1969) and Hook and Paolucci (1970). These theories were not tested in this research
but served as guides in discussing the findings.
Methodology
This research covered the households in Albay Province, Philippines as its
population, employing secondary analysis of data uniquely described earlier in distinct
and municipality-set different studies by Abainza, et.al (2009), Basa and Mesias (2009),
Paliza and Olaguer (2009), Mata (2009), Ciruelos (2009), and Malto (2009). The
preceding studies utilized survey and interview as their research strategies with
questionnaire and interview guide as the data-collection techniques.
A systematic province-wide research using data from previous studies was made
possible through a framework prepared by the research office of the Bicol University.
The municipality-level research was undertaken by the undergraduate students. The
two-stage sampling involved the selection of the municipalities and the selection of the
samples from such municipalities. A margin of error of four percent at a confidence
level of 95.44 percent and a proportion of fifty percent required a sample size of 616
households which was disproportionately distributed to the selected municipalities.
This study employed a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis tools. In
the analysis of the contexts of the households, this study made use of insight, empathy,
intuition, the elements of art, reasoning, imagination and discernment and
comparisons with discourses of experts, and peer-accepted references. To probe the
descriptive data on contexts, and electricity-conserving utilization practices, arithmetic
mean, and standard deviation were applied. Frequency counts and percentages were also
used. To examine the behavior, multiple regression was employed, technically to isolate
the separate influences of or strength of trend of the dependent variables with the
independent variables and to predict scores on the dependent variables. To determine
the relative comparative importance of the various explanatory variables, standardized
score or beta weights were utilized. The secondary analysis utilized a documentary
analysis guide. The data in the referent investigations were collected using a
questionnaire and an interview guide.
Ann M. See
September 2010

Results and Discussions
Household Profile
The relevant features of the households are presented in Tables 1.1 and 1.2, which
reflects that the heads of the households in the province have reached elementary,
secondary and collegiate schooling (at 31. 5%, 34.2%, and 29.9%, respectively), are
non-government employees (71.3%), earning an average of 11,222 pesos per month,
support 4 children, consume 48.62 kWh of electricity per month and reside in a 45.4 sq.
m. house floor area. In addition, Table 1.1 explains that the households have different
or deviating features of house size, number of children, energy expenditure and income
from one another, and therefore, in developing and introducing intervention programs
on energy utilization to these households, such disparities will have to be taken into
consideration.
Table 1.1. Centrality and dispersion values and related statistics of respondents by
context
Centrality, dispersion and
related statistical
measures Size of the house,
sq. m. Number of children
Energy
consumption,
kWh/mo Monthly income,
P
Mean 45.3740 3.63 48.6177 11221.0176
Std. Deviation 38.70312 1.999 42.41128 15074.31051
Minimum 0 0 0 400
Maximum 500 11 732 195000.00
Sum_________________ ____________27905 _____________2211 __29948.5
________5745161.00
Table 1.2 shows that except for the vocational course, the participants are evenly
distributed among elementary, high school and collegiate educations but a wide gap in
the inter class proportions is seen in the profession which is predominantly non-
government. Increasing disposable income and changes in lifestyles could tend to move
households from the cheapest and least convenient fuels to the more convenient and
normally more expensive ones and finally to the most convenient and usually most
expensive type- electricity. The key determinants of energy demand in the household
sector include prices and availability of appliances, disposable income and cultural
preference (Masayasu & Takamasa, 1995)
Program in
Table 1.2. Frequency and percent distribution of respondents by context
Context
Frequency
Percent
E
ducation
al qualification of the head
Elementary
101
3
1.
5
Secondary
1
10
34.
2
Voca
tional
1
4
4.4
College
96
29.
9
Total
3
21
100.0
Profession of the head
Government employee
4
7
14.
7
Non
-
government
Employee
22
9
71.
3
Self
-
employed
45
14.
0
Total
3
21
100.0
Existing electricity-conserving utilization practices
Table 2 shows the distribution of households based on the existing electricity-
conserving utilization practices. About one-seventh of the households in the province
did not observe unplugging the electrical cords when not in use. Extrapolated to the
whole population, this could be as many as 33,000 households. According to the US
Department of Energy (2009), about 7.5% of the electricity used to power home
electronics is consumed while the unplugged product is turned off. All electronics
draw power even when they are turned off. Even under such condition, they can use up
from 5 percent to 25 percent of a homes electric bill (Answerbag, 2010).
Almost 50% of the households, which could be as high as 115,000 households did
not schedule the ironing of clothes. Ironing consumes as much energy as twenty 50-W
bulbs. It also takes several hours to accomplish the job. Every time it is performed, the
flat iron is to be heated first, which consumes a lot of energy. Carrying out the task in
large batches of clothing at one time avoids several-time reheating and therefore saves
energy (Eskom, 2010).
