Salman Rushdie

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox writer with the son of Anis Ahmed Rushdie, a Cambridge-educated
unknown parameter ethnicity (this message is shown lawyer-turned-businessman, and Negin Bhatt, a teacher.
only in preview). Rushdie has three sisters.[12] He wrote in his 2012 mem-
oir that his father adopted the name Rushdie in honour
of Averroes (Ibn Rushd). He was educated at Cathedral
Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie, FRSL (/slmn
rdi/; Kashmiri: , and John Connon School in Bombay, Rugby School in
[2]
Warwickshire, and Kings College, University of Cam-
;born 19 June 1947[3] ) is a British Indian novelist [3]
and essayist. His second novel, Midnights Children bridge, where he read history. His father Anis Rushdie
(1981), won the Booker Prize in 1981 and was deemed was rusticated from the Indian Civil Service (ICS) after
to be the best novel of all winners on two separate the British government
[13]
found out that he had changed his
occasions, marking the 25th and the 40th anniversary of date of birth.
the prize. Much of his ction is set on the Indian sub-
continent. He combines magical realism with historical
ction; his work is concerned with the many connec- 2 Career
tions, disruptions, and migrations between Eastern and
Western civilizations. 2.1 Copywriter
His epic fourth novel, The Satanic Verses (1988), was the
subject of a major controversy, provoking protests from Rushdie worked as a copywriter for the advertising
Muslims in several countries. Death threats were made agency Ogilvy & Mather, where he came up with irre-
against him, including a fatw calling for his assassination sistibubble for Aero and Naughty but Nice for cream
issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the Supreme cakes, and for the agency Ayer Barker, for whom he wrote
Leader of Iran, on 14 February 1989. The British gov- the memorable line That'll do nicely for American Ex-
ernment put Rushdie under police protection. press.[14] Collaborating with the musician Ronnie Bond,
Rushdie wrote the words for an advertising record on be-
In 1983 Rushdie was elected a fellow of the Royal So-
half of the now defunct Burnley Building Society which
ciety of Literature, the UKs senior literary organisa-
was recorded at Good Earth Studios, London. The
tion. He was appointed Commandeur de l'Ordre des
[4] song was called The Best Dreams and was sung by
Arts et des Lettres of France in January 1999. In June
George Chandler.[15] It was while he was at Ogilvy that he
2007, Queen Elizabeth II knighted him for his services
wrote Midnights Children, before becoming a full-time
to literature.[5] In 2008, The Times ranked him thirteenth
[6] writer.[16][17][18]
on its list of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945.
Since 2000, Rushdie has lived in the United States. He
was named Distinguished Writer in Residence at the 2.2 Major literary work
Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute of New York Uni-
versity in 2015.[7] Earlier, he taught at Emory University. Rushdies rst novel, Grimus (1975), a part-science c-
He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and tion tale, was generally ignored by the public and literary
Letters. In 2012, he published Joseph Anton: A Memoir, critics. His next novel, Midnights Children (1981), cata-
an account of his life in the wake of the controversy over pulted him to literary notability. This work won the 1981
The Satanic Verses. Booker Prize and, in 1993 and 2008, was awarded the
Best of the Bookers as the best novel to have received the
Rushdie was strongly favoured to have received the No-
prize during its rst 25 and 40 years.[19] Midnights Chil-
bel Prize in Literature but the Nobel organisers were
dren follows the life of a child, born at the stroke of mid-
later quoted as saying that he would have been too pre-
night as India gained its independence, who is endowed
dictable, too popular.[8]
with special powers and a connection to other children
born at the dawn of a new and tumultuous age in the his-
tory of the Indian sub-continent and the birth of the mod-
1 Early life and family background ern nation of India. The character of Saleem Sinai has
been compared to Rushdie.[20] However, the author has
Rushdie was born in Bombay, then British India, into refuted the idea of having written any of his characters
a Muslim family of Kashmiri descent.[9][10][11] He is as autobiographical, stating, People assume that because

1
2 2 CAREER

certain things in the character are drawn from your own word Book Award, and was, in the UK, a nalist for the
experience, it just becomes you. In that sense, Ive never Whitbread Book Awards. It was shortlisted for the 2007
felt that Ive written an autobiographical character.[21] International Dublin Literary Award.[22]
After Midnights Children, Rushdie wrote Shame (1983), In his 2002 non-ction collection Step Across This Line,
in which he depicts the political turmoil in Pakistan, bas- he professes his admiration for the Italian writer Italo
ing his characters on Zulkar Ali Bhutto and General Calvino and the American writer Thomas Pynchon,
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Shame won Frances Prix du among others. His early inuences included Jorge Luis
Meilleur Livre tranger (Best Foreign Book) and was a Borges, Mikhail Bulgakov, Lewis Carroll, Gnter Grass,
close runner-up for the Booker Prize. Both these works and James Joyce. Rushdie was a personal friend of
of postcolonial literature are characterised by a style of Angela Carter's and praised her highly in the foreword
magic realism and the immigrant outlook that Rushdie is of her collection Burning your Boats.
very conscious of as a member of the Kashmiri diaspora. His novel Luka and the Fire of Life was published in
Rushdie wrote a non-ction book about Nicaragua in November 2010. Earlier that year, he announced that
1987 called The Jaguar Smile. This book has a politi- he was writing his memoirs,[23] entitled Joseph Anton: A
cal focus and is based on his rst-hand experiences and Memoir, which was published in September 2012.
research at the scene of Sandinista political experiments.
In 2012, Salman Rushdie became one of the rst major
His most controversial work, The Satanic Verses, was authors to embrace Booktrack (a company that synchro-
published in 1988 (see section below). nises ebooks with customised soundtracks), when he pub-
[24]
In addition to books, Rushdie has published many short lished his short story "In the South" on the platform.
stories, including those collected in East, West (1994).
The Moors Last Sigh, a family epic ranging over some 2.3 Other activities
100 years of Indias history was published in 1995. The
Ground Beneath Her Feet (1999) presents an alternative Rushdie has quietly mentored younger Indian (and
history of modern rock music. The song of the same ethnic-Indian) writers, inuenced an entire generation
name by U2 is one of many song lyrics included in the of Indo-Anglian writers, and is an inuential writer in
book; hence Rushdie is credited as the lyricist. He also postcolonial literature in general.[25] He has received
wrote Haroun and the Sea of Stories in 1990. many plaudits for his writings, including the European
Unions Aristeion Prize for Literature, the Premio Grin-
zane Cavour (Italy), and the Writer of the Year Award
in Germany and many of literatures highest honours.[26]
Rushdie was the President of PEN American Center from
2004 to 2006 and founder of the PEN World Voices
Festival.[27]
He opposed the British governments introduction of the
Racial and Religious Hatred Act, something he writes
about in his contribution to Free Expression Is No Of-
fence, a collection of essays by several writers, published
by Penguin in November 2005.

