2011 Seventh International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security
Pattern Recognition with Spatial Data Mining in web:
An infrastructure to engineering of the urban cadaster
Andr Fabiano de Moraes
Department Information Technology - IT
Institute Federal of Science Technology, IFC
Camboriu SC, Brazil
e-mail: ecv3afm@ecv.ufsc.br
Abstract - In recent times are constant the problems of
interoperability of data, mainly due to the constant emergence
of different structures CAD/GIS (Computer Aided Design/
Geographic Information Systems) produced by engineers,
managers and other professionals through the fast
development of collaborative technologies on the web.
However, structures are also detected for manipulating objects
that determine the cognitive domain of a problem, especially in
the construction of urban or rural properties and land
management. To this end, the study presents an investigation
into the relevant aspects that influence in projects of
engineering. It also investigates the demands for detecting
predefined structures for agile actions and the exchange of
experiences. Identifying factors critical to development and
assisting in the recognition of integration structures. During
the discussion are also presented the results extracted with the
framework, providing webmapping applications through the
implementation of collaborative strategies and combining the
main techniques used in geographical data mining. Finally, the
article discusses priority issues in the implementation of spatial
data mining and the advancement of civil engineering
technology for knowledge management.
Keywords: Infrastructure; Collaboration; Interoperability;
Spatial Data Mining; Free Software
I. INTRODUCTION
The use of different technologies for the process of
engineering, especially in the case of GIS as a tool for
decision making, there is a strong belief within public
institutions in the spatial analysis process. The lack of tools
to facilitate integration and interoperability between different
sources of geographic data has, however, hampered these
processes, as has the discontinuation of projects requiring the
technical knowledge of professionals, resulting in the
reduction of resources that usually affect institutions [1].
The paper presents two contributions with the purpose to
minimize the demand of the users about the lack of solutions.
First, the fundamental aspects of an interoperable spatial data
infrastructure are investigated, and the requirements for
preparing the framework through the Multicriteria Decision
Support-Constructivist (MCDA-C) are also assessed. The
second contribution presents a case study using the
framework to detect data structures of objects cognitive and
patterns recognition geographical [2].
A. Reasons for the problem domain with MCDA-C
The structuring of the decision support aims to build a
structure that is accepted by the actors shaping a reality. The
978-0-7695-4584-4/11 $26.00 2011 Crown Copyright
DOI 10.1109/CIS.2011.296
Lia Caetano Bastos
Department Civil Engineering - GeoEngineering
Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC
Florianpolis SC, Brazil
e-mail: ecv1lcb@ecv.ufsc.br
process of decision support for Bana and Costa [3] is initially
an open system with specific components: the actors, values,
objectives, actions and characteristics. The activity of
decision support can then be seen as a process of interaction
with an ill-structured problem, in which the elements and
their relationships emerge in a more or less chaotic manner.
Thus, the concept of MCDA provides four dimensions
that are necessary for the existence of a problem: the
existence of a dissatisfaction, the existence of a proponent,
the importance to merit the effort of resolution and, finally,
the existence of a possible solution. In the constructivist
paradigm, the objective of the models is the generation of
knowledge to decision makers.
To define the dimensions to be included in the building
of a strategic model, an elementary point of view (EPV) of
each is initially presented, which represents a set of
minimum specifications for the structure and functioning of
the method. From the results obtained with this method
structure, in line with the proposals of the Thematic Group
Geo-coding Electronic Government [4], the INDE, and also
with the specifications of standard spatial data proposed by
OGC [5], it was possible to support the development of the
Fundamentals Point of View (FPV) and Elementary Point of
View (EPV) as detailed descriptors, which allowed us to
understand the requirements and prioritize the development
of a strategic environment for integration and collaboration.
B. Elaboration of Requirements for Descriptors
Descriptors to assist in identifying the individual profile
of existing technologies (solutions) were constructed in
conjunction with users and decision makers to meet each
elementary point exactly, enabling the formulation of a tree
with all of the key points of views. Thus, it was possible to
select 18 descriptors, as follows: D1 - Hardware; D2 -
Network; D3 - Portability Operating Systems; D4 -
Programming Language; D5 - Databases; D6 - Browsing
Interface; D7 - OGC Standard; D8 - ISO Standard; D9 -
Libraries; D10 - Exchange of data; D11 - Metadata; D12 -
Ontologies; D13 - Integration and relationship; D14 - Query
processing; D15 - Statistical; D16 Data Mining; D17 -
Collaboration; and D18 - Organizational Routines.