Based on the data shown in Table 2, it would seem that the people were not yet
familiar with energy-efficient appliances since 84.5 percent of them do not select
energy-efficient appliances when purchasing. Electrical appliances proffer a huge
potential for energy cutback. New refrigerators use 30% less electricity than those built
before 1999. Recent models of computer monitors and televisions sets offer substantial
reduction in power usage and are likewise equipped with low-power standby
mechanisms (Eskom, 2010). Most families have yet to recognize the value of not
overheating or overcooling rooms. New models of air-conditioners have thermostats
that could be operated by remote. The households in Albay seemed unfamiliar to home
energy audit with only a little more than 15& of them practiced such conservation
measure. Many households do not practice air drying of clothes in lieu of electric
drying. A clothesdryer is usually the second or third highest electricity-consuming
appliance in the home with its heating nature similar to water heater and flat
iron(Meralco, 2010).
Ann M. See
September 2010

More than half of the households still used incandescent lamps over fluorescent
lamps . Lighting energy can account for about 20% to 30% of the households electric
bill (Meralco, 2010). Compact flourescent lamps (CFLs) can use up only 25% of the
energy being used up by incandescent bulbs for the same luminance.(Meralco, 2010).
A 16-W CFL produces the same light as a 60-W incandescent bulb, CFLs also last 8
times longer that the incandescent type. (Meralco, 2010) While small fluorescent
lamps are now popular in urban areas, low wattage incandescent lamps (15-25 W) are
still widely used. Introducing compact fluorescent lamps to replace low wattage lamps
may not be cost-effective, but lighting quality would improve greatly. In the long run, as
income increases, so will lighting demand, and compact fluorescent lamps will offer
economic and environmental benefits(Masayasu & Takamasa, 1995)
Meanwhile, more one-half of the households seemed unmindful of a running
electric fan even if there were no people using it. People have developed the habit of
turning on an electric fan to use it. But when leaving the area, they usually forget that
there is an electric fan that is operating. None of the households practiced the
scheduling of the use of appliances. There are still a substantial number of households
who do not turn off lights even if they are not necessary. Lighting the house can eat up
from 20% to 30 % of the households energy consumption (Meralco, 2010), putting the
light off when it is not needed may save a lot of electricity for the family. Almost one-
half of the respondents do not open their windows for ventilation. This concern may
have something to do with the design of the windows. There are houses whose open
windows could become entry points for burglars and robbers. It is interesting to note,
however, that there were few households that practiced scheduling of computer games
of their children during weekends.
Program in
Table 2.1. Frequency and percent distribution of households that employ electricity-
conserving utilization practices
Electricity-conserving utilization practices
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Unplugging of electrical cords when not in use
Valid Do not practice 89 14.4 14.4 14.4
Practice 527 85.6 85.6 100.0
Total 616 100.0 100.0
Scheduling of ironing of clothes
Practice 349 56.7 56.7 100.0
Total 616 100.0 100.0
Selection of energy-efficient appliances
Practice 96 15.6 15.6 100.0
Total 616 100.0 100.0
Not overheating and not overcooling rooms
Practice 93 15.1 15.1 100.0
Total 616 100.0 100.0
Scheduling of home energy audit
Practice 94 15.3 15.3 100.0
Total 616 100.0 100.0
Air-drying clothes instead of electric drying
Practice 208 33.8 33.8 100.0
Total 615 99.8 100.0
Missing System 1 .2
Total 616 100.0
Use of fluorescent lamps instead of incandescent lamps
Practice 272 44.2 44.2 100.0
Total 616 100.0 100.0
Use of electric fans only when there are people around
Practice 223 36.2 36.2 100.0
Total 616 100.0 100.0
Scheduling of appliance use
Turning off lights when not in use
Practice 527 85.6 85.6 100.0
Total 616 100.0 100.0
Opening windows for ventilation
Practice 326 52.9 52.9 99.8
Missing 1 .2 .2 100.0
Total 616 100.0 100.0
Allowing kids to play computer on weekends
Valid Does not practice 153 24.8 76.9 76.9
Practices 46 7.5 23.1 100.0
Total 199 32.3 100.0
Missing System 417 67.7
Total 616 100.0
Reasons for practicing energy conservation
Ann M. See
September 2010

The primary reason of the households for energy conservation is to lessen expenses
on electricity (Table 3). This kind of response is supported by Buesing (1980) who
elucidated that economics is the dominant factor influencing consumers decisions. It
seems, however, that these families tend to see only the personal economic value of
conservation and do not associate energy use with the socio-environment, particularly
the now well-known issue on global warming and climate change, an observation in the
Albay setting that appears to diminish the strength of Touliatos and Comptons (1988)
concept of energy as a broad unifying concept in studying ones relation to
environment.
