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FHMM1034 Chapter 1 Coordinate Geometry
FHMM1034 Chapter 1 Coordinate Geometry
Topics
1.6 Parabola
1.7 Ellipse
1.1
1.8 Hyperbola The Cartesian
1.9 Shifted Conics Coordinate
1.10 Parametric Equations
1.11 Loci
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x PQ = ( x 2 x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 y1 ) 2
0 x
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Example 1 Example 2
Which of the points P(1, 2) or Q(8, 9) is A ( 2 , 5) , B ( 4, 1) and C ( 3, 52 ) are three points
closer the point A(5, 3) ? on the coordinate plane. Find the distance of
AB , BC and AC . Hence, show that ABC is
a right - angled triangle and find its area.
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x 2 + x1 y 2 + y1 x 2 x1 y 2 y1
x= , y= x= , y=
+ +
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x1 + x 2 y + y2
, 1
2 2
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Example 3
Find the coordinate s of the point R which divides
the line joining the point P (8, 3) and the point
Q ( 4, 5) in the ratio 5 : 2
1.2
(i) internally
The Straight Line
(ii) externally
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y 2 y1 y y1 y y1
m= , x1 x 2 = 2
x 2 x1 x x1 x 2 x1
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y b = m(x a)
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Example 7 Example 8
Find the perpendicu lar distance from Without using a diagram, determine if
the point P ( 2, 4 ) to the straight line the points P ( 2 , 12 ) and Q ( 12 , 2 ) lie on
3 x 4 y + 5 = 0. the same side of the straight line
x + 2 y 4 = 0.
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Circle
The equation of a circle with the centre C ( a , b )
and radius r is
1.4
( x a)2 + ( y b)2 = r 2
Circle
If the centre is the origin, the equation becomes :
x2 + y2 = r 2
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Circle Example 9
The general equation of a circle is : Find an equation of the circle
x + y + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
2 2
with radius 3 and center ( 2 , 5 ).
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Example 10 Example 11
Find an equation of the circle that has the Show that the graph of
point P (1, 8) and Q (5, 6 ) as the endpoints x 2 + y 2 + 2( 4 y 3 x ) + 9 = 0
of the diameter. is a circle, and find its centre and radius.
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Example 12 Example 13
Find the equation of the circle with centre at the Find the equation of the tangent at the point (5, 1)
point (3, 2) and having radius equal to the on the circle x 2 + y 2 2 x + 4 y 20 = 0.
shortest distance of the centre from the line
2 y = 3x + 6 .
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Example 14
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Intercepts Intercepts
The x-coordinates of the points where a graph
intersects the x-axis are called the x-intercepts of
the graph and y = 0.
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Example 17
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Parabola Parabola
A parabola is the set of points in the plane The general equation of a parabola is
equidistant from a fixed point F (called the focus)
x 2 = 4ay
and a fixed line l (called the directrix).
The fixed point F (0, a ) is called the focus and
the fixed line y = a is called the directrix.
(0,0) is called the vertex.
F(0,a)
a The graph is symmetric about y axis and
a exists only for y 0.
y=-a
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Parabola Parabola
If a>0 opens upward If a<0 opens downward Parabola with vertical Parabola with horizontal
axis axis
Equation : x 2 = 4 ay Equation: y 2 = 4 ax
Properties: Vertex V (0,0) Properties: Vertex V (0,0)
Focus F (0, a) Focus F (a, 0)
Directrix y = - a Directrix x = - a
(0, a)
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Parabola Example 18
The line segment that a) Find the equation of the parabola with vertex
run through the focus a a V(0 ,0) and focus F(0, 2), and sketch its graph.
perpendicular to the
b) Find the focus and directrix of the parabola
axis with endpoints on 2a
6 x + y 2 = 0 and sketch the graph.
the parabola is called
the latus rectum and F(a, 0) c) Find the focus, directrix and focal diameter of
its length is the focal the parabola y = 12 x 2 and sketch its graph.
diameter.
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Ellipse
An ellipse is the set of all points in the plane the
sum of whose distances from 2 fixed points.