These points, in turn, provide strong indicators for the
planning and construction of essential facilities and
innovative new frameworks. For this purpose, graphics are
given that allow for the visualization of conflicts between the
descriptors and their forecast for future events. To validate
the model and obtain the desired confidence about building
the profile of an individual impact, the descriptors were also
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evaluated by an analysis of the robustness and overall
sensitivity, individualizing each elementary point built.
The equation for the sensitivity analysis deals with the
change in the replacement rates as a function of the change
in the rate of the substitution of one criterion. The sum of the
replacement rates that is adopted by the multicriteria model
discussed in this paper is equal to 1.
All of the replacement rates should have a value between
0 and 1: { 1 > wi > 0 i }.
For the overall evaluation results that are obtained, we
investigated the elements VG1(i3Geo), VG2(CartoWeb),
VG3(AlovMap), VG4(MapStraction) and VG5(SpringWeb):
{VG(a) = w1 . v1 (a) + w2 . v2 (a) + + wn . vn (a)}, i.e.:
n and the obtained the primary requirements for the core of the
VG (a ) = wi .vi (a )
i =1
VG (a) overall value of the action
vi (a) partial value of the action of the criteria
wi replacement rates of the criteria
n number of criteria in the model
To calculate the new rates of the replacement model after
modifying one rate, we used the following equation:
wn .(1 wi ')
wn ' =
(1 wi )
Checks of the sensitivity of each elementary point (EPV)
are performed as illustrated, and changes in individual rates,
beyond the actions sensitive to this variation, undergo a
single analysis. Thus, it was possible to establish a flexible
framework for diagnosing the reflection of evolutionary
changes and the technological point of view on each
elementary feature for reuse.
II. ARCHITETURE OF THE FRAMEWORK
After the structuring of the requirements, a technology
infrastructure is critical for establishing technical criteria that
are feasible for implementation.
This flexibility is in contrast to other types of information
services, which require specific environments and software
to enable approximations between the institutions through
dynamic mechanisms of communication, as in Fig. 2.
Figure. 2: Layered definition of the technological platform for structuring
the framework.
Sort operational links between the client, server,
geographic objects and operations in GIS requires a drill
through the metadata that enables communication between
different distributed services. For this strategy, the
implementation of ontologies becomes a fundamental
alternative to the reading and identification of conceptual
structures, in particular spatial patterns, designed to assist in
organization, integration between disparate systems, and
supporting systematic isolation.
A. Preparation of the Core Framework
This preparation is usually performed during the
encoding of framework called Integration Collaborative
Geospatial Framework Web (OpenICGFw-2.7)
corresponding, taking into account the earlier discussions
framework.
For the repository principal of framework was initially
adopted PostgreSQL database, in particular the automated
features for handling spatial data. Also the possibility of
developing applications on three tiers (client, server and
database) allowed for the appearance of various systems
webmapping. For the documentation of the architecture of
the project, documentation was prepared through numerous
artifacts containing specifications of the Unified Modeling
Language - UML, together with specification of the OMT-G
to the geographic extent [6].
B. Infrastructure of Providing Interoperability for Spatial
Data
To promote the integration of data through the
framework OpenICGFw, some situations are initially
restricted in this paper, so that a simple way to integrate the
information is specified [7], generating updated knowledge
for collaboration, planning and coordination of joint actions
between public and private institutions. Some challenges,
however, must still be faced, such as data stored on
workstations and not on a particular server, essential data
and products that are not cataloged, and a lack of physical
infrastructure and technology, limiting the storage of large
amounts of data.
These challenges require the development of systems
integration and collaboration to address problems inherent in
the architecture, engineering, construction and facilities
management. For this, there are implementations with a free
and open source solution for managing such data. However,
to identify the processing of input data, metadata are needed
to clarify the characteristics of one or more data sets and
their storage, either local or remote. From this diagnosis, it is
possible to proceed to the question of how to perform other
procedures in addition to the new modules, as in Fig. 3.
One of the important differences of this work is the
module for the exchange of spatial data, which aims to
provide access to these resources through a web interface in
a simplified form for the user.
This paper allows for the specification of a simple way
to integrate information and generate knowledge that is
updated for collaboration, planning and coordination of joint
actions between public and private institutions. Currently,
however, some challenges remain to be addressed.
