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AP Bio 54 Notes
AP Bio 54 Notes
59.0 Introduction
I. Animal Behavior Allows Animals to Adaptively Respond to Environment
B. Aspects of Behavior
a. Nervous system and behavior became more complex along with one another
b. Nervous systems perceive and process information, trigger adaptive motor responses
that are patterns of behavior
C. Explanation of Behavior
1. Proximate causation
2. Ultimate causation
c. Two extremes are not mutually exclusive, but work together to influence behavior
D. Ethology
2. Founding fathers had formal training in zoology and evolution fig 59.2
3. Transduction
2. Senses monitor environment with sensory neurons that detect specific stimuli
B. Neuroethology in Action
3. Third neuron group causes alternation of impulse activity in other two groups
b. Genetically engineered mice can't synthesize nitric oxide, show aggressive behavior
3. Nonassociative learning
c. Sensitization
2. Opposite of habituation
1. Not true that any two stimuli can be linked in classical conditioning
2. Not true that animals can be taught any behavior via operant conditioning
B. Instinct
1. Food pellets !’ x-rays (future injury) !’ remember taste, not size of pellet
2. Food pellets !’ electric shock (immediate injury) !’ remember size, not taste
b. Example: Pigeons
1. Learn to associate color and food, but not sound and food
2. Learn to associate sound and danger, but not color and danger
2. Learning preparedness
b. Pigeon seeds have distinctive color to see, doesn't make sound to hear
1. Imprinting
2. Social interaction during critical period are needed to learn normal behavior
Page 6 of 14 Chapter 59: Animal Behavior
a. Example: Harlow's monkey baby/surrogate mother experiments
b. Orphaned baby monkeys form social attachments with cloth or wire mothers
5. Sexual imprinting
b. Cross-fostering studies
d. Sang well with own song, even along with another species song when young
6. Brood parasite bird songs are completely genetically set fig 59.13
2. Interaction among hormones, behavior and stimuli in physical and social environment
3. Reproductive behavior involves physical environment, behavior of mate and release of hormones
b. Estrogen affects serotonin in mice, associated with mood swings in human females
4. External exogenous cues realign timing when biological clock does not match environmental
clock
3. SCN influenced by light, direct and indirect neural projections from retina
I. Courtship
2. Stimulus/response chain
B. Courtship Signalling
2. Color: Of dewlap
C. Pheromones
D. Levels of Specificity
1. Mammalian societies have guards that give alarm calls to warn of predators
3. Ants deposit trail pheromone between food and nest fig 59.19
a. Workers forage for miles around nest, collect nectar and pollen
C. Primate Language
e. Next stage forms words into simple sentences that convey meaning
A. Orientation
Page 12 of 14 Chapter 59: Animal Behavior
1. Requires tracking stimuli in the environment
B. Migration
b. New flight pattern to old range, then old flight pattern fig 59.23
b. Navigation: Complex ability to set a bearing and then follow it fig 59.24
a. Some birds use sun as guide, reset and compensate for sun's movement by checking
pole star position at night