Salman Rushdie presenting his book Shalimar the Clown

Salman Rushdie having a discussion with Emory University stu-
dents
Rushdie has had a string of commercially successful and
critically acclaimed novels. His 2005 novel Shalimar the In 2007 he began a ve-year term as Distinguished Writer
Clown received, in India, the prestigious Hutch Cross- in Residence at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia,

where he has also deposited his archives.[28]
In May 2008 he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member
of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.[29]
In September 2015, he joined the New York Univer-
sity Journalism Faculty as a Distinguished Writer in
Residence.[30]
Though he enjoys writing, Salman Rushdie says that he
would have become an actor if his writing career had not
been successful. Even from early childhood, he dreamed
of appearing in Hollywood movies (which he later re-
alised in his frequent cameo appearances).
Rushdie includes ctional television and movie characters
in some of his writings. He had a cameo appearance in
the lm Bridget Joness Diary based on the book of the
same name, which is itself full of literary in-jokes. On
12 May 2006, Rushdie was a guest host on The Char-
lie Rose Show, where he interviewed Indo-Canadian lm-
maker Deepa Mehta, whose 2005 lm, Water, faced vi-
olent protests. He appears in the role of Helen Hunt's
obstetrician-gynecologist in the lm adaptation (Hunts
directorial debut) of Elinor Lipman's novel Then She
Found Me. In September 2008, and again in March 2009,
he appeared as a panellist on the HBO program Real
Time with Bill Maher. Rushdie has said that he was ap-
proached for a cameo in Talladega Nights: They had this
idea, just one shot in which three very, very unlikely peo-
ple were seen as NASCAR drivers. And I think they ap-
proached Julian Schnabel, Lou Reed, and me. We were
all supposed to be wearing the uniforms and the helmet,
walking in slow motion with the heat haze. In the end
their schedules didn't allow for it.[31]
Rushdie collaborated on the screenplay for the cinematic
adaptation of his novel Midnights Children with direc-
tor Deepa Mehta. The lm was also called Midnights
Children.[32][33] Seema Biswas, Shabana Azmi, Nandita
Das,[34] and Irrfan Khan participated in the lm.[35] Pro-
duction began in September 2010;[36] the lm was re-
leased in 2012.[37]
Rushdie, right, with writers Catherine Lacey and Siri Hustvedt at mad one of the great geniuses of world history, but
the 2014 Brooklyn Book Festival
3
Rushdie announced in June 2011 that he had written the
rst draft of a script for a new television series for the
US cable network Showtime, a project on which he will
also serve as an executive producer. The new series, to
be called The Next People, will be, according to Rushdie,
a sort of paranoid science-ction series, people disap-
pearing and being replaced by other people. The idea
of a television series was suggested by his US agents,
said Rushdie, who felt that television would allow him
more creative control than feature lm. The Next Peo-
ple is being made by the British lm production com-
pany Working Title, the rm behind such projects as Four
Weddings and a Funeral and Shaun of the Dead.[38]
Rushdie is a member of the advisory board of The Lunch-
box Fund,[39] a non-prot organisation which provides
daily meals to students of township schools in Soweto
of South Africa. He is also a member of the advisory
board of the Secular Coalition for America,[40] an ad-
vocacy group representing the interests of atheistic and
humanistic Americans in Washington, D.C., and a pa-
tron of Humanists UK (formerly the British Humanist
Association). He is also a Laureate of the International
Academy of Humanism.[41] In November 2010 he be-
came a founding patron of Ralston College, a new liberal
arts college that has adopted as its motto a Latin trans-
lation of a phrase (free speech is life itself) from an
address he gave at Columbia University in 1991 to mark
the two-hundredth anniversary of the rst amendment to
the US Constitution.[42]
3 The Satanic Verses and the fatw
Further information: The Satanic Verses controversy
The publication of The Satanic Verses in September 1988
caused immediate controversy in the Islamic world be-
cause of what was seen by some to be an irreverent depic-
tion of Muhammad. The title refers to a disputed Muslim
tradition that is related in the book. According to this tra-
dition, Muhammad (Mahound in the book) added verses
(Ayah) to the Qur'an accepting three goddesses who used
to be worshipped in Mecca as divine beings. According
to the legend, Muhammad later revoked the verses, say-
ing the devil tempted him to utter these lines to appease
the Meccans (hence the Satanic verses). However, the
narrator reveals to the reader that these disputed verses
were actually from the mouth of the Archangel Gibreel.
The book was banned in many countries with large Mus-
lim communities (13 in total: Iran, India, Bangladesh,
Sudan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Thailand, Tan-
zania, Indonesia, Singapore, Venezuela, and Pakistan).
In response to the protests, on 22 January 1989 Rushdie
published a column in The Observer that called Muham-
noted that Islamic doctrine holds Muhammad to be
4 3 THE SATANIC VERSES AND THE FATW
human, and in no way perfect. He held that the
novel is not an anti-religious novel. It is, however,
an attempt to write about migration, its stresses and
transformations.[43]
On 14 February 1989Valentines Day, and also the
day of his close friend Bruce Chatwin's funerala fatw
ordering Rushdies execution was proclaimed on Radio
Tehran by Ayatollah Khomeini, the spiritual leader of
Iran at the time, calling the book "blasphemous against
Islam. (Chapter IV of the book depicts the character of
an Imam in exile who returns to incite revolt from the
people of his country with no regard for their safety.) A
bounty was oered for Rushdies death, and he was thus
forced to live under police protection for several years.
On 7 March 1989, the United Kingdom and Iran broke
diplomatic relations over the Rushdie controversy.
When asked by a reporter for a response to the threat,
Rushdie said, I wish I had written a more critical book.
Later, he wrote that he was proud, then and always, of
that statement; while he did not feel his book was espe-
cially critical of Islam, a religion whose leaders behaved
in this way could probably use a little criticism.[44]
The publication of the book and the fatw sparked vi-
olence around the world, with bookstores rebombed.
Muslim communities in several nations in the West held
public rallies, burning copies of the book. Several people
associated with translating or publishing the book were
attacked, seriously injured, and even killed.[note 1] Many
more people died in riots in some countries. Despite the
danger posed by the fatw, Rushdie made a public ap-
pearance at Londons Wembley Stadium on 11 August
1993 during a concert by U2. In 2010, U2 bassist Adam
Clayton recalled that "[lead vocalist] Bono had been call-
ing Salman Rushdie from the stage every night on the Zoo
TV tour. When we played Wembley, Salman showed up
in person and the stadium erupted. You [could] tell from
[drummer] Larry Mullen, Jr.'s face that we weren't ex-
pecting it. Salman was a regular visitor after that. He
had a backstage pass and he used it as often as possible.
For a man who was supposed to be in hiding, it was re-
markably easy to see him around the place.[45]
On 24 September 1998, as a precondition to the restora- 3.1 Failed assassination attempt and
tion of diplomatic relations with the UK, the Iranian gov-
ernment, then headed by Mohammad Khatami, gave a
public commitment that it would neither support nor hin- On 3 August 1989, while Mustafa Mahmoud Mazeh was
der assassination operations on Rushdie.[46][47]
Hardliners in Iran have continued to rearm the death
sentence.[48] In early 2005, Khomeinis fatw was reaf-
rmed by Irans current spiritual leader, Ayatollah Ali
Khamenei, in a message to Muslim pilgrims making
the annual pilgrimage to Mecca.[49] Additionally, the
Revolutionary Guards declared that the death sentence on
him is still valid.[50] Iran rejected requests to withdraw the
fatw on the basis that only the person who issued it may
