Trig Cheat Sheet Formulas and Identities

Tangent and Cotangent Identities Half Angle Formulas

sin q cos q 1
Definition of the Trig Functions tan q = cot q = sin 2 q = (1 - cos ( 2q ) )
Right triangle definition cos q sin q 2
For this definition we assume that Reciprocal Identities 1
Unit circle definition
1 1 cos 2 q = (1 + cos ( 2q ) )
p For this definition q is any angle. csc q = sin q = 2
0 < q < or 0 < q < 90 .
2 y sin q csc q 1 - cos ( 2q )
1 1 tan q =
2

sec q = cos q = 1 + cos ( 2q )

( x, y ) cos q sec q
Sum and Difference Formulas
1 1 1
hypotenuse y q cot q = tan q = sin (a b ) = sin a cos b cos a sin b
opposite tan q cot q
x
x
Pythagorean Identities cos (a b ) = cos a cos b m sin a sin b
q sin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1 tan a tan b
tan (a b ) =
adjacent tan q + 1 = sec q
2 2 1 m tan a tan b
Product to Sum Formulas
opposite hypotenuse y 1 1 + cot 2 q = csc 2 q
sin q = csc q = sin q = =y csc q = 1
hypotenuse opposite 1 y Even/Odd Formulas sin a sin b = cos (a - b ) - cos (a + b )
2
adjacent hypotenuse x 1 sin ( -q ) = - sin q csc ( -q ) = - csc q 1
cos q = secq = cos q = = x sec q = cos a cos b = cos (a - b ) + cos (a + b )
hypotenuse adjacent 1 x cos ( -q ) = cos q sec ( -q ) = sec q 2
opposite adjacent y x 1
tan q = cot q = tan q = cot q = tan ( -q ) = - tan q cot ( -q ) = - cot q sin a cos b = sin (a + b ) + sin (a - b )
adjacent opposite x y 2
Periodic Formulas 1
Facts and Properties If n is an integer. cos a sin b = sin (a + b ) - sin (a - b )
2
Domain sin (q + 2p n ) = sin q csc (q + 2p n ) = csc q Sum to Product Formulas
The domain is all the values of q that Period
cos (q + 2p n ) = cos q sec (q + 2p n ) = sec q a + b a - b
can be plugged into the function. The period of a function is the number, sin a + sin b = 2 sin cos
T, such that f (q + T ) = f (q ) . So, if w tan (q + p n ) = tan q cot (q + p n ) = cot q 2 2
sin q , q can be any angle
is a fixed number and q is any angle we Double Angle Formulas a + b a - b
sin a - sin b = 2 cos sin
cos q , q can be any angle have the following periods. 2 2
1 sin ( 2q ) = 2sin q cos q
tan q , q n + p , n = 0, 1, 2,K a + b a - b
2p cos ( 2q ) = cos 2 q - sin 2 q cos a + cos b = 2 cos cos
2
sin ( wq ) T = 2 2
csc q , q n p , n = 0, 1, 2,K w = 2 cos 2 q - 1 a + b a - b
1 2p cos a - cos b = -2 sin sin
sec q , q n + p , n = 0, 1, 2,K cos (wq ) T = = 1 - 2sin 2 q 2 2
2 w
2 tan q Cofunction Formulas
cot q , q n p , n = 0, 1, 2,K tan (wq ) T =
p tan ( 2q ) =
1 - tan 2 q p p
w sin - q = cos q cos - q = sin q
Range 2p Degrees to Radians Formulas 2 2
csc (wq ) T =
The range is all possible values to get w If x is an angle in degrees and t is an p p
csc - q = sec q sec - q = csc q
out of the function. 2p angle in radians then 2 2
-1 sin q 1 csc q 1 and csc q -1 sec (wq ) T = p t px 180t
w = t= and x = p p
tan - q = cot q cot - q = tan q
-1 cos q 1 sec q 1 and sec q -1 p 180 x 180 p 2 2
- < tan q < - < cot q < cot (wq ) T =
w

2005 Paul Dawkins 2005 Paul Dawkins

 Unit Circle
Inverse Trig Functions
Definition Inverse Properties
y
( 0,1) y = sin - 1 x is equivalent to x = sin y cos ( cos -1 ( x ) ) = x cos -1 ( cos (q ) ) = q
p y = cos - 1 x is equivalent to x = cos y sin ( sin -1 ( x ) ) = x sin -1 ( sin (q ) ) = q
1 3
1 3 ,
- , 2 2 2
y = tan x is equivalent to x = tan y
-1
2 2 p 2 2 tan ( tan - 1 ( x ) ) = x tan -1 ( tan (q ) ) = q
2p 90 ,
2 2 3 2 2
- , 3 Domain and Range
2 2 120 60
p Alternate Notation
3p 3 1 Function Domain Range
4 2 , 2 sin -1 x = arcsin x
4 p p
3 1
- , 135 45 p y = sin -1 x -1 x 1 - y
2 2 5p 2 2 cos - 1 x = arccos x
6 y = cos x -1
-1 x 1 0 y p
6 30 tan - 1 x = arctan x
150 p p
y = tan -1 x - < x < - < y<
2 2
( -1,0 ) p 180 0 0 (1,0 )
x Law of Sines, Cosines and Tangents
360 2p

c b a
210
7p 330
11p
6 225
3 1 6 3 1 a g
- ,- 5p 315 ,-
2 2 2 2
4 240 300 7p
2 2 4p 270
4
b
- ,- 5p 2 2
2 2 3 3p ,-
3 2 2
2 Law of Sines Law of Tangents
1 3
- ,-
1
,-
3
sin a sin b sin g
= = a - b tan 12 (a - b )
2 2 2 2 =
( 0,-1) a b c a + b tan 12 (a + b )
Law of Cosines b - c tan 12 ( b - g )
=
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos a b + c tan 12 ( b + g )
For any ordered pair on the unit circle ( x, y ) : cos q = x and sin q = y b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2ac cos b a - c tan 12 (a - g )
=
c = a + b - 2ab cos g a + c tan 12 (a + g )
2 2 2

Example
Mollweides Formula
5p 1 5p 3
cos = sin =- a + b cos 12 (a - b )
3 2 3 2 =
c sin 12 g

2005 Paul Dawkins 2005 Paul Dawkins