Santa Mara (ship) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

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La Santa Mara de la Inmaculada Concepcin (Spanish for: The

Holy Mary of the Immaculate Conception), or La Santa Mara,
originally La Gallega,[1] was the largest of the three ships used by
Christopher Columbus in his first voyage. Her master and owner was
Juan de la Cosa.

Christopher Columbus on Santa Mara in

1 History 1492
2 Shipwreck
3 Crew History
3.1 Crew list Spain
4 Replicas
4.1 Quadricentennial Name: Santa Mara de la
4.2 West Edmonton Mall Inmaculada Concepcin
4.3 Quincentennial (originally La Gallega[1])
4.4 Madeira
5 See also Namesake: Immaculate Conception of
6 References the Blessed Virgin Mary
Owner: Juan de la Cosa
Launched: 1460
Struck: 25 December 1492
Fate: Ran aground
Santa Mara was built in Pontevedra, Galicia, in Spain's north-west
region.[2][3] Santa Mara was probably a medium-sized nau General characteristics
(carrack), about 58 ft (17.7 m) long on deck, and according to Juan
Escalante de Mendoza in 1575, Santa Maria was "very little larger Type: Carrack
than 100 toneladas" (about 100 tons, or tuns) burthen, or burden, Displacement: est. 150 metric
[4][5][6] and was used as the flagship for the expedition. Santa Mara
tons of displacement
had a single deck and three small masts. Tons burthen: est. 108 tons BM
The other ships of the Columbus expedition were the smaller Length: est. hull length 19 m
caravel-type ships Santa Clara, remembered as La Nia ("The (62 ft)
Girl"), and La Pinta ("The Painted"). All these ships were est. keel length
second-hand (if not third- or more) and were not intended for 12.6 m (41 ft)
exploration. Nia, Pinta, and the Santa Mara were modest-sized
Beam: est. 5.5 m (18 ft)
merchant vessels comparable in size to a modern cruising yacht. The
exact measurements of length and width of the three ships have not Draught: est. 3.2 m (10 ft)
survived, but good estimates of their burden capacity can be judged Propulsion: sail
from contemporary anecdotes written down by one or more of
Columbus's crew members, and contemporary Spanish and Complement: 40
Portuguese shipwrecks from the late 15th and early 16th centuries Armament: 4 90 mm bombards,
which are comparable in size to that of Santa Mara. These include 50 mm culebrinas

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the ballast piles and keel lengths of the Molasses Reef Wreck and Notes: Captained by Christopher
Highborn Cay Wreck in the Bahamas. Both were caravel vessels Columbus
19 m (62 ft) in length overall, 12.6 m (41 ft) keel length and 5 to
5.7 m (16 to 19 ft) in width, and rated between 100 and 150 tons burden.[7] Santa Mara, being Columbus'
largest ship, was only about this size, and Nia and Pinta were smaller, at only 50 to 75 tons burden and perhaps
15 to 18 metres (49 to 59 ft) on deck[4] (updated dimensional estimates are discussed below in the section
entitled Replicas).

With three masts, Santa Mara was the slowest of Columbus' vessels but performed well
in the Atlantic Ocean crossing. Then on the return trip, on 24 December (1492), not
having slept for two days, Columbus decided at 11:00 p.m. to lie down to sleep. The
night being calm, the steersman also decided to sleep, leaving only a cabin boy to steer
the ship, a practice which the admiral had always strictly forbidden. With the boy at the
helm, the currents carried the ship onto a sandbank, running her aground off the
present-day site of Cap-Hatien, Haiti. It sank the next day.[8][9][10] Realizing that the
ship was beyond repair, Columbus ordered his men to strip the timbers from the ship.
The timbers were later used to build a fort which Columbus called La Navidad
(Christmas) because the wreck occurred on Christmas Day, north from the modern town
of Limonade[11][12] (see map (http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/histarch/images/enBasSaline One of Santa Mara's
/large/morisonmap_copy.jpg), and the photograph (http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/histarch alleged anchors on
/images/enBasSaline/large/aerialdrawing_jpg.jpg)). display at Muse du
Panthon National
Santa Mara carried several anchors, possibly six.[13] One of the anchors now rests in Hatien
the Muse du Panthon National Hatien (MUPANAH), in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.[14]

