& Digital Calibration of Analog Circuits and Systems 3.2 Analysis Figure 2 presents an analysis of this chopper amplifier in the time domain, whereas figure 3 displays the frequency analysis. mt) oT Vortset + Vnoise Vin — +1 Lf was, bee ‘ 1 Va Ve Vout Figure 2, Temporal analysis of a chopper amplifier mit) Veftset + Vnoise 1234 1234 1234 Wa Ve be _ _ _ 1234 1234 1234 Figure 3. Frequency analysis of a chopper amplifier In this functional system, the modulation signal m(t) is a square wave with a period T that is applied to both the modulator and demodulator. V;,, is a band limited signal with frequency components up to at maximum 1/T. If this is not the case, the higher frequencies are aliased in the baseband, which is undesirable. The modulation changes the sign of the amplifier input periodically, which corresponds in the frequency domain to a shift of the spectrum to the odd har-