1.

Henrys Law:
2
2 = = 0.1 = 2.90
0.0345
2.)

If the bottle is opened, we assume all the vapor CO2 leaves the container. We then close the bottle and
let it establish a new equilibrium. We designate the new concentration after one opening and closing of
the bottle as c1. The number of moles that have left the solution to enter the vapor phase is nL, and the
initial moles of CO2 in the system is n0. The mass of the water is ms.
0
1 =

The new pressure in the headspace of the bottle (with volume V) will be:

2 =

Applying Henrys Law again:
0
1
= =
2

Solving for nL:
0
=

(1 + )
The moles left in the solution after one opening of the bottle will be n1.
0
1 = 0 = 0

(1 + )

1
1 = 0 [1 ]

(1 + )

Inputting our known values:

1000 1 3
0 = 0.1 2 = 0.2
3 1000
At room temp:

997 1 3
= 2 = 1.994
3 1000
At 0 Celsius:

1000 1 3
= 2 = 2
3 1000

1 3
= 0.27 = 0.00027 3
1000

1
1 = 0.2 1 = 0.172
0.0345 1
1.994 8.314 298.15
101325
[ (1 + )]
0.00027 3

We have gone from 0.2 moles of carbon dioxide to 0.17 moles of carbon dioxide. We have 85% of the
original carbon dioxide content in the solution.
0 0.172
1 = = = 0.0863
1.994
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the liquid phase is 0.086 mol/kg.

3.) For repeated openings and closings of the bottle, assuming we only lose the vapor phase CO2, and
establish an equilibrium between the liquid and vapor phases before re-opening the bottle, the
following equation will tell us how much CO2 remains in the liquid phase after n cycles of opening and
closing the bottle.

1
= [1 ]
0
(1 + )

1 1
= 1
10 0.0345 1
1.994 8.314 298.15
101325
(1 + 3 )
0.00027
[ ]
1
= 0.861748
10
= 15.475
The bottle must be opened 16 times to reduce the carbon dioxide concentration to one-tenth of the
original concentration at room temperature.
When refrigerated:

1 1
= 1
10 0.07 1
2 8.314 273.15
101325
(1 + )
0.00027 3
[ ]
1
= 0.92077
10
= 27.9
The bottle must be opened 28 times to reduce the carbon dioxide concentration to one-tenth of the
original concentration when kept refrigerated.

4.)

We are now removing soda from the container:

We will first open the bottle to remove any headspace CO2. Then we will remove VC cu. m of soda from
the bottle. While we are removing this volume of soda, we are assuming there is no loss of liquid phase
CO2 to the vapor phase, and that we are removing nC liquid phase CO2 moles. This means the volume of
the headspace will increase to V+VC. The initial moles of dissolved carbon dioxide will decrease. The
mass of the solution will also be lower. The new number of moles of carbon dioxide in solution after
consumption will be n0.

0 = 0 = 0 2

The new pressure in the headspace of the bottle (with original volume V + added volume due to soda
consumption VC) will be:

2 =
+
The concentration remaining after opening and consumption:
0
1 =

Applying Henrys Law again:

0
1
= =
2
+
Solving for nL:
0
=
( )
(1 + + )

Moles remaining in solution (n1) = initial moles minus those consumed minus those lost to vapor phase
in bottle upon closing.
0
1 = 0 = 0 2
( )
(1 + + )

0 2
1 = 0 2
( )
(1 + )
+

1
1 = (0 2 ) (1 )
( )
(1 + + )

Ratio of concentration after soda removal to initial concentration:

1 1
1 1 1 1
= = = 0 =
10 2 0 0 ( )

Solve for n1:
0 ( )
1 =
10
Set equations equal to each other and solve for VC:

0 ( ) 1
= (0 2 ) (1 )
10 ( )
(1 + + )

Assuming 0 Celsius:

0 ( ) 1
= (0 2 ) (1 )
10 ( )
(1 + + )
 1000
0.2 (2 )
3
10 2

1000 1
= (0.2 0.1 ) 1
3 0.07 1 1000
(2 ) 8.314 273.15
101325 3
(1 + 3 )
0.00027 +
( )

Solve for VC using a solver of your choosing:

= 0.00187 3 = 1.87
At 0 Celsius, after opening the bottle, removing 1.87 L of soda, and then letting the soda reach a new
equilibrium upon closing the bottle, 10% of the original carbonation remains.

If this process was done at room temperature, the volume required would be 1.76 L.
Problem 3
Part a)
To plot T-x-y diagram, we need to give x1 different values and calculate corresponding temperature that
results in total pressure of 760 mmHg = 1.01 bar .
To do so , we need to use modified Raults law.

= = 1 1 1 + 2 2 2

= 10 + , ln 1 0.00002550x22 0.00215x23 , ln 2 0.003200x12 0.00215x13
+
where
For a given x value, we can calculate 1 and 2 values: By plugging those numbers back in the pressure
equation, we can find the temperature which satisfies the equation by solver or iteration. One we got the
temperature, we can find yi by the following equation :


=

An example calculation for x1= 0.1 will be:
1174.869 1351.555

1 = 104.49774+ 93.93 ,
2 = 104.54607+ 93.34

ln 1 0.00002550 0.92 0.00215 0.93 1 0.9985

ln 2 0.0032 0.12 0.00215 0.13 2 1.0
1174.869 1351.555
P= 1.01 bar = 0.10.9985104.49774+ 93.93 + 0.91104.54607+ 93.34

Solving the equation by iteration gives : T=384.6 k= 111.5 C

1174.869
0.1 0.9985 104.49774+384.693.93
1 = = 0.288
1.01
By doing similar calculation at each point we find these values for different x values between 0 and 1
X1 T (C) Y1
0 117.85 0
0.1 111.45 0.11
0.2 106.15 0.4753
0.3 101.73 0.6144
0.4 97.85 0.716
0.5 94.45 0.7929
0.6 91.45 0.853
0.7 88.85 0.9032
0.8 86.45 0.9424
0.9 84.25 0.9738
1 82.25 1
Plotting these values in a T-x-y curve results in :

T-x-y
130

120

110
T(C)

100

90

80

70
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
X1 /Y1

T Bubble point curve T Dew point curve

b) The experimental values for x1 and y1 at different temperatures are plotted here: As it can be seen from
the figure, the general shape of the curve is the same for experimental data. The absolute T values is a little bit
shifted upward for the experimental data and this is probably because of the error accompanied by using
Antoine equation to get vapor pressures and also the correlation used for activity coefficients

Exp T-x-y curve

116
115
114
113
112
111
110
109
108
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Series2
Bubble point curve Series1
Dew point curve
C)

Below, the given mol fractions in the problem statement are inserted in a ternary diagram. Tie lines connect
equilibrium states together. Plait point is gotten by drawing the tangent line from the point where tie lines are
diverged from.