Assiqn

ment
submit
ted to
sir Yasir.Majeed
By
Atta.ur.Rehman
 (09-min-20)
Furqan.Ahmad (09-
min-16)
Jasim.Naeem (09-
min-15)
Muhammad.Imran
(09-min-19)
Hafiz.Irfan (09-
min-13)
Khan.Zulfhiqar (09-
min-11)
Types of volcanoes:-
Volcanologists have
classified volcanoes into groups based on the shape of the volcano,
the materials they are built of, and the way the volcano erupts. Volcanic
types are indirectly connected with the types of mamga , lava and vocanic
rock (also known as igneous rocks) composition which shape the volcano
and the surrounding area.

The groups are:

 • Composite Volcanoes (also called strato volcanoes),
• Shield Volcanoes (also called shields),
• Cinder Cones,
• Spatter Cones, and
• Complex Volcanoes (also called compound volcanoes)

Explosion vent volcanoes :-

The build-up of molten rock in
a volcano before it erupts is like the gases in a shaken bottle of fizzy drink. If the
amount of gas in a volcano’s magma is high, the inevitable release leads to
massive explosions .The amount of gas inside magma (molten rock) is one of the
most important indicators determining how violent an eruption will be. the
viscosity, or thickness, of magma

is another important factor. Under ground, gases remain suspended under

pressure in the magma, but when magma rises to the lower pressures of the
surface, the gases expand. Volcanoes with less gaseous and more fluid magma
usually have less violent eruptions because the small amount of gas easily
escapes from the lava into the air.Thick, sticky magma, on the other hand, slows
down the escape of gases and may also block a volcano’s main vent. When the
gases are finally released, they burst out of the lava in furious and turbulent
blasts. These explosive eruptions are characterized by large clouds of flying rock
particles, rather than lava flows.
Volcanoes emit a variety of substances, with varying degrees of force.
These substances are lava, pyroclastic material, ash, and gases. All fragments
thrown into the air by a volcanic eruption are called pyroclastics. pyroclastic
material raining down on a volcano eventually compacts into solid layers that
build up the volcano’s bulk.

Shield vent volcano:-

Shield volcanoes have very fluid lava composed almost entirely
of basalt. The lava which arrives at the surface is hot and little changed since the
time it was generated. Shield volcanoes are the largest volcanoes on Earth. The
basaltic lava can pile up producing huge "shields" with gentle slopes and convex
outlines. Explosive eruptinos are rare since 90% of the volcano is lava rather
than pyroclastic material (for example gasses at explosive pressures).

Thus making a shield of lava around the volcanic vent .In the above fig the green
shaded area shows volcanic vent shield.

Ash and sintered cone:-

A cinder cone is a steep conical hill formed above
a vent. Cinder cones are among the most common volcanic landforms found in
the world. They aren't famous as their eruptions usually don't cause any loss of
life. Cinder cones are chiefly formed by Strombolian eruptions. The cones
usually grow up in groups and they often occur on the flanks of strato
volcanoes and shield volcanoes. Cinder cones are built from lava fragments
called cinders. The lavafragments are ejected from a single vent and accumulate
around the ventwhen they fall back to earth.
Volcanic ash consists of small tephra, which are bits of pulverized rock and glass
created by volcanic eruptions less than 2 millimetres (0.079 in) in diameter.
There are three mechanisms of volcanic ash formation: gas release under
decompression causing magmatic eruptions; thermal contraction from chilling on
contact with water causing phreatomagmatic eruptions

and ejection of entrained particles during steam eruptions causing phreatic

eruptions.The violent nature of volcanic eruptions involving steam results in the
magma and solid rock surrounding the vent being torn into particles of clay to
sand size. Volcanic ash can lead to breathing problems, malfunctions in
machinery, and from more severe eruptions, years of global cooling.
Ash deposited on the ground after an eruption is known as ashfall deposit.
Significant accumulations of ashfall can lead to the immediate destruction of
most of the local ecosystem, as well the collapse of roofs on man-made
structures. Over time, ashfall can lead to the creation of fertile soils. Ashfall can
also become cemented together to form a solid rock called tuff. Over geologic
time, the ejection of large quantities of ash can produce an ash cone.

Fissure eruption:-
A volcanic eruption where lava wells up through fissures in the
earth's crust and spreads over a large area. Fissure eruptions are usually of very
fluid basic lava;fissures are generated when lava burst out of vent with gases and
dense smoke.fissure eruptions are generated at several

contemporaneous sites along a linear fracture, or along an en echelon

(parallel, but offset) fracture system, such as that shown in the image
here. Regional fracture systems can appear where the Earth's crust is
broken and pulled apart by tensional forces. If these regions are underlain
by reservoirs of basaltic magma, this low-viscosity melt will utilize the
fractures and ascend through the crust to generate a fissure eruption.

Composition cone:-
A large volcanic cone constructed of
lava and pyroclastic material in alternating layers is called composition
cone. Magma composition is an important control on the geomorphology of lava
flows and volcanoes.. Minerals form in igneous rocks when molten magma or
lava solidifies. The densest minerals, ferro-magnesium silicates, form at the
highest temperatures, whereas less dense minerals form when the magma cools
down. Mineral types forming in molten rock often grow unrestricted to a very
large size, and can have a fine crystal form. lava is composed of following

Basalt
Andesite
Dacite
Rhyolite
 Carbonatite
Natrocarbonatite
Komatite

It has following composition

• Rock type Silica content Colour Examples

• felsic > 65% light rhyolite, granite
• Intermediate 55-65% Intermediate Andesite, clacite,
• Mafic 45-55% dark basalt, gabbro
• Ultramafic < 45% dark Peridotite

Lava plateaus:-
Lava plateaus are formed by highly fluid
(runny) basaltic lava during numerous successive eruptions through numerous
vents without violent explosions (quiet eruptions). These eruptions are quiet
because of low viscosity of mafic lava, so that it is very fluid and contains small
amount of trapped gases. The resulting sheet lava flows may be extruded from
linear fissures or rifts or gigantic volcanic eruptions through multiple vents
characteristic of the prehistoric era which produced giant flood basalts.
landforms.