1.7 These 2 fixed points are the foci of the ellipse.
y
Ellipse P(x, y)
x
F1(-c,0) 0 F2(c,0)
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Ellipse Ellipse
The general equation of an ellipse is
x2 y2
+ =1
a2 b2
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Ellipse Ellipse
Equation: x 2
+
y 2
= 1 Equation: x 2
+
y 2
= 1
Eccentricity of an ellipse, e
a 2 b 2 b 2 a 2
a > b > 0 a > b > 0
The eccentricity is a measure of how stretched
Vertices: ( a, 0) Vertices: ( 0, a) the ellipse is.
c
Major axis: 2a Major axis: 2a Eccentricity of an ellipse, e = .
Minor axis: 2b Minor axis: 2b a
Foci: ( c ,0) , c 2 = a 2 b 2 Foci: (0, c) , c 2 = a 2 b 2
Eccentricity, e =
c
Eccentricity, e =
c The eccentricity of every ellipse satisfies 0 < e < 1.
a a If e is close to 1, the ellipse is elongated in
shape but if e is close to 0 then the ellipse is
close to a circle in shape.
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Example 19 Example 20
Show that each of the following equations represent a) Find the equation of an ellipse with its
an ellipse : vertices are (4, 0) and the foci are ( 2, 0) .
State all the properties each case, and sketch the curves.
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Example 21
Find the equations of the tangents with gradient 2
to the ellipse with equation 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 = 6, and
find their points of intersection.
1.8
Hyperbola
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Hyperbola Hyperbola
A hyperbola is the set of all points in the plane,
the difference of whose distances from 2 fixed The general equation of a hyperbola is
points. These fixed points are the foci of the
x2 y2
hyperbola. y
=1
a2 b2
P (x, y)
Note that :
0
x The curve does not exist for a < x < a.
F1 (-c, 0) F2 (c, 0)
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Hyperbola Hyperbola
Notice :
For large value of x (either + ve or ve)
i.e. x :
b2
y2 2 x2
a
b
y x
a
b
Hence, y = x are the asymptotes . x2 y 2
a =1
a 2 b2
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Example 23
a) State all the properties of the hyperbola and
sketch the graph
(i) 9 x 2 16 y 2 = 144 (ii) x 2 9 y 2 + 9 = 0 1.9
b) Find the equation of the hyperbola with Shifted Conics
vertices (3, 0) and foci (4, 0) .
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Example 25 Example 26
Determine the vertex, focus, and directrix Sketch the curve y 2 = 2 x.
and sketch the graph of the parabola.
Show that y 2 = 2( x + 2 y ) is the equation
x 2 4 x = 8 y 28 of a parabola and state the coordinate s
of its vertex. Sketch thi s curve.
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Parametric Equations
If f and g are functions defined on an interval I,
1.10 then the set of points ( f(t), g(t) ) is a plane
curve. The equation
Parametric A moving point : P ( x, y )
Equations
x = f (t ) y = g (t )
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Example 29 Example 30
Describe and graph the curve represented by the
Prove that the cartesian equation of the locus
parametric equations
with parametric equations x = 1 3t and
x = cost y = sin t 0 t 2
11 2 x
y = 2 + 3t is y = .
1 x
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Example 31
Find the range of values of k for which the line
y = k x intersects the curve with parametric
equations x = 2t , y = 2t at real points.
1.11
State the values of k for which the line y = k x
Loci
is a tangent t o the curve, and find the points of
intersecti on between th e line y = k x and the
curve when k = 5.
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Loci Example 32
If a point P ( x, y ) on the coordinate planes moves, The coordinate s of two points are A( 4, 5) and
either in a straight line or on a curve, such that its B ( 2, 1) .Find the equation of the locus of a
movement is restricted by certain conditions , the point P ( x, y ) such that
set of such points is called the locus of P.
The relationship between x and y , satisfying the (i) AP = BP
conditions, is called the cartesian equation of the
locus of P. (ii) AP = 2 BP
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The End
Of
Chapter 1
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