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Figure 3: Approximation procedures for interoperability of spatial data
through the framework.
An alternative that reduces the production of spatial data
without defined standards is a centralized storage and
cataloging structure that enables distributed management.
For this particular challenge, it is crucial to identify in
advance the validity of data in the process of generating
metadata.
From these metadata, we obtain the identification of
previously known structures, significantly reducing the loss
of any unique feature. Thus, significant progress is achieved
in the process of interoperability between spatial data.
Data integration is directly linked to the exchange of
data between the different models. To convert the data, one
solution explored refers to the copy of the original data for
processing and generates a new set of data to create
opportunities to run complex computational processes with
a specific notation in accordance with the OGC and W3C.
Thus, communication between data is treated as Fig. 4.
Figure 4: Scheme to interoperate with cognitive objects.
Several aspects of this situation favor the already
consolidated storage of the data being transmitted to a
specific repository. However, initially in the integration
framework OpenICGFw, as part of having a repository on
the server, providing the link between the aforementioned
steps using a file server technology
Even with the completion of the reading process,
processing and storage, the need arose for the standardization
of data conversions to the framework, resulting in the
development of a specific notation for conversion full
projects.
To carry out the implementation of this notation within
the framework, we designed a program in C++ that contains
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specific features of a parser, that is responsible for reading
and writing files with the encoding XML/GML and can thus
transform the data.
C. Providing Geo-Semantic Web - OWL
The proposed standards of geo-semantic for
interoperability of data from the framework, considers two
aspects of implementation.
One aspect is syntactic and another semantic. With
respect to syntactic arguments are addressed in the
implementations of XML (eXtensible Markup Language) for
notation of the framework, WSDL (Web Service Description
Language) interface for web services and SOAP (Simple
Object Access Protocol) for message format for services
web. At the end of the scheme is designed OWL (Web
Ontology Language) for the concentration of the topics [8]
For the semantic aspects are evaluated functions,
combinations of translation and optimization tasks.
As the ontology is an explicit specification of a context
[9]. The need for customization to a specific semantic
interoperability of spatial data led to the creation of a
vocabulary for the information management of rural and
urban properties.
This allowed the exchange of content between different
computer systems through a shared ontology, as in Fig 5.
Figure 5: Ontology proposal to mapping of the cognitive objects of Urban
Technical Cadastre.
From the data identification through the cataloging and
storage (metadata), were aggregate the specifications of the
created ontology (utc-owl) , where are executed the queries
about the objects cognitive [10]. Mainly using the SQL
language, beyond the processes and techniques of spatial
data mining, as discussed [11].
III. CASE STUDY
The case study presents a summary of several
experiments conducted to assess the implementation of the
modules within the OpenICGFw framework, mainly
focusing on the manipulation of spatial data for the territorial
area of the city of Itaja, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil.
The data were obtained from different sources and were
subject to periodic updates. The Brazilian Institute of
Geography and Statistics (IBGE) [12] data were obtained
from census data, freely available in the (.shp) format. In the
City of Itaja [13], the data were obtained in part through the
Urban Technical Cadastre (UTC). Partial data of the
mapping of rural areas, such as the topography, hydrography,
and elevation, were obtained from the Company for
Agricultural Research and Rural Extension of Santa Catarina
(EPAGRI) [14]. Through the National Institute for Space
Research (INPE) [15], satellite imagery was obtained to
monitor natural phenomena and their temporality. Finally,
environmental engineering data, such as vegetation and
native forests, were obtained from the Ministry of
Environment (MMA) [16]. After identifying the area
observed in the case study, we present a survey on key issues
with data and metadata.
In the first evaluation, the aspects of different sources for
integration with the geographic information system (S1) of
IBGE/Estatcart were analyzed, allowing for the crossing of
statistics from this system with other sources close to the
OpenICGFw framework (f).
In the second evaluation, recovery activities and
conversion and import of data sets of the scheme relating to
the registration information sheet (S2) of Itajai/BIC were
performed, making possible the intersection of spatial data,
where (fn) (S1) (S2).
Even after the union of the EPAGRI data (d1) with the
MMA data (d2) and the union of the INPE data (d3), it was
possible to generate the function (fn) {(d1) U (d2) U
(d3)}.
