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Transmission Media and Antenna
Transmission Media and Antenna
Antenna Systems
Magnetic field
Produced by the motion of
electric charges, or electric
current, and gives rise to the
magnetic force associated
with magnets.
300- twin-lead
Figure 13-1: Common types of transmission lines. (a) Open-wire line. (b) Open-wire
line called twin lead. (c) Coaxial cable (d) Twisted-pair cable.
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
13-1: Transmission-Line Basics
Figure 13-3: UHF connectors. (a) PL-259 male connector. (b) Internal construction and
connections for the PL-259. (c) SO-239 female chassis connector.
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
13-1: Transmission-Line Basics
Connectors: Coaxial Cable Connectors
BNC connectors are widely used on 0.25 inch coaxial
cables for attaching test equipment.
In BNC connectors the center conductor of the cable is
soldered or crimped to a male pin and the shield braid is
attached the body of the connector.
The least expensive coaxial connector is the F-type,
which is used for TV sets, VCRs, DVD players, and
cable TV.
The RCA phonograph connector is used primarily in
audio equipment.
The best performing coaxial connector is the N-type,
which is used mainly on large coaxial cable at higher
frequencies.
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
13-1: Transmission-Line Basics
Figure 13-4: BNC connectors. (a) Male. (b) Female. (c) Barrel connector. (d) T
connector.
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
13-1: Transmission-Line Basics
Figure 13-6: The F connector used on TV sets, VCRs, and cable TV boxes.
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
13-1: Transmission-Line Basics
Figure 13-7: RCA phonograph connectors are sometimes used for RF connectors up
to VHF.
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
13-1: Transmission-Line Basics
Figure 13-11: The effect of the time delay of a transmission line on signals. (a) Sine
wave delay causes a lagging phase shift. (b) Pulse delay.
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
13-1: Transmission-Line Basics
Transmission-Line Specifications
Attenuation is _____________ proportional to cable
length and increases with frequency.
A transmission line is a _________ filter whose cutoff
frequency depends on distributed inductance and
capacitance along the line and on length.
It is important to use larger, low-loss cables for longer
runs despite cost and handling inconvenience.
A gain antenna can be used to offset cable loss.
Figure 13-14: Attenuation versus length for RG-58A/U coaxial cable. Note that both
scales on the graph are logarithmic.
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Transmission-Line Basics
1. A 165 ft. RG-8A/U at 100 MHZ is being used to
connect a tx to an antenna. Its attenuation for 100ft
at 100 MHz is 5.3 dB. Its input power from a
transmitter is 100 W. What are the total attenuation
and the output power to the antenna?.
Figure 13-16: A transmission line must be terminated in its characteristic impedance for
proper operation.
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
13-2: Standing Waves
Calculating the Standing Wave Ratio
The magnitude of the standing waves on a transmission
line is determined by the ratio of the maximum current
to the minimum current, or the ratio of the maximum
voltage to the minimum voltage, along the line.
These ratios are referred to as the standing wave ratio
(SWR).
Imax Vmax
SWR = =
Imin Vmin
Figure 2-19: Parallel resonant circuit currents. (a) Parallel resonant circuit. (b) Current
relationships in parallel resonant circuit.
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2-2: Tuned Circuits
Tuned Circuits and Resonance: Parallel Resonant
Circuits
At resonance, a parallel tuned circuit appears to
have infinite resistance
draw no current from the source
have infinite impedance
act as an open circuit.
However, there is a high circulating current between the
inductor and capacitor, storing and transferring energy
between them.