withdraw it,[49] and the person who issued it Ayatollah
Khomeini has been dead since 1989.
Rushdie has reported that he still receives a sort of
Valentine's card from Iran each year on 14 February
letting him know the country has not forgotten the vow
to kill him and has jokingly referred it as my unfunny
Valentine[51] in a sly reference to the song My Funny
Valentine. He said, Its reached the point where its a
piece of rhetoric rather than a real threat.[52] Despite the
threats on Rushdie personally, he said that his family has
never been threatened, and that his mother, who lived in
Pakistan during the later years of her life, even received
outpourings of support. Rushdie himself has been pre-
vented from entering Pakistan, however.[53]
A former bodyguard to Rushdie, Ron Evans, planned to
publish a book recounting the behaviour of the author
during the time he was in hiding. Evans claimed that
Rushdie tried to prot nancially from the fatwa and was
suicidal, but Rushdie dismissed the book as a bunch of
lies and took legal action against Evans, his co-author
and their publisher.[54] On 26 August 2008, Rushdie re-
ceived an apology at the High Court in London from all
three parties.[55] A memoir of his years of hiding, Joseph
Anton, was released on 18 September 2012. Joseph An-
ton was Rushdies secret alias.[56]
In February 1997, Ayatollah Hasan Sane'i, leader of the
bonyad panzdah-e khordad (Fifteenth of Khordad Foun-
dation), reported that the blood money oered by the
foundation for the assassination of Rushdie would be in-
creased from $2 million to $2.5 million.[57] Then a semi-
ocial religious foundation in Iran increased the reward
it had oered for the killing of Rushdie from $2.8 million
to $3.3 million.[58]
In November 2015, former Indian minister P. Chi-
dambaram acknowledged that banning The Satanic
Verses was wrong. [59][60] In 1998, Irans former pres-
ident Mohammad Khatami proclaimed the fatwa n-
ished; but it has never been ocially lifted, and in fact
has been reiterated several times by Ali Khamenei and
other religious ocials. Yet more money was added to
the bounty in February 2016.[61]
Hezbollahs comments
priming a book bomb loaded with RDX explosive in a
hotel in Paddington, Central London, the bomb exploded
prematurely, destroying two oors of the hotel and killing
Mazeh. A previously unknown Lebanese group, the Or-
ganization of the Mujahidin of Islam, said he died prepar-
ing an attack on the apostate Rushdie. There is a shrine
in Tehrans Behesht-e Zahra cemetery for Mustafa Mah-
moud Mazeh that says he was Martyred in London, 3
August 1989. The rst martyr to die on a mission to kill
Salman Rushdie. Mazehs mother was invited to relo-
cate to Iran, and the Islamic World Movement of Mar-
tyrs Commemoration built his shrine in the cemetery
3.4 Al-Qaeda hit list
that holds thousands of Iranian soldiers slain in the Iran
Iraq War.[46] During the 2006 Jyllands-Posten Muham-
mad cartoons controversy, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nas-
rallah declared that If there had been a Muslim to carry
out Imam Khomeinis fatw against the renegade Salman
Rushdie, this rabble who insult our Prophet Mohammed
in Denmark, Norway and France would not have dared to
do so. I am sure there are millions of Muslims who are
ready to give their lives to defend our prophets honour
and we have to be ready to do anything for that.[62]
3.2 International Guerillas
In 1990, soon after the publication of The Satanic Verses,
a Pakistani lm entitled International Gorillay (Interna-
tional Guerillas) was released that depicted Rushdie as
a villain plotting to cause the downfall of Pakistan by
opening a chain of casinos and discos in the country; he
is ultimately killed at the end of the movie. The lm
was popular with Pakistani audiences, and it presents
Rushdie as a Rambo-like gure pursued by four Pakistani
guerrillas.[63] The British Board of Film Classication
refused to allow it a certicate, as it was felt that the por-
trayal of Rushdie might qualify as criminal libel, causing
a breach of the peace as opposed to merely tarnishing his
reputation. This eectively prevented the release of the
lm in the UK. Two months later, however, Rushdie him-
self wrote to the board, saying that while he thought the
lm a distorted, incompetent piece of trash, he would
not sue if it were released. He later said, If that lm
had been banned, it would have become the hottest video
in town: everyone would have seen it. While the lm
was a great hit in Pakistan, it went virtually unnoticed
elsewhere.[64]
3.3 2012 Jaipur Literature Festival events
Main article: Jaipur Literature Festival
Rushdie was due to appear at the Jaipur Literature Fes-
tival in January 2012.[65] However, he later cancelled
his event appearance, and a further tour of India at the
time citing a possible threat to his life as the primary
reason.[66][67] Several days after, he indicated that state
police agencies had lied, in order to keep him away,
when they informed that paid assassins were being sent
to Jaipur to kill him. Police contended that they were
afraid Rushdie would read from the banned The Satanic
Verses, and that the threat was real, considering imminent
protests by Muslim organizations.[68]
Meanwhile, Indian authors Ruchir Joshi, Jeet Thayil,
Hari Kunzru and Amitava Kumar abruptly left the fes-
tival, and Jaipur, after reading excerpts from Rushdies
banned novel at the festival. The four were urged to leave
by organizers as there was a real possibility they would be
arrested.[69] In India the import of the book is banned via
5
customs.
A proposed video link session between Rushdie and the
Jaipur Literature Festival was also cancelled at the last
minute[70] after the government pressured the festival to
stop it.[68] Rushdie returned to India to address a confer-
ence in Delhi on 16 March 2012.[71]
3.4 Al-Qaeda hit list
In 2010[72] Anwar al-Awlaki published an Al-Qaeda hit
list in Inspire magazine, including Rushdie along with
other gures claimed to have insulted Islam, including
Ayaan Hirsi Ali, cartoonist Lars Vilks and three Jyllands-
Posten sta members: Kurt Westergaard, Carsten Juste,
and Flemming Rose.[73][74][75] The list was later ex-
panded to include Stphane Charb Charbonnier, who
was murdered in a terror attack on Charlie Hebdo in Paris,
along with 11 other people. After the attack, Al-Qaeda
called for more killings.[76]
Rushdie expressed his support for Charlie Hebdo. He
said, I stand with Charlie Hebdo, as we all must, to de-
fend the art of satire, which has always been a force for
liberty and against tyranny, dishonesty and stupidity ...
religious totalitarianism has caused a deadly mutation in
the heart of Islam and we see the tragic consequences in
Paris today.[77] In response to the attack, Rushdie com-
mented on what he perceived as victim-blaming in the
media, stating You can dislike Charlie Hebdo. ... But
the fact that you dislike them has nothing to do with their
right to speak. The fact you dislike them certainly doesn't
in any way excuse their murder.[78][79]
4 Knighthood
Main article: Knighthood of Salman Rushdie
Rushdie was knighted for services to literature in the
Queens Birthday Honours on 16 June 2007. He re-
marked, I am thrilled and humbled to receive this great
honour, and am very grateful that my work has been
recognised in this way.[80] In response to his knighthood,
many nations with Muslim majorities protested. Parlia-
mentarians of several of these countries condemned the
action, and Iran and Pakistan called in their British envoys
to protest formally. Controversial condemnation issued
by Pakistans Religious Aairs Minister Muhammad
Ijaz-ul-Haq was in turn rebued by former Prime Min-
ister Benazir Bhutto.[81] Ironically, their respective fa-
thers Zia-ul-Haq and Zulkar Ali Bhutto had been ear-
lier portrayed in Rushdies novel Shame. Mass demon-
strations against Rushdies knighthood took place in Pak-
istan and Malaysia. Several called publicly for his
death. Some non-Muslims expressed disappointment at
Rushdies knighthood, claiming that the writer did not
6 5 RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL BELIEFS
merit such an honour and there were several other writers
who deserved the knighthood more than Rushdie.[82][83]
Al-Qaeda condemned the Rushdie honour. The Al-
Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri is quoted as saying in
an audio recording that UKs award for Kashmiri-born
Rushdie was an insult to Islam, and it was planning a
very precise response.[84]
5 Religious and political beliefs
Rushdie came from a liberal Muslim family although he
now identies as an atheist. In a 2006 interview with PBS,
Rushdie called himself a hardline atheist.[85]
In 1989, in an interview following the fatwa, Rushdie said
that he was in a sense a lapsed Muslim, though shaped
by Muslim culture more than any other, and a student
of Islam.[21] In another interview the same year, he said,
My point of view is that of a secular human being. I
do not believe in supernatural entities, whether Christian,
Jewish, Muslim or Hindu.[86]
In 1990, in the hope that it would reduce the threat of
Muslims acting on the fatwa to kill him, he issued a
statement claiming he had renewed his Muslim faith, had
repudiated the attacks on Islam made by characters in
his novel and was committed to working for better un-
derstanding of the religion across the world. However,
Rushdie later said that he was only pretending.[87]
His books often focus on the role of religion in society
and conicts between faiths and between the religious and
those of no faith.
Rushdie advocates the application of higher criticism, pi-
oneered during the late 19th century. Rushdie called for
a reform in Islam[88] in a guest opinion piece printed in
The Washington Post and The Times in mid-August 2005:
What is needed is a move beyond tradi-
tion, nothing less than a reform movement to
bring the core concepts of Islam into the mod-
ern age, a Muslim Reformation to combat not
only the jihadist ideologues but also the dusty,
stiing seminaries of the traditionalists, throw-
ing open the windows to let in much-needed
fresh air. () It is high time, for starters, that
Muslims were able to study the revelation of
their religion as an event inside history, not su-
pernaturally above it. () Broad-mindedness
is related to tolerance; open-mindedness is the
sibling of peace.
Rushdie is a critic of cultural relativism. He favours call- and racial minorities.
ing things by their true names and constantly argues about Rushdie supported the 1999 NATO bombing of the Fed-
what is wrong and what is right. In an interview with Point eral Republic of Yugoslavia, leading the leftist Tariq
of Inquiry in 2006[89] he described his view as follows:
We need all of us, whatever our back-
ground, to constantly examine the stories in-
side which and with which we live. We all live
in stories, so called grand narratives. Nation
is a story. Family is a story. Religion is a
story. Community is a story. We all live within
and with these narratives. And it seems to me
that a denition of any living vibrant society is
that you constantly question those stories. That
you constantly argue about the stories. In fact
the arguing never stops. The argument itself is
freedom. Its not that you come to a conclu-
sion about it. And through that argument you
change your mind sometimes. And thats
how societies grow. When you can't retell for
yourself the stories of your life then you live in
a prison. Somebody else controls the story.
Now it seems to me that we have to say that
a problem in contemporary Islam is the inabil-
ity to re-examine the ground narrative of the
religion. The fact that in Islam it is very
dicult to do this, makes it dicult to think
new thoughts.
Rushdie is an advocate of religious satire. He condemned
the Charlie Hebdo shooting and defended comedic crit-
icism of religions in a comment originally posted on
English PEN where he called religions a medieval form
of unreason. Rushdie called the attack a consequence
of religious totalitarianism which according to him had
caused a deadly mutation in the heart of Islam.:[90]
Religion, a medieval form of unreason,
when combined with modern weaponry be-
comes a real threat to our freedoms. This reli-
gious totalitarianism has caused a deadly muta-
tion in the heart of Islam and we see the tragic
consequences in Paris today. I stand with Char-
lie Hebdo, as we all must, to defend the art of
satire, which has always been a force for liberty
and against tyranny, dishonesty and stupidity.
Respect for religion has become a code phrase
meaning fear of religion. Religions, like all
other ideas, deserve criticism, satire, and, yes,
our fearless disrespect.
He strongly supports feminism.[91]
5.1 Political background
In the 1980s in the United Kingdom, he was a supporter
of the Labour Party and championed measures to end
racial discrimination and alienation of immigrant youth
Ali to label Rushdie and other warrior writers as the
5.1 Political background
belligerati'".[92] He was supportive of the US-led cam-
paign to remove the Taliban in Afghanistan, which began
in 2001, but was a vocal critic of the 2003 war in Iraq.
He has stated that while there was a case to be made for
the removal of Saddam Hussein", US unilateral military
intervention was unjustiable.[93]
Paul Auster and Rushdie greeting Israeli President Shimon Peres
with Caro Llewelyn in 2008.
In the wake of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons
controversy in March 2006which many considered an
echo of the death threats and fatw that followed pub-
lication of The Satanic Verses in 1989Rushdie signed
the manifesto Together Facing the New Totalitarianism, a
statement warning of the dangers of religious extremism.
The Manifesto was published in the left-leaning French
weekly Charlie Hebdo in March 2006.[94]
Rushdie and Bernie Sanders in 2004
In 2006, Rushdie stated that he supported comments by
the then-Leader of the House of Commons Jack Straw,
who criticised the wearing of the niqab (a veil that covers
all of the face except the eyes). Rushdie stated that his
three sisters would never wear the veil. He said, I think
the battle against the veil has been a long and continuing
battle against the limitation of women, so in that sense
Rushdie supported the vote to remain in the EU during
I'm completely on Straws side.[95] the United Kingdom European Union membership refer-
Marxist critic Terry Eagleton, a former admirer of endum, 2016
7
Rushdies work, attacked him, saying he cheered on the
Pentagon's criminal ventures in Iraq and Afghanistan.[96]
Eagleton subsequently apologised for having misrepre-
sented Rushdies views.[97] At an appearance at 92nd
Street Y, Rushdie expressed his view on copyright when
answering a question whether he had considered copy-
right law a barrier (or impediment) to free speech.
No. But thats because I write for a living,
[laughs] and I have no other source of income,
and I navely believe that stu that I create be-
longs to me, and that if you want it you might
have to give me some cash. [] My view is
I do this for a living. The thing wouldn't exist
if I didn't make it and so it belongs to me and
don't steal it. You know. Its my stu.[98]
When Amnesty International (AI) suspended human
rights activist Gita Sahgal for saying to the press that she
thought AI should distance itself from Moazzam Begg
and his organisation, Rushdie said:
Amnesty has done its reputation incal-
culable damage by allying itself with Moazzam
Begg and his group Cageprisoners, and holding
them up as human rights advocates. It looks
very much as if Amnestys leadership is suer-
ing from a kind of moral bankruptcy, and has
lost the ability to distinguish right from wrong.
It has greatly compounded its error by suspend-
ing the redoubtable Gita Sahgal for the crime
of going public with her concerns. Gita Sah-
gal is a woman of immense integrity and dis-
tinction.... It is people like Gita Sahgal who
are the true voices of the human rights move-
ment; Amnesty and Begg have revealed, by
their statements and actions, that they deserve
our contempt.[99]
Rushdie supported the election of Democrat Barack
Obama for the U.S. presidency and has often criticized
the Republican party. In Indian politics, Rushdie has crit-
icised the Bharatiya Janata Party and its Prime Minister
Narendra Modi.[100]
Rushdie was involved in the Occupy Movement, both as
a presence at Occupy Boston and as a founding member
of Occupy Writers.
Rushdie is a supporter of gun control, blaming a shooting
at a Colorado cinema in July 2012 on the American right
to keep and bear arms.[101][102]
8 8 AWARDS

