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Aristocracy
Aristocracy
Aristocracy
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The aristocracy of which we know most in ancient Greece was that of Athens prior to the
reforms of Cleisthenes, but all the Greek city-states passed through a period of
aristocratic or oligarchic government. Rome, between the regal and the imperial periods,
was always more or less under the aristocratic government of the senate, in spite of the
gradual growth of democratic institutions (the Lat. optimates is the equivalent of
hpcarot). There is, however, one feature which distinguishes these aristocracies from
those of modern states, namely, that they were all slave-owning. The original relation of
the slavepopulation, which in many cases outnumbered the free citizens, cannot always
be discovered. But in some cases we know that the slaves were the original inhabitants
who had been overcome by an influx of racially different invaders (cf. Sparta with its
Helots); in others they were captives taken in war. Hence even the most democratic states
of antiquity were so far aristocratic that the larger proportion of the inhabitants had no
voice in the government. In the second place this relation gave rise to a philosophic
doctrine, held even by Aristotle, that there were peoples who were inferior by nature and
adapted to submission (Oka SOUXo); such people had no "virtue" in the technical civic
sense, and were properly occupied in performing the menial functions of society, under
the control of the tipto-roc. Thus, combined with the criteria of descent, civic status and
the ownership of the land, there was the further idea of intellectual and social superiority.
These qualifications were naturally, in course of time, shared by an increasingly large
number of the lower class who broke down the barriers of wealth and education. From
this stage the transition is easy to the aristocracy of wealth, such as we find at Carthage
and later at Venice, in periods when the importance of commerce was paramount and
mercantile pursuits had cast off the stigma of inferiority (in Gr. favavvia). It is important
at this stage to distinguish between aristocracy and the feudal governments of medieval
Europe. In these it is true that certain power was exercised by a small number of families,
at the expense of the majority. But under this system each noble governed in a particular
area and within strict limitations imposed by his sovereign; no sovereign authority was
vested in the nobles collectively.
Under the conditions of the present day the distinction of aristocracy, democracy and
monarchy cannot be rigidly maintained from a purely governmental point of view. In no
case does the sovereign power in a state reside any longer in an aristocracy, and the word
has acquired a social rather than a political sense as practically equivalent to "nobility,"
though the distinction is sometimes drawn between the "aristocracy of birth" and the
"aristocracy of wealth." Modern history, however, furnishes many examples of
government in the hands of an aristocracy. Such were the aristocratic republics of Venice,
Genoa and the Dutch Netherlands, and those of the free imperial cities in Germany, Such,
too, in practice though not in theory, was the government of Great Britain from the
Revolution of 1689 to the Reform Bill of 1832. The French nobles of the Ancien Regime,
denounced as "aristocrats" by the Revolutionists, had no share as such in government, but
enjoyed exceptional privileges (e.g. exemption from taxation). This privileged position is
still enjoyed by the heads of the German mediatized families of the "High Nobility." In
Great Britain, on the other hand, though the aristocratic principle is still represented in the
constitution by the House of Lords, the "aristocracy" generally, apart from the peers, has
no special privileges.