On 13 May 2014, underwater archaeological explorer Barry Clifford claimed that his team had found the wreck
of Santa Mara.[15][16] In the following October, UNESCO's expert team published their final report, concluding
that the wreck could not be Columbus's vessel. Fastenings used in the hull and possible copper sheathing dated it
to the 17th or 18th century.[17][18][19]

Columbus' crew was not composed of criminals as is widely believed.[20]

Many were experienced seamen from the port of Palos in Andalusia and
its surrounding countryside, as well as from the region of Galicia in
northwest Spain. It is true, however, that the Spanish sovereigns offered
an amnesty to convicts who signed up for the voyage; still, only four
men took up the offer: one who had killed a man in a fight, and three
friends of his who had then helped him escape from jail.[20]

Despite the romantic legend that the Queen of Spain had used a
necklace that she had received from her husband the king as collateral Ship model at Fort San Cristbal, San
for a loan, the voyage was principally financed by a syndicate of seven Juan, Puerto Rico
noble Genovese bankers resident in Seville (the group was linked to
Amerigo Vespucci and funds belonging to Lorenzo di Pier Francesco de
Medici). Hence, all the accounting and recording of the voyage was kept in Seville. This also applies to the

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second voyage, even though the syndicate had by then disbanded.

The crew of Santa Mara is well-known,[21] albeit in many cases, there are no surnames and the crewman's
place of origin was used to differentiate him from others with the same given name.

Crew list

Cristbal Coln (Christopher Columbus), captain-general[21]

Juan de la Cosa, owner and master
Pedro Alonso Nio, pilot
Diego de Arana, master-at-arms
Pedro de Gutierrez, royal steward
Rodrigo de Escobedo, secretary of the fleet
Rodrigo Sanchez, comptroller
Luis de Torres, interpreter
Bartolome Garcia, boatswain
Chachu, boatswain
Cristobal Caro, goldsmith
Juan Sanchez, physician
Antonio de Cullar, carpenter
Diego Perez, painter
Lope, joiner
Maestre Juan
Rodrigo de Jerez
Alonso Chocero
Alonso Clavijo
Andres de Yruenes
Bartolome Biues
Bartolome de Torres
Diego Bermudez
Domingo de Lequeitio
Gonzalo Franco
Jacomel Rico
Juan (Horacio Crassocius from La Rabida Friary)
Juan de Jerez
Juan de la Placa
Juan Martines de Acoque
Juan de Medina
Juan de Moguer
Juan Ruiz de la Pena
Marin de Urtubia
Pedro Yzquierdo
Pedro de Lepe
Pedro de Salcedo, servant of Columbus and ship's boy
Rodrigo de Gallego
Pedro de Terreros, cabin boy
Diego Garca

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Replicas of the Santa Mara

Santa Maria de 1892 replica Replica in West Edmonton Mall

Colombo, built by
craftsmen from
Cmara de Lobos,
Madeira

Replica in 1998 replica in Madeira Replica in Wharf

Columbus, Ohio of the Caravels,
Palos de la
Frontera, Spain

Little is definitively known about the actual dimensions of Santa Mara, since no documentation or illustration
has survived from that era. Since the 19th century, various notable replicas have been publicly commissioned or
privately constructed.

Quadricentennial

Interest in reconstructing Santa Mara started in Spain at around 1890 for the 400th anniversary of Columbus's
voyage. An 1892 reconstruction by the Spanish government depicted the ship as a nao.[22]

West Edmonton Mall

A replica was built during Expo 86 and anchored in "Deep Sea Adventure Lake" at West Edmonton Mall. Built
at False Creek in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ship was hand-carved and hand-painted, and then
transported by flatbed trucks across the Rocky Mountains to Edmonton, Alberta.[23]