6 Personal life 7.2 Collections

Rushdie has been married four times. He was married Homeless by Choice (1992, with R. Jhabvala and V.
to his rst wife Clarissa Luard [103]
from 1976 to 1987 S. Naipaul)
[104]
and fathered a son, Zafar (born 1979). He left her East, West (1994)
in the mid-'80s for the Australian writer Robyn David-
son, to whom he was introduced by their mutual friend The Best American Short Stories (2008, as Guest Ed-
Bruce Chatwin.[105] His second wife was the American itor)
novelist Marianne Wiggins; they were married in 1988
and divorced in 1993. His third wife, from 1997 to 2004,
was Elizabeth West; they have a son, Milan (born 1997). 7.3 Childrens books
In 2004, he married the Indian American Padma Lak-
shmi, an actress, model, and host of the American reality- Haroun and the Sea of Stories (1990)
television show Top Chef. The marriage ended on 2 July
2007. In 2008, Rushdie was linked to Indian actress Riya Luka and the Fire of Life (2010)
[106]
Sen.
In 1999, Rushdie had an operation to correct ptosis, a 7.4 Essays and non-ction
tendon condition that causes drooping eyelids and that,
according to him, was making it increasingly dicult for The Jaguar Smile: A Nicaraguan Journey (1987)
him to open his eyes. If I hadn't had an operation, in
a couple of years from now I wouldn't have been able to In Good Faith, Granta, 1990
open my eyes at all, he said.[107]
Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism, 1981
Since 2000, Rushdie has lived mostly near Union
[108] 1991 (1992)
Square" in New York City. He is a fan of the English
[109]
football club Tottenham Hotspur. The Wizard of Oz: BFI Film Classics, BFI, 1992.