Table 2.2. Frequency distribution and rank of participants by reason for conserving
energy
Reason for conserving energy
Frequency
Rank
Lessen electric bill
439
1
Cu
t down expense
321
2
Avoid fire and related hazards
280
3
Avoid health risks
121
4
Behavior and practices with respect to the household contexts
The quantitative analysis of the data (Table 3) shows that of all the contexts, energy
consumption trends closest, in the opposite direction, with the practices of unplugging
the cord when not using electricity, scheduling the ironing of clothes and turning off
lights when they are not in use, signifying that as consumption increases, the tendency is
for the household not to perform these energy-conserving measures. On the other hand,
selecting energy-efficient appliances, not overheating and not overcooling the rooms,
and using fluorescent lamps instead of incandescent lamps, seemed to be most
influenced by educational qualification with a positive trend, meaning the higher the
educational qualification of the household head, the more likely the households will
apply these electricity conserving techniques. Turning off electrical fans when there are
no people around has a negative behavioral direction with the number of children- as the
number of kids increase, not practicing this conservation measure will be more likely.
Program in
Table 3. Regression equations between electricity-conserving utilization practices and
the household contexts
Electricity-conserving
utilization practice trended
with household contexts
Modeled behavior
(multiple regression equations,
unstandardized and standardized)
Significant for the
context
(at alpha =)
Meaning
Unplugging electrical cord
when not using electricity
q = 0.898 0.001xs
0.023eq - 0.014xp +
0.018xnc 0.002xec +
0.000xmi
Zy = -0.079Zs 0.074Zeq -
0.019.Zp + 0.101Znc
0.223Zec + 0.067Zmi
Energy consumption,
0.001 Unplugging of electrical cord
seems to trend closest with
increasing electrical consumption.
The behavior is statistically
observable in all households.
Scheduling ironing of
clothes q = 0.697 + 0.001xs
0.046eq + 0.016xp -
0.008xnc 0.002xec +
0.000xmi
Zy = 0.073Zs 0.113Zeq +
0.018.Zp - 0.033Znc
0.247Zec + 0.116Zmi
Energy consumption,
000 Scheduling of ironing of clothes
increasing energy consumption.
Selecting energy-efficient
appliances q = 0.266 0.002xs +
0.058eq - 0.005xp -
0.021xnc + 0.000xec +
0.000xmi
Zy = -0.126Zs + 0.172Zeq -
0.006.Zp - 0.104Znc +
0.042Zec + 0.008Zmi
Educational
qualification, 0.008 Selecting energy efficient
appliances seems to trend closest
with higher level of education.
Not overheating and not
overcooling the rooms q = 0.074 0.000xs +
0.037eq - 0.057xp +
0.007xnc + 0.000xec -
0.000xmi
Zy = -0.001Zs + 0.153Zeq -
0.105.Zp + 0.051Znc +
0.027Zec - 0.026Zmi
Educational
qualification, 0.019 Not overheating and not
overcooling rooms seems to trend
closest with educational
qualification.
Using fluorescent lamps
instead of incandescent
lamps
q = 0.398 0.001xs +
0.091eq - 0.032xp +
0.007xnc 0.001xec -
0.000xmi
Zy = -0.053Zs + 0.219Zeq -
0.035.Zp + 0.030Znc
0.060Zec - 0.031Zmi
Educational
qualification, 0.001 Using fluorescent lamps seems to
trend closest with higher
educational qualification.
Using electric fans only
when there are people
around
q = 0.627 - 0.000xs +
0.018eq - 0.038xp -
0.035xnc 0.001xec +
0.000xmi
Zy = -0.023Zs + 0.044Zeq -
0.040.Zp - 0.145Znc
0.064Zec + 0.071Zmi
Number of children,
0.014 Using electric fans only when
people are around seems to trend
closest with number of children.
Turning off lights when not
in use q = 0.898 0.001xs
0.023eq - 0.014xp +
0.018xnc 0.002xec +
0.000xmi
Zy = -0.079Zs 0.074Zeq -
0.019.Zp + 0.101Znc
0.223Zec + 0.067Zmi
Energy consumption,
0.001 Turning off light when not in use
seems to trend closest with energy
consumption.