Quincentennial

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A replica, depicted as a Carrack, was commissioned by the city of Columbus, Ohio.[24] It was built by the
Scarano Brothers Boat Building Company in Albany, New York, who later cut the ship in half and transported it
by truck to the Scioto River. The replica cost about 1.2 million dollars. The ship was constructed out of white
cedar as opposed to an oak wood used on the original to give the ship a long life in the Scioto River and to
reduce cost. The main mast was carved out of a single douglas fir tree and was equipped with a top sail (since
removed). The ship was built using power tools, with a hull length of 29.6 m (97 ft), keel length 16.1 m (53 ft),
beam 7.9 m (26 ft), depth 3.2 m (10 ft) and load 223.8 metric tons of displacement. The foremast is 9.7 m (32 ft)
high, the mainmast is 15.9 m (52 ft) and mizzen mast is 10.4 m (34 ft). The replica was declared by Jose Maria
Martinez-Hidalgo, a Spanish marine historian, to be the most authentic replica of the Santa Mara in the world
during the ship's coronation on 12 October 1991.[25]

Dana Rinehart, the 50th mayor of Columbus, christened the ship as part of the 500th anniversary of its voyage.
The ship was removed from its moorings in 2014, cut into 10 pieces, and stored in a lot south of the city,
pending funding to do repairs and restorations. As of early 2016, the plans for restoration have stalled. Its parts
can be seen via satellite view on Google Maps [2] (http://www.google.com/maps/@39.8162099,-
83.0029944,71m/data=!3m1!1e3).

Madeira

A functional replica was built on the island of Madeira, between July 1997 and July 1998, in the fishing village
of Camara de Lobos. The ship is 22 m (72 ft) long and 7 m (23 ft) wide. In 1998 Santa Mara represented the
Madeira Wine Expo 98 in Lisbon, where she was visited by over 97,000 people in 25 days. Since then
thousands more have sailed and continue to sail aboard that Santa Mara replica which is located in Funchal.[26]

Columbian Exchange
Nia
Pinta
Pinzn brothers
Santa Mara Rupes, a ridge on planet Mercury named after this ship
Ship replica (including a list of ship replicas)
Voyages of Christopher Columbus
Wharf of the Caravels

1. "ShipWiki - Santa Maria" (https://shipwiki.wikispaces.com/Santa+Maria). Shipwiki.wikispaces.com.

Retrieved 2014-07-15.
2. Peter van der Krogt. "Pontevedra - Monumento a la Santa Maria" (http://www.vanderkrogt.net/statues
/object.php?webpage=CO&record=esga010). Vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
3. "Tesis sobre colon gallego y de Pontevedra" (http://www.cristobal-colon.com/COLON/TESISGALLEGA
/MARTHAGONZALEZ/MARTHA.htm). cristobal-colon.com. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
4. William D. Phillips; Carla Rahn Phillips (1992). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus
(https://books.google.com/books?id=8jhtmzLlX70C&pg=PA145&lpg=PA145&
dq=carla+rahn+phillips+ship+60+feet#v=onepage&q&f=false). Cambridge University Press.
pp. 143145. ISBN 978-0-521-44652-5.
5. "Christopher Columbus Ships" (http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/christopher-columbus-ships.htm).
Elizabethan-era.org.uk. 2012-05-16. Retrieved 2014-07-15.

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6. [1] (http://www.evgschool.org/Columbus%27s%20Sailing%20Ships.htm) Archived