"Mohandas Gandhi. Time, 13 April 1998.

7 Bibliography "Imagine There Is No Heaven., extracted contribu-

tion from Letters to the Six Billionth World Citizen,
a UN sponsored publication in English by Uitgeverij
7.1 Novels
Podium, Amsterdam. The Guardian, 16 October
1999.
Grimus (1975)
Step Across This Line: Collected Nonction 1992
Midnights Children (1981) 2002 (2002)

Shame (1983) "A ne pickle. The Guardian, 28 February 2009.

"In the South. Booktrack, 7 February 2012

The Satanic Verses (1988)
Joseph Anton: A Memoir (2012)
Haroun and the Sea of Stories (1990)

The Moors Last Sigh (1995) 8 Awards

The Ground Beneath Her Feet (1999)
Aristeion Prize (European Union)
Fury (2001) Arts Council Writers Award

Shalimar the Clown (2005) Author of the Year (British Book Awards)

The Enchantress of Florence (2008) Author of the Year (Germany)

Booker Prize for Fiction

Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights
(2015) Booker of Bookers for the best novel among the
Booker Prize winners for Fiction awarded at its 25th
The Golden House (2017)[110] anniversary (in 1993)

The Best of the Booker awarded to commemorate
the Booker Prize's 40th anniversary (in 2008), win-
ner by public vote
Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
(France)
English-Speaking Union Award
Golden PEN Award [111]
Hans Christian Andersen Literature Award
(2014)[112]
Honorary Patron, University Philosophical Society,
Trinity College, Dublin.
Hutch Crossword Book Award (India)
India Abroad Lifetime Achievement Award (US)
James Tait Black Memorial Prize (Fiction)
Kurt Tucholsky Prize (Sweden)
Mantua Prize (Italy)
Norman Mailer Prize (US)
James Joyce Award University College Dublin
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Honorary
Professorship
Chapman University Honorary Doctorate Doctor
of Humane Letters
Outstanding Lifetime Achievement in Cultural Hu-
manism (Harvard University)[113]
PEN Pinter Prize (UK)[114]
Premio Grinzane Cavour (Italy)
Prix Colette (Switzerland)
Prix du Meilleur Livre tranger
St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis Uni-
versity Library Associates[115]
State Prize for Literature (Austria)
Whitbread Novel Award (twice)
Writers Guild of Great Britain Award for Childrens
Fiction
University of Lige Doctor honoris causa
Knight Bachelor Kt. 2007
9
9 See also
Criticism of Islam
Censorship in South Asia
International PEN
List of fatwas
The Buttery Hunter
10 Notes
[1] See Hitoshi Igarashi, Ettore Capriolo, William Nygaard
11 References
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tle. BBC News. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
[2] Pointon, Graham (ed.): BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of
British Names, 2nd edition. Oxford Paperbacks, 1990.
[3] British Council prole
[4] Rushdie to Receive Top Literary Award, Chicago Tri-
bune, 7 January 1999. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
[5] Birthday Honours ListUnited Kingdom, The London
Gazette, Issue 58358, Supplement No. 1, 16 June 2007.
Retrieved 26 March 2012.
[6] The 50 Greatest British Writers Since 1945. The Times,
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[7] https://journalism.nyu.edu/about-us/faculty/
distinguished-professionals-in-residence/
[8]
[9]
[10] Literary Encyclopedia: Salman Rushdie. Retrieved 20
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[11] Liukkonen, Petri. Salman Rushdie. Books and Writ-
ers (kirjasto.sci.). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library.
Archived from the original on 10 February 2015.
[12] Salman Rushdie Discusses Creativity and Digital Scholar-
ship with Erika Farr on YouTube
[13] http://urdufigures.blogspot.co.uk/2016/09/
rushdies-fathers-secret-humiliation-in.html
[14] Ravikrishnan, Ashutosh. Salman Rushdies Midnight
Child. South Asian Diaspora. 25 July 2012.
[15] After the Satanic Verses, the romantic lyrics
[16] "Salman Rushdie biography", 2004, British Counsel. Re-
trieved 20 January 2008.
10
[17] Negative because there is little positive to say, The Herald
(Glasgow), George Birrell, 18 January 1997
[18] "The birth pangs of Midnights Children", 1 April 2006
[19] Readers across the world agree that Salman Rushdies
Midnights Children is the Best of the Booker.. Man
Booker Prizes. 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
[20] Saleem (Sinai) is not Salman (Rushdie)(although he mar-
ries a Padma) and Saleems grandfather Dr Aadam Aziz
is not him either, but there is a touching prescience at work
here. In the opening pages of Midnights Children, Dr Aziz
while bending down on his prayer mat, bumps his nose on
a hard tussock of earth. His nose bleeds and his eyes wa-
ter and he decides then and there that never again will he
bow before God or man. 'This decision, however, made
a hole in him, a vacancy in a vital inner chamber, leaving
him vulnerable to women and history.' Battered by a fatwa
and one femme fatale too many, Salman would have some
understanding of this. One more bouquet for Saleem Sinai
20 July 2008 by Nina Martyris, TNN. The Times of India
[21] Meer, Ameena (1989). Interview: Salman Rushdie.
Bomb. 27 (Spring). Retrieved 22 March 2015.
[22] The 2007 Shortlist. Dublin City Public Li-
braries/International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award.
2007. Retrieved 5 April 2007.
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Guardian, 12 October 2010. Retrieved 14 September
2012.
[24] Salman Rushdie Collaborates With Booktrack and the
New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, Booktrack Launches
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2012.
[25] Demonizing Discourse in Salman Rushdies The Satanic
Verses at the Wayback Machine (archived 1 July 2000)
[26] Times of India Story on Rushdies inuence and awards
Indiatimes.com
[27] Rohter, Larry (7 May 2012). PEN New York Times
Rushdie, founder of PEN World Voices Festival. The
New York Times.
[28] Salman Rushdie to Teach and Place His Archive at
Emory University. Emory University Oce of Media
Relations. 6 October 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
[29] Academicians Database, American Academy of Arts and
Letters. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
[30] http://journalism.nyu.edu/
about-us/news-post/2015/03/05/
new-distinguished-writer-in-residence-salman-rushdie/
[31] Interview with Salman Rushdie. The Talks.
[32] Rushdie visits Mumbai for 'Midnights Children' lm.
The Times of India. 11 January 2010. Retrieved 13
March 2010.
[33] SUBHASH K JHA, 13 January 2010, 12.00 am IST (13
January 2010). I'm a lm bu: Rushdie. The Times of
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[36] Tte--tte with Deepa Mehta. Hindustan Times. 4 Jan-
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[37] Midnights Children. Internet Movie Database. 19 De-
cember 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
[38] Thorpe, Vanessa (12 June 2011). Salman Rushdie says
TV drama series have taken the place of novels. The
Guardian. London. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
[39] The Lunchbox Fund.
[40] Salman Rushdie.
[41] Salman Rushdie Author and Patron of the BHA. British
Humanist Association. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
[42] Collegium Ralstonianum apud Savannenses Home.
Ralston.ac. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
[43] Rushdie, Salman (22 January 1989). Choice between
light and dark. The Observer.
[44] Rushdie, Salman. The Disappeared. The New Yorker
(September 17, 2012), p. 50. Retrieved 16 September
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[45] U2 (July 2010). Stairway to Devon OK, Somerset!".
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[46] Anthony Loyd (8 June 2005). Tomb of the unknown as-
sassin reveals mission to kill Rushdie. The Times. Lon-
don. Archived from the original on 1 June 2010.
[47] 26 December 1990: Iranian leader upholds Rushdie
fatwa. BBC News: On This Day. 26 December 1990.
Retrieved 10 October 2006.
[48] Rubin, Michael (1 September 2006). Can Iran Be
Trusted?". The Middle East Forum: Promoting Ameri-
can Interests. Retrieved 10 October 2006.
[49] Webster, Philip, Ben Hoyle and Ramita Navai (20 Jan-
uary 2005). Ayatollah revives the death fatwa on Salman
Rushdie. The Times. London. Archived from the origi-
nal on 3 March 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2006.
[50] Iran adamant over Rushdie fatwa. BBC News. 12
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[51] http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1999/02/15/
my-unfunny-valentine. Missing or empty |title= (help)
[52] Rushdies term. Retrieved 15 February 2007.
[53] Cronenberg meets Rushdie.
[54] Rushdie anger at policemans book. BBC. 2 August
2008. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
[55] Bodyguard apologises to Rushdie. BBC. 26 August
2008. Retrieved 4 January 2010.