For the experiment (fn) (S1) (S2), all records (S1)
without loss of data or discard were selected. For (S2),
49,413 records of members of the original database were
selected. There were 87 with records that had been disposed
because of null values and therefore did not meet standards,
resulting in a total of 49,325 records.
The main point of this experiment was to detect hitherto
unknown knowledge, assessing the conservation status of
urban and rural properties in the city (S2) by the data
presented. After the implementing the mining process on the
spatial data (S1) (S2), we obtained an automatic
generation of the rules.
Adopting the classification technique, modifications were
made in the source code of the algorithm (C 4.5), which can
be tailored in their implementation on the server and can be
viewed directly in the browser (browser). The experiment
allowed for the creation of a derivation of C4.5 for the web,
giving rise to a new algorithm that was initially called
OWC4.5-2011 (open web classification). The aim was to
build the decision tree through dynamic structures.
The processing capability of consultations within the
OpenICGFw framework on a set of metadata should also be
emphasized, as it extends the process to other sources and
returns the existing designs to represent the spatial dimension
requested.
However, there are also the dimensions contained in
different data formats, such as the extensions (.shp), (.pdf),
(.tiff) and (.dwg).
A. Advances with standardization of structures
From this point it is noticed a gap be fulfiled, which
does not represent just spatial data structuration. But,
especially for Brazil, it repesents an adequate spatial
infrastructure for urban technical cadastre (UTC) that
possibilitates portabilty of previously stablished standards
for data interchange, providing interaction among various
geographic information systems.
Through data infrastructure for Brazilian system of
urban technical cadastre , as Fig. 6. It is craving to reduce
miss information beyond conflicts related to property right
and land subdivision. Besides other technical aspects that
are observed by public managers.
Figure. 6: Classes diagram UML OMT-G for integration structure.
With the study realized for research and final
implementation, where are illustrated CNEFE (Address
National Cadastre for Statistical Finalities of IBGE) main
classes, they are integrated to the proposed model for spatial
data infrastructure for multipurpose cadastre. Beyond of
attributes that belongs classes, each problem dominion and
its relationships are standardized, generating specific
thematic portable for other finalities, making the cadastral
model more flexible and really multipurpose.
B. Results
After the object recognition of case study and application
of the algorithm of association, found new rules for the
revaluation of 15% of rural and urban properties in "good"
use condition.
However, the possibility of identifying clusters of objects
cognitive that can contain and provide information about a
region mainly assists in the reuse of a project, as it reduces
high costs, adds standards to the process of collecting and
preparing the data, and makes them available for the
development of new projects in a collaborative manner, as
illustrated in Fig. 7.
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Figure. 7: Individualized evaluation of the rules through maps (cartogram).
Another concern relates to the interpretation of the results
obtained by the process of data mining, which aims to
provide for the visualization of the processes of association,
classification or clustering of data that is mainly stored in
different formats and documentations.
Finally, for analyses of high complexity, the display
module also provides a spatial representation through maps
(cartogram), allowing for access to different queries without
the presence of experts with technical knowledge, bringing
decision-makers an innovative mechanism for monitoring
and auditing projects.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Through the case study, the primary processes
responsible for the exchange of spatial data were established,
and during the experiments, new needs and consequent
improvements in the source code of the core of the
framework were implemented.
Significant advances were achieved through an extensive
series of experiments, which mainly used ranking
algorithms, association and clustering. However, more
significant results were obtained with the classification
method, reaching the goals initially set for the paper.
Surveying the needs for identification and adaptation
algorithms stands out as the greatest contribution of this
work, enabling the creation of rules through a new algorithm
for analysis of cognitive objects toward the spatial
representation. Through research, it became possible to test
the applicability of spatial data mining resources on the web.
This test provided engineering departments with innovative
collaborations within the OpenICGFw framework, mainly
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assisting in the investigation of large volumes of data and the
reuse of existing structures and knowledge. However, there
are factors that prevent collaboration and the dissemination
of spatial data within the institution. From this work came
new initiatives and experiments. This work also highlighted
the need for improvements, including new libraries and
increasing the compatibility for integration for the extensive
list of tools commonly adopted in the engineering
laboratories of public institutions. During the development of
algorithms for rule extraction, were found several problems
to be discussed in more detail in future work, including the
processes of research on ontologies for rule extraction and
identification of spatial patterns.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors acknowledge the Graduate Program in Civil
Engineering at the Federal University of Santa Catarina
(UFSC) for the opportunity and support structure the project
[200739557].
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