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Recycling Construction Demolition Waste in The World and in Vietnam
Recycling Construction Demolition Waste in The World and in Vietnam
ABSTRACT: A number of studies on reusing and recycling of construction demolition waste (CDW) as
well as the properties of building materials using recycled aggregates (RAs) have been carried out in
many countries. In Vietnam, researchers are also interested in using RAs for the construction industry in
order to develop sustainable construction and minimize environmental impact. This paper not only fo-
cuses on the review and discussion about the research and application of recycled CDW in the world and
in Vietnam. It also gives recommendations on researches and on recycling CDW technology as well as
the applicability of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) for sustainable construction in Vietnam.
1 INTRODUCTION
Cost of CDW disposal is becoming higher and difficult for demolition contractors. Due to environmental
and technical factors, scientists around the world are trying to find ways to reuse (or reutilize) these mate-
rials. It is not only bring significant economic, environment benefits but also demanding technical re-
quirements for building. Table 1 and Figure 1 show the level of recycledg and landfilled rate of CDW in
European countries [8] and Vietnam [25].
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Figure 1. Rate of recycled and reused CDW in EU in periods of time [10]
Mixture of crushed bricks and portland cement to produce concrete products was first recorded in Ger-
many in 1860 [9]. On behalf of RILEM technical committee 37DRC, Nixon prepared the first reports of
recycled concrete aggregate for concrete in the period from 1945 to 1977. The 2nd Report of RAs and recy-
cled aggregate concrete (RAC) was prepared by Hansen covering the period of 1978-1985 and the 3rd re-
port was an updated version of the second state of art report covering the development in the period be-
tween 1985 and 1989 [9]. In 1993, RILEM organised the International workshop on guidelines for demoli-
tion and reuse of concrete and masonry waste [19]. In 2002, ACI Committee 555 reported information on
evaluating and processing waste concrete as recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) to produce concrete con-
struction [1]. In recent years from 1996 to 2011, many Chinese researchers are interested in the studying on
nearly all aspects of mechanical properties and structural performance of concrete using RAC [39].
In Vietnam, the possibility of using recycled CDW aggregates substituting for natural aggregates
(NAs) in concrete and mortar construction has been studied [20, 36]. A pilot plant to produce recycled
aggregates from CDW was built [21]. Recycled CDW was used for road foundation layers [37].
To summerize all of those achievements, this paper is not only written primarily a state of art on recy-
cling CDW in over the world and in Vietnam, but also to recommend further studies on recycled concrete
for developing sustainable construction in Vietnam.
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During the 1950s and 1960s, the demolition contractors generally were limited to hand held breakers,
jackhammers operated by compressed air, wrecking balls, etc. Only few demolition contractors can re-
move whole structures. However, with the development of modern technology, good demolition equip-
ment (devices) are now produced. They help us demolish constructions easily. ACI 555R [1] divides
methods of demolition into: Demolition by hand tools, hand operated power tools, vehicle mounted
equipment, explosive blasting, drills and saws, non-explosive demolition agents (mechanical or chemical
separation methods).
The choice of demolition methods depends on many factors such as: financial; time limits imposed on
a project; the strength and performance of concrete; the shape, size and accessibility of structure; the
amount of demolished concrete; environmental concerns (including noise, dust, vibration and debris);
worker safety and public safety; possible recycling of concrete and removal; transport and disposal of de-
bris.
CDW sorting at demolition site depends on the method of demolition. Method of demolition also will
affect the possibility of reused and recycled CDW. Some types of store and sort of CDW at a demolition
site is shown in Figure 2 [4].
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Water absorption of both RCA and RMA are higher than that of NAs. Water absorption of RCA is
from 3 to 12%. Water absorption of RMA is from 20 to 25%, while water absorption of RAs is only 0.5-
1.2% [31]. Water absorption of recycled fine aggregates is significant higher than that of recycled coarse
aggregates. Water absorption of RAs and NAs was summarised in Table 2 [20, 34, 36].
Khalaf [15] stated that the pores contained within the recycled aggregates vary in size over a wide
range. The largest pores can be seen easily by a microscope or even with the naked eye. The smallest
pores are usually larger than the size of the gel pores contained in the cement paste. Some of the aggre-
gate pores are closed. Others are open on the surface of the aggregate particle.
Los Angeles Abrasion of RAs is higher than that of NAs but most of RCA (including the worst type)
also meet the requirements of ASTM C33 (Los Angeles abrasion <50% for construction , <40% for roads
infrastructure) [9].
One of the problems inherent in use of RAs for manufacture of new concrete mixtures is the possibility
of contaminants in original CDW debris passing into new concrete mixtures. Contaminants may be clay
balls, bitumen joint seals, expansion joint fillers, gypsum, periclase refractory bricks, chlorides, organic
materials, chemical admixtures, tramp steel and other metals, glass, lightweight bricks and concrete,
weathered or fire damaged particles, particles susceptible to frost or alkali reactions, etc. [9].