[56] Alison Flood (12 April 2012). Salman Rushdie reveals
details of fatwa memoir. The Guardian. London. Re-
trieved 27 April 2012.
[57] Buchta, Wilfried (2000). Who rules Iran? (PDF). The
Washington Institute and The Konrad Adenauer. p. 6.
[58] Iran adds to reward for Salman Rushdies death. The
New York Post. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
[59] Govts decision to ban Salman Rushdies 'The Satanic
Verses was wrong, says P Chidambaram. Firstpost. Re-
trieved 17 October 2016.
[60] Rajiv Gandhi govts ban on Salman Rushdies Satanic
Verses wrong: Chidambaram. The Indian Express.
2015-11-29. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
[61] Sian Cain. Salman Rushdie: Iranian media raise more
money for fatwa. the Guardian.
[62] Hezbollah: Rushdie death would stop Prophet insults.
Agence France-Presse. 2 February 2006. Archived from
the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
[63] Joseph Bernard Tamney (2002). The Resilience of Conser-
vative Religion: The Case of Popular, Conservative Protes-
tant Congregations. Cambridge, UK: The Press Syndicate
of the University of Cambridge.
[64] International Guerrillas and Criminal Libel. Screenon-
line. Retrieved 7 February 2008.
[65] 2012 Speakers
[66] Singh, Akhilesh Kumar (20 January 2012). Salman
Rushdie not to attend Jaipur Literature Festival. The
Times of India. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
[67] Salman Rushdie pulls out of Jaipur literature festival.
BBC News. 20 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
[68] Singh, Akhilesh Kumar (24 January 2012). Jaipur Lit-
erature Festival: Even a virtual Rushdie is unwelcome for
Rajasthan govt. The Times of India. Retrieved 24 Jan-
uary 2012.
[69] Singh, Akhilesh Kumar; Chowdhury, Shreya Roy (23 Jan-
uary 2012). Salman Rushdie shadow on Jaipur Literature
Festival: 4 authors who read from 'The Satanic Verses
sent packing. The Times of India. Retrieved 23 January
2012.
[70] Gill, Nikhila (24 January 2012). Rushdies Video Talk
Is Canceled at India Literature Festival. The New York
Times. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
[71] Salman Rushdie to be a 'presence' at India conference.
BBC News. 13 March 2012.
[72] Scott Stewart (22 July 2010). Fanning the Flames of Ji-
had. Security Weekly. Stratfor. Inspire also features a hit
list that includes the names of people like Westergaard
who were involved in the cartoon controversy as well as
other targets such as Dutch politician Geert Wilders, who
produced the controversial lm Fitna in 2008
[73] Dashiell Bennet (1 March 2013). Look Whos on Al
Qaedas Most-Wanted List. The Wire.
11
[74] Conal Urquhart. Paris Police Say 12 Dead After Shoot-
ing at Charlie Hebdo. Time.
[75] Victoria Ward. Murdered Charlie Hebdo cartoonist was
on al Qaeda wanted list. The Telegraph.
[76] Lucy Cormack (8 January 2015). Charlie Hebdo edi-
tor Stephane Charbonnier crossed o chilling al-Qaeda
hitlist. The Age.
[77] Time. 7 January 2015. salman rushdie response
[78] Wilson Ring (15 January 2015). Salman Rushdie, threat-
ened over book, defends free speech. Associated Press.
[79] Jack Thurston (15 January 2015). After Paris Attacks,
Salman Rushdie Defends Absolute Right of Free Speech
While in Vermont. NECN. NBC Universal.
[80] 15 June 2007 Rushdie knighted in honours list. BBC
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[81] Pierce, By Andrew. Salman Rushdie is knighted by the
Queen. Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
[82] 'Sir Rubbish: Does Rushdie Deserve a Knighthood',
Times Higher Educational Supplement, 20 June 2007
[83] Protests spread to Malaysia over knighthood for Salman
Rushdie. The New York Times. 2007-06-20. ISSN 0362-
4331. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
[84] 10 July 2007 Al-Qaeda condemns Rushdie honour.
BBC News. 10 July 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
[85] Bill Moyers on Faith & Reason . Bill Moyers and Salman
Rushdie . June 23, 2006 - PBS.
[86] Fact, faith and ction. Far Eastern Economic Review. 2
March 1989. p. 11.
[87] Rushdie: I was deranged when I embraced Islam, Daily
News and Analysis, 6 April 2008. Retrieved 14 September
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[88] Muslims unite! A new Reformation will bring your faith
into the modern era, The Times, 11 August 2005
[89] Salman Rushdie Secular Values, Human Rights and Is-
lamism. Point of Inquiry. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
[90] Maddie Crum (7 January 2015). Salman Rushdie Re-
sponds To Charlie Hebdo Attack, Says Religion Must Be
Subject To Satire. Hungton Post. Retrieved 20 June
2015.
[91] The Cut. 15 Male Celebrities Answer Are You a Femi-
nist? -- The Cut. The Cut.
[92] Michael Mandel, How America Gets Away With Murder,
Pluto Press, 2004, p. 60
[93] Letters, Salman Rushdie: No fondness for the Pentagons
politics | World news. The Guardian. London. 9 July
2007. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
[94] Writers issue cartoon row warning. BBC News. 1
March 2006. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
 12 12 EXTERNAL LINKS