Opening windows for
ventilation q = 0.612 0.000xs +
0.023eq - 0.026xp -
0.034xnc 0.001xec +
0.000xmi
Zy = -0.018Zs + 0.054Zeq -
0.028.Zp - 0.141Znc
0.073Zec + 0.071Zmi
Number of children,
0.017 Opening windows for ventilation
number of children.
Ann M. See
September 2010

Future efficient electric energy utilization strategies
Based on the extent of the participants adoption of the existing electricity
conservation practices, any plan for future electric energy utilization strategies must
include the same but hall target the proportion of the household population that did not,
at the time of the data collection, practice such, namely scheduling of appliance use
(with 100% of the households who do not practice), not overheating/overcooling rooms
(with 84.9%), scheduling home energy audit (with 84.7%), selecting energy efficient
appliances (with 84.4%), scheduling computer games only on weekends (with 76.9%),
air dying of clothes instead of electrical drying (with 66.2%), using electric fans only
when people are around (with 63.8%) and using fluorescent lamps instead of
incandescent lamps (with 55.8%).
The rest of the conservation measures are future efficient electric utilization
strategies with present non-appliers from 14% to 47%t of the households. These
strategies could extend to purchase of heat-efficient flat irons and scheduling of ironing
time, purchase of energy efficient refrigerators, television sets, musical machines,
electric fans, and air-conditioners, purchase of energy efficient electric lamps
(fluorescent lamps), purchase of energy efficient electric cookers and water heaters,
purchase of energy efficient computer sets, and maximizing use of heat from the sun for
drying purposes. Recommended strategies from the participants themselves include the
conduct of seminars on energy conservation in the barangay and raising awareness on
energy conservation through posters.
Similarly, in her study, Herman (1980) forwarded the following suggestions:
change attitude as to personal and family needs through an energy conservation ethic
that emphasize on conserving now to help provide energy resources for future
generations, substitute human energy for mechanical; air dry clothes instead of using a
clothes dryer, read a book instead of watching TV, adjust time schedules, select more
energy- efficient equipment, and search out reliable information on energy conservation
Conclusions and Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions are drawn:
The contexts of the households present a potential for greater electrical
consumption in the future;
The percentage of those who do not practice electrical energy conservation
practices is substantial, manifesting a huge potential for efficient use opportunity;
A distinguishable behavior is demonstrated between certain energy conservation
practices and energy consumption, educational qualification of the household head
and the number of children by the quantitative models developed, presenting an
opportunity to modify the energy conservation practice through the aforementioned
contexts; and
Program in
Future efficient electric energy utilization strategies could be discerned from the
responses of the participants in this study and from previous and similar research
works.
Based on the foregoing conclusions, the following recommendations are forwarded:
Further studies to verify the findings of this research with reference to the
behavioral models developed should be conducted;
Development of an efficient electrical energy utilization extension program that
may include:
o Identifying the non-practitioners of energy conservation in this study as the
clientele;
o Preparation of information/awareness materials and training modules regarding
the energy conservation and related measures identified in this study; and
o Capability building of would-be trainers on the subject
o Conduct of training and information dissemination campaigns on the matter
Re-education campaigns to adjust family lives towards efficient electrical energy
utilization
References
Abainza, Allaine, Ma. Shiela C. Cimanes, Jennifer M. Fajardo, Jomarie B. Mallete, & Angelica
Otivar. (2009).
Energy Conservation Practices in Selected Households in Five Barangays in Legazpi
City.Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis, College of Business, Economics and Management,
Daraga, Albay.
Answerbag. Online. Available http://www.answerbag.com April 29, 2010
Basa, Gerlie S. & Princess Joy T. Mesias. (2009). Energy Conservation Practices in Selected
Households in Ald
Albay District, Legazpi City. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis, College of Business,
Economics and Management, Daraga, Albay.
Buesing, James. (1980). The Energy Efficient Home of the Future. Cutting Energy Costs. The
1980 Yearbook of Agriculture. US Department of Agriculture.
Ciruelos, Jimbert C.(2009). Energy Conservation Practices in Selected Households in Barangay
Belen, Tiwi, Albay. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis, College of Business, Economics
and Management, Daraga, Albay. Conserving Electricity. Online. Available
http://www.eskom.com.za April 29, 2010
Cotrell, F. (1955). Energy and society. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. Energy in developing
countries: a sectoral analysis. OECD/IEA, 1994.
Academic paper: Electric Energy Utilization in the Households of Albay Province, Philippines:
Contexts, Conservation Practices, and Future Efficiency Strategies. Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259219501_Electric_Energy_Utilization_in_the_Hous
eholds_of_Albay_Province_Philippines_Contexts_Conservation_Practices_and_Future_Efficien
cy_Strategies [accessed Apr 18, 2017].

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