To improve properties of RAs, several techniques have been developed, such as removing loose parti-
cles through an ultrasonic cleaning method [13], separating old mortar from virgin aggregate by ball-
milling [24] or by heating first and then rubbing [35].
In Vietnam, there is no study on microstructure of RA particles, content and contribution of pores in
RAs. A few research result on properties of RAs and RAC has been published [36]. The absorption and
desorption of water by porous RAs has not yet been investigated in detail.
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3.2 Standards and specifications for RAs
Many countries allow using RAs for concrete and most of specifications in the same standard with NAs.
However, some countries only allow using RCA like as: RILEM (1994), ACI 555R [1], BRE Digest 433,
JIS technical report TRA 0006.
In Vietnam, technical standards and specifications for using RAs in concrete are not available. Guide-
line for recycling CDW technology and using RAs for construction from the research project [21] is still
not approved by Ministry of Construction of Vietnam.
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39]. The decrease in compressive strength of crushed brick aggregate is greater than RCA. When replac-
ing 100% by RCA, the concrete strength at 28 days decreased 19% while by RMA down 35% compared
with the concrete used NAs. This is resulted from the low strength of crushed brick aggregate as a result
of Los Angeles abrasion [5]. The influences of sources and replacement content of RAs on compressive
strength are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5.
The use of recycled fine aggregate (RFA) has an greater adverse effect on compressive strength of
RAC [6, 32]. Khatib [18] has studied this effect in a free water cement ratio of W/C= 0.5 when replacing
natural sand by RFAs from masonry and concrete. The result indicated that there was not significant de-
crease on compressive strength after 90-day curing in water. The same compressive strength was obtained
in RAC with 50% RFA from masonry compare to NAC [38]. Khatib attributed that the cementitious na-
ture of fine particles from masonry which contributed to enhancement of the long-term compressive
strength.
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4.2.3 Elastic modulus
The elastic modulus of RAC decreased as the RAs replacement percentage increased and the elastic
modulus of RAC with 100% RCA was about 40% lower than that of conventional concrete (using present
sentence). Figure 7 indicates that the elastic modulus decreases with the increase of the replacement per-
centage of RCA. Most of studies on elastic modulus of RAC reported that elastic modulus decreases as
increasing RAs content. It can be reduced to 30-50% when replacing 100% NAs by RAs. The large
amount of old mortar with comparatively low modulus of elasticity in RAC results in this reduction of
elastic modulus of RAC [29, 31, 39].
Figure 7. Elastic modulus as a function Figure 8. Effect of replacing coarse or fine RAs on the
of RCA replacement percentage [39] water absorption values of RAC [22]
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5 CONCRETE BRICK BLOCK USING RAC
Khalaf and DeVenny [16] have studied the performance of concrete block using RA from crushed bricks
at high temperatures. Normal concrete with compressive strength of 35-45 MPa or high strength of 50-65
MPa can be produced by using coarse aggregate from crushed bricks. Concrete using crushed brick ag-
gregates has smaller density. Fire resistance of concrete blocks using crushed brick aggregates is similar
or better than that of the used granite stone.
In 2010, Ismail and Yaacob researched properties of concrete blocks using recycled fine aggregates
from masonry. Test results showed that the replacement of natural sand by recycled fine aggregates at the
levels of 50% and 75% improves compressive strength of the blocks [11]. However, when natural sand is
completely replaced by recycled fine aggregate, compressive strength of test samples is lower than that of
control sample.
Soutsos et al. [33] investigated the use of stone aggregates taken from waste concretes and bricks to
replace coarse and fine-stone aggregates. The maximum replacement levels for RCA were determined to
be 60% for the recycled coarse concrete fraction and 20% for the fine concrete fraction, will not have
significant detrimental effect on the compressive strength concrete blocks. While the maximum replace-
ment levels for RMA were determined to be 20% for the coarse fraction and 20% for the fine fraction.
- Until now, using RAs in Vietnam is not much meanwhile a huge volume of construction demolition
waste is annually disposed. It strongly impacts on environment and cost of construction projects.
Hence, research on characteristics of RAs and performance of concrete containing RAs is desirable.
- Further studies of the microstructure and micro mechanical properties of RACs are recommended in
the world and in Vietnam. The interfacial zone between RAs surface and new cement paste are also
studied urgently needed. No studies have been reported on the susceptibility to alkali reactions of recy-
cled aggregate concrete produced from recycled concrete aggregates that has been damaged by alkali
reactions. Such studies are also urgently needed
- Water absorption of RAs is much higher than NAs. It revealed that there is a interconnected open pore
system in RAs. This lead to self-curing possibility of RAs during hydration of RAC mixtures. There
has not been any researches in Vietnam on this issue.
- Furthermore, it is necessary to understand the influence of chemical and mineral additives (such as fly
ash, blast furnace slag) on Compressive strength, tensile strength, elastic modulus, shingkage, autoge-
neous of RAC.
7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank the project DELPHE 743 financing to this study.
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