[95] Wagner, Thomas (10 October 2006). Blair, Rushdie [114] Julia (20 June 2014). Salman Rushdie awarded the 2014
support former British foreign secretary who ignited veil PEN/ Pinter Prize. English PEN. Retrieved 19 June
debate. SignOnSanDiego.com. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
2006.
[115] Website of St. Louis Literary Award
[96] The ageing punk of lit crit still knows how to spit Times
Online at the Wayback Machine (archived 12 May 2008)

[97] Terry Eagleton; Michael Kustow; Matthew Wright; Neil
Morris (12 July 2007). Letters: Writers challenging so-
called civilisation. The Guardian. Scott Trust Limited.
Retrieved 20 June 2015.
[98] Radio show Medierna broadcast on Sveriges Radio P1 on
31 January 2009.
[99] Salman Rushdies statement on Amnesty International,
The Sunday Times, 21 February 2010
[100] Burke, Jason (10 April 2014). A Narendra Modi victory
would bode ill for India, say Rushdie and Kapoor. The
Guardian. Delhi. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
[101] Salman Rushdie stirs up frenzy with tweets in response
to Colorado multiplex shooting | New York Daily News.
Daily News. New York. 21 July 2012. Retrieved 11
November 2012.
[102] Cheney, Alexandra (20 July 2012). Salman Rushdie
Sparks Furor With Colorado Theater Shooting Tweets
Speakeasy. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11
November 2012.
[103] Descended from the gentry family LUARD formerly of
Byborough. See Burkes Landed Gentry 18th edn vol 1
(pub 1965) page 465 col 2
[104] Free BMD website. Birth registered Q3 1979 Camden
[105] Bruce Chatwin, letter to Ninette Dutton, 1 November
1984, in Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin,
ed. Elizabeth Chatwin and Nicholas Shakespeare, p. 395
12 External links
Ocial website
Salman Rushdie at British Council: Literature
Appearances on C-SPAN
In Depth interview with Rushdie, 5 December
2010
Anant Kumar & Hans Dembowski (2010).
Polyphony and Contradictions Are Considered
Indispensable in India. Qantara.de.
Salman Rushdie on Charlie Rose
Salman Rushdie on IMDb
Article archive at Journalisted
Works by or about Salman Rushdie in libraries
(WorldCat catalog)
Salman Rushdie collected news and commentary at
Al Jazeera English
Salman Rushdie collected news and commentary at
Dawn
Salman Rushdie collected news and commentary.
The Guardian.

[106] Most men irt with me: Riya Sen.
[107] "Rushdie: New book out from under shadow of fatwa",
CNN, 15 April 1999. Retrieved 21 April 2007.
[108] Laura M. Holson, From Exile to Everywhere, The New
York Times, 23 March 2012 (online), 25 March 2012
(print). Retrieved 26 March 2012.
Salman Rushdie collected news and commentary.
The New York Times.
Jack Livings (Summer 2005). Salman Rushdie,
The Art of Fiction No. 186. The Paris Review.
New York Times special feature on Rushdie, 1999

[109] Collie, Ashley. Shakespeares Hotspur Would Be Proud

Books by Salman Rushdie
to See His Namesake Tottenham Hotspur Leading An- Salman Rushdie: A Chance of Lasting Video by
other British Invasion of America. HungtonPost.com.
Louisiana Channel
HPMG News. Retrieved 5 September 2017.

[110] The Golden House by Salman Rushdie, Random House Salman Rushdie at the Internet Speculative Fiction
Database
[111] Golden Pen Award, ocial website. English PEN. Re-
trieved 3 December 2012.

[112] Salman Rushdie fr dansk litteraturpris p halv million.

Politiken (in Danish). 12 June 2013. Retrieved 12 June
2013.

[113] Greg Epstein (20 April 2007). HNN #18: Salman

Rushdie & Cultural Humanism. American Humanist As-
sociation and the Humanist Chaplaincy of Harvard Uni-
versity. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
 13

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1 Text
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Henry Flower, Gamaliel, Ianhowlett, Maroux, Andris, Ferdinand Pienaar, Alvestrand, Dash, Tagishsimon, Ragib, Wmahan, Utcursch,
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