The Theodolite

The main appendages of the theodolite are:

the tripod (Fig. 3.S.a) is a support device that enables the theodolite to be
positioned into the station point. The feet of the tripod are telescopic for a
better transportation.
the plumb bob (Fig. 3.5.b) consist of a weight with a conical point
suspended to a variable length wire. The plumb bob is hanged under the
tripod fixing screw making this way the centering of the adjustment.
stadia or level staff or rod (Fig. 3.5.c)
the theodolite's box (Fig. 3.5.d) which is a case permit to protect and to

transport safely, the main instrument and appendages.

The telescope (7) is an optical device used to observe the far away objects
and to determine the distance by optic way.

Figure 3.3. Basic principle of the telescope

The modern theodolites are equipped with an internal - focusing
telescope. It consists of an objective tube and an eyepiece tube. On their
common axiS, it exist the cross hairs, which travels inside the telescope
bY rotating either a special ring embracing the telescope at the eyepiece.
Upon the telescope there is an aiming device named as collimator. The
reticule consist of a glass plate which had have engraved two
perpendicular lines known as cross hairs (Fig. 3.4). The glass plate is fitted
into a diaphragm aperture with the aid of four screws
1. Indications concerning the scheme of the theodolite, its main Part , and
appendages
A representation of classic theodolite is drawn in fig. 3.1. The theodolite has
following main components:

Three screw base (1) is a triangular prism that is supported by three levelling
screws (e). At the bottom there are two plates: one is stiff, the other being
flexible. The screw that is used to fix the three screw base on the tripod, known
as instrument tripod fixing screw is placed in a special place of the flexible plate
and the instrument is supported by the stiff Plate.The graduated horizontal circle
(2) is also known as the azimuth circle or limb. This is a metallic disc whose
perimeter is siivery and which is engraved with hexadecimal or centesimal
degrees. The modern theodolites have a glass horizontal circle made in the form
of a ring with a SO > 250 mm diameter fixed on a metallic support. The
horizontal circle is used in order to read the angular values of the horizontal
directions. The movement of the horizontal circle can be stopped using a screw
known as base clamps (b).

The upper circle, rotating about the axis passing through the centre of the limb
is called vernier plate (3) because it has two opposite verniers, whose zero
serves are indexes for reading on the climbs.

The horizontal movement of the vernier plate can be stopped using a screw or a
lever, named as upper clamping screw (c)

The arms for supporting the telescope (4) are metalic and there are fixed on the
vernier plate. The arms are supporting the vertical rotation axis of the telescope.
On one of the arms there is a screw named telescope clamping screw (d). On the
other is the zenithal level (9) use to bring to the horizontal the indexes of azimuth
circle.
Assignments Theme:
In order to make some land surveying and laying out a building it is important to
understand how to use a theodolite.

Objectives:
1.Indications concerning the scheme of the theodolite,it s main parts and
appendages;
2. indications in presenting its axis and movements;

3.Theodolite's correct set-up on the field and signal's aiming;

4.Measure on the field horizontal and vertical angles using eie, theodolites on both

position of the telescope (checks);

5Determination of some field distances by optically manner (by using cross hairs

from the telescope and stadia).

The theodolite is a goniornetric instrument by means of which the angular values

of the horizontal directions and their inclinations can measured: According to these
values we can determine the vertical and horizontal angles. If the theodolite Can
measure optically the distances, itis call tachymeter. The measuring precision of
the theodolite is high (2. 4- 1(P') and very high (0,2" 2").