Physical science is the study of physics and chemistry of nature.

[citation needed] From the materialist and functionalist viewpoints it

overlaps the life sciences where ecology studies the evidences of historical facts or evolution. Natural sciences bridge the phenomena
in the physical sciences to the noumenon in the life sciences.

In physics, energy is an indirectly observed quantity which comes in many forms, such as kinetic energy, potential energy, radiant
energy, and many others;
Energy is the capacity of a physical system to perform work. Energy exists in several forms such as heat, kinetic or mechanical
energy, light, potential energy, electrical, or other forms.

The common definition of matter is anything that has both mass and volume (occupies space).[12][13] For example, a car would be said
to be made of matter, as it occupies space, and has mass.

6 Main Branches of Chemistry

Since chemistry is a very broad topic to study, people (most probably scientists) divided this into different branches. Here are the 6
main branches of chem..

1. Analytical chemistry- concerned with the separation, identification, and composition of materials.

Qualitative analysis vs. Quantitative analysis

Qualitative analysis involves our senses. If we say that a piece of paper is blue in color that is a qualitative analysis. Quantitative
analysis on the other hand involves measurement. If we say that a solution is 30 % water that is a quantitative analysis.

2. Physical chemistry- involves the study of the physical characteristics of materials and the mechanisms of their reactions.

3. Organic chemistry - study of substances containing carbon.

- the chemistry of carbon compounds

4. Inorganic chemistry- study of other substances not containing carbon

- the chemistry of materials other than those classified as organic.

5. Biochemistry- the chemistry involving living things

- the study of materials and processes that occur in living things

6. Nuclear chemistry- involves the study of subatomic particles and nuclear reactions

Analytical Chemistry
The collection of techniques and methods used to gain an understanding of the chemical composition and structure of materials.
Qualitative and quantitative methods are two of the more basic methods used in this discipline. The methods can be used in all the
other branches of chemistry.

Biochemistry
The chemistry of life-processes and living organisms.Biochemistry and organic chemistry are closely related.Biochemists focus on the
structures of biological molecules and their physical properties.Common biological molecules include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
and nucleic acids.

Inorganic Chemistry
The study of reactions and properties of compunds which do not contain hydrocarbons carbon and hydrogen and which are not
organic.

Organic Chemistry
The study of compounds consisting primarily of hydrocarbons which provide the primary material of all organic compounds.
Hundreds of thousands of carbon-based molecules exist becuase carbon atoms are able to form long branched chains and rings.
Because they make up the majority of compounds in living organisms organic compounds are of special importance. They form coal
and oil. Some of the most studied organic compounds are those that contain nitrogen. This is because These have importance because
they are linked to amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins and life.

Physical Chemistry
Physical Chemistry deals with the application of physical laws to chemical change and chemical systems.
There are several subcategories of physical chemistry, including chemical kinetics, electrochemistry and thermodynamics. The later is
widely studied and deals with the role of energy in chemical reactions. Chemical kinetics is concerned with mechanisms and rates of
reactions. Electrochemistry is concerned with the effects of electricity on chemical changes as well of the conversion of chemical to
electrical energy and vise versa.

Nuclear Chemistry
The study of the chemical effects of high energy radiation and the behaviour of radio-active isotopes. These are atoms of the same
element that vary in the number of neutrons they contain.

Geochemistry
The chemistry ( and physics) of processes taking place in the earth. Examples are the formation of petroleum, the metamophosis of
rocks and mineral formation.

Agrochemistry - This branch of chemistry may also be called agricultural chemistry. It deals with the application of chemistry for
agricultural production, food processing, and environmental remediation as a result of agriculture.

Analytical Chemistry - Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry involved with studying the properties of materials or
developing tools to analyze materials.

Astrochemistry - Astrochemistry is the study of the composition and reactions of the chemical elements and molecules found in the
stars and in space and of the interactions between this matter and radiation.

Biochemistry - Biochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical reactions that occur inside living organisms.

Chemical Engineering - Chemical engineering involves the practical application of chemistry to solve problems.

Chemistry History - Chemistry history is the branch of chemistry and history that traces the evolution over time of chemistry as a
science. To some extent, alchemy is included as a topic of chemistry history.

Cluster Chemistry - This branch of chemistry involves the study of clusters of bound atoms, intermediate in size between single
molecules and bulk solids.

Combinatorial Chemistry - Combinatorial chemistry involves computer simulation of molecules and reactions between molecules.

Electrochemistry - Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that involves the study of chemical reactions in a solution at the
interface between an ionic conductor and an electrical conductor. Electrochemistry may be considered to be the study of electron
transfer, particularly within an electrolytic solution.

Environmental Chemistry - Environmental chemistry is the chemistry associated with soil, air, and water and of human impact on
natural systems.

Food Chemistry - Food chemistry is the branch of chemistry associated with the chemical processes of all aspects of food. Many
aspects of food chemistry rely on biochemistry, but it incorporates other disciplines as well.

General Chemistry - General chemistry examines the structure of matter and the reaction between matter and energy. It is the basis
for the other branches of chemistry.