(https://web.archive.org/web/20100430175303/http://www.evgschool.org
/Columbus%27s%20Sailing%20Ships.htm) 30 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
7. Gould, Richard A. (2000). Archaeology and the Social History of Ships (https://books.google.com
/books?id=gZ-hmmcD1pMC&pg=PA206&lpg=PA206&
dq=highborne+cay+wreck+150+tons#v=onepage&q=highborne%20cay%20wreck%20150%20tons&
f=false). Cambridge University Press. p. 206. ISBN 9780521567893.
8. Columbus, Christopher (1893). "The Journal of Christopher Columbus (During His First Voyage,
1492-93) and Documents Relating to the Voyages of John Cabot and Gaspar Corte Real"
(https://archive.org/stream/cihm_05312/cihm_05312_djvu.txt). Internet Archive. Trans. Clement R.
Markham. London: Hakluyt Society. Retrieved 1 Dec 2014.
9. Davies, Arthur (1953). "The Loss of the Santa Maria Christmas day, 1492.". The American Historical
Review: 854865. doi:10.1086/ahr/58.4.854 (https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr%2F58.4.854).
10. Maclean, Frances (January 2008). "The Lost Fort of Columbus" (http://www.smithsonianmag.com
/history-archaeology/fort-of-columbus-200801.html). Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved January 24, 2008.
11. "Hati histoire - 7 Bord de Mer de Limonade" (http://www.nilstremmel.com/haiti/f_noframes.htm).
Nilstremmel.com. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
12. "Article du ''Florida Museum of Natural History''" (http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/histarch/ebs_intro.htm).
Flmnh.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
13. Before presumed discovery of Columbus Santa Maria off Haiti, there was an anchor
(http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article1965005.html), Miami
Herald, May 25, 2014
14. Paret, Robert (2010). "MUPANAH and the Promotion of Historical and Cultural Values - Paret - 2011 -
Museum International - Wiley Online Library" (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111
/j.1468-0033.2011.01744.x/full). Museum International. Onlinelibrary.wiley.com. 62 (4): 3945.
doi:10.1111/j.1468-0033.2011.01744.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0033.2011.01744.x). Retrieved
2014-07-15.
15. David Keys (May 13, 2014). "Exclusive: Found after 500 years, the wreck of Christopher Columbuss
flagship the Santa Maria" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/exclusive-found-
after-500-years-the-wreck-of-christopher-columbuss-flagship-the-santa-maria-9359330.html). The
Independent. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
16. Maranzani, Barbara (May 13, 2014). "Has Wreckage of Christopher Columbus Flagship Been Found?"
(http://www.history.com/news/has-wreckage-of-christopher-columbus-flagship-been-found). History.com.
Retrieved 14 May 2014.
17. "Shipwreck is not Santa Maria, UNESCO experts say" (http://en.unesco.org/news/shipwreck-not-santa-
maria-unesco-experts-say). Paris: UNESCO. 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
18. "Haiti shipwreck is not Columbuss Santa Maria, says Unesco" (https://www.theguardian.com/science
/2014/oct/06/haiti-shipwreck-not-christopher-columbus-santa-maria). The Guardian. London. AFP, Paris.
6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
19. Laura Smith-Spark (October 7, 2014). "Haiti wreck isn't Columbus' ship Santa Maria, U.N. says -
CNN.com" (http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/07/world/americas/un-columbus-santa-maria-claim/).
CNN.com. CNN. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
20. Hale, Edward Everett. The Life of Christopher Columbus (http://www.classicreader.com/book/1293/10/),
Ch. IX. 1891.
21. The Columbus Navigation Homepage. "Columbus's Crew (https://web.archive.org/web/20100819161656
/http://www.columbusnavigation.com/crew.shtml)". Archived July 2011. Accessed 2 June 2012.
22. "QUEER CRAFT THESE CARAVELS. - Those Who Saw Them Hobble to Anchor Marveled at
Columbus's Pluck." (https://query.nytimes.com
/gst/abstract.html?res=9D07EED61731E033A25755C2A9629C94629ED7CF). New York Times. 26 April
1893. Retrieved 18 November 2015. (Subscription required (help)).

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23. West Edmonton Mall. "WEM Santa Maria page" (http://www.wem.ca/play/theme-parks-attractions/santa-

maria). Wem.ca. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
24. Pastor, Xavier (1992). The Ships of Christopher Columbus. London: Naval Institute Press.
ISBN 1-84486-014-0.
25. Albrecht, Eric. "Setting Sail for Parts Unknown: Santa Maria!"
(https://photographcolumbus.wordpress.com/tag/santa-maria/). photographcolumbus.wordpress.com.
Retrieved August 11, 2015.
26. "Santa Mara de Columbo" (http://www.santamariadecolombo.com). Santamariadecolombo.com.
Retrieved 2014-07-15.

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