Geochemistry - Geochemistry is the study of chemical composition and chemical processes associated with the Earth and other
planets.

Green Chemistry - Green chemistry is concerned with processes and products that eliminate or reduce the use or release of hazardous
substances. Remediation may be considered part of green chemistry.

Inorganic Chemistry - Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the structure and interactions between inorganic
compounds, which are any compounds that aren't based in carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Kinetics - Kinetics examines the rate at which chemical reactions occur and the factors that affect the rate of chemical processes.
Medicinal Chemistry - Medicinal chemistry is chemistry as it applies to pharmacology and medicine.

Nanochemistry - Nanochemistry is concerned with the assembly and properties of nanoscale assemblies of atoms or molecules.

Nuclear Chemistry - Nuclear chemistry is the branch of chemistry associated with nuclear reactions and isotopes.

Organic Chemistry - This branch of chemistry deals with the chemistry of carbon and living things.

Photochemistry - Photochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with interactions between light and matter.

Physical Chemistry - Physical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that applies physics to the study of chemistry. Quantum
mechanics and thermodyamics are examples of physical chemistry disciplines.

Polymer Chemistry - Polymer chemistry or macromolecular chemistry is the branch of chemistry the examines the structure and
properties of macromolecules and polymers and finds new ways to synthesize these molecules.

Solid State Chemistry - Solid state chemistry is the branch of chemistry that is focused on the structure, properties, and chemical
processes that occur in the solid phase. Much of solid state chemistry deals with the synthesis and characterization of new solid state
materials.

Spectroscopy - Spectroscopy examines the interactions between matter and electromagnetic radiation as a function of wavelength.
Spectroscopy commonly is used to detect and identify chemicals based on their spectroscopic signatures.

Thermochemistry - Thermochemistry may be considered a type of Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry involves the study of
thermal effects of chemical reactions and the thermal energy exchange between processes.

Theoretical Chemistry - Theoretical chemistry applies chemistry and physics calculations to explain or make predictions about
chemical phenomena.

Matter can be classified by its state.

Solids have a set volume and shape.The inter molecular force of attraction for solid matter is very strong.
Liquids have a set volume, but change shape. The inter molecular force of attraction for liquid matter is weaker than solid
matter.
Gases have neither definite volume nor shape. The inter molecular force of attraction for gaseous matter is negligible.
Plasma which are usually gaseous state of matter in which a part or all of the atoms or molecules are dissociated to form
ions.

Matter can also be classified by its chemical composition.

An element is a pure substance made up of atoms with the same number of protons. As of 2011, 118 elements have been
observed, 92 of which occur naturally. Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H) are examples of elements. The periodic table
is a tabular representation of the known elements.
A compound consists of two or more chemical elements that are chemically bonded together. Water (H 2O) and table sugar
(C12H22O11) are examples of chemical compounds. The ratio of the elements in a compound is always the same. For example
in water, the number of H atoms is always twice the number of O atoms.
A mixture consists of two or more substances (element or compound) mixed together without any chemical bond. Salad is a
good example. A mixture can be separated into its individual components by mechanical means.
Chemical Changes

Chemical changes take place on the molecular level. A chemical change produces a new substance. Examples of chemical changes
include combustion (burning), cooking an egg, rusting of an iron pan, and mixing hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide to make
salt and water.

Physical Changes

Physical changes are concerned with energy and states of matter. A physical change does not produce a new substance. Changes in
state or phase (melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation) are physical changes. Examples of physical changes include
crushing a can, melting an ice cube, and breaking a bottle.

How to Tell Chemical & Physical Changes Apart

A chemical change makes a substance that wasn't there before. There may be clues that a chemical reaction took place, such as light,
heat, color change, gas production, odor, or sound. The starting and ending materials of a physical change are the same, even though
they may look different.

Chemical change is any change that results in the formation of new chemical substances. At the molecular level, chemical change
involves making or breaking of bonds between atoms. These changes are chemical:

iron rusting (iron oxide forms)

gasoline burning (water vapor and carbon dioxide form)
eggs cooking (fluid protein molecules uncoil and crosslink to form a network)
bread rising (yeast converts carbohydrates into carbon dioxide gas)
milk souring (sour-tasting lactic acid is produced)
suntanning (vitamin D and melanin is produced)

Physical change rearranges molecules but doesn't affect their internal structures. Some examples of physical change are:

whipping egg whites (air is forced into the fluid, but no new substance is produced)
magnetizing a compass needle (there is realignment of groups ("domains") of iron atoms, but no real change within the iron
atoms themselves).
boiling water (water molecules are forced away from each other when the liquid changes to vapor, but the molecules are still
H2O.)
dissolving sugar in water (sugar molecules are dispersed within the water, but the individual sugar molecules are unchanged.)
dicing potatoes (cutting usually separates molecules without changing them.)

Classification of real processes can be tricky. Complex changes can be broken down into many simpler steps. Some of the steps are
chemical and others are physical, so the overall process can't cleanly be placed in either category. For example, boiling coffee involves
chemical change (the delicate molecules that give coffee its flavor react with air and become new, bitter-tasting substances) and
physical change (the water in the coffee is going from liquid to gaseous form).