CHRONOLOGICAL TEXT

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When information in a passage is organized by the time in which each event occured, it is organized
chronologically.
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Nonfiction passages that are organized chronologically often contain dates.
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Fiction passages and narratives are more subtle and are organized chronologically but usually have no
dates.
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There are also times that the text are ordered chronologically in a creative way. Even if the author uses
flashbacks, flash-forwards, or manipulates the time in his or her text, the events still occur on a timeline.
Therefore, it is still considered as a chronological text.
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Chronological text - timeline and logical order
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Chrono - time
Logic - order
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Logical order - chronological order and sequential order
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Sequential order are still in chronological manner but it mainly focuses on the sequence of events as
described by the procedures, instructions, and steps etc.
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Chronological order are the way of systematically arranging events as described by the time and the
dates.
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There are three ways in order to understand chronological text well:
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1.) The use of dates and times (chronological order)
2.) The use of transitional devices (signal words)
3.) The use of processes, steps, directions, instructions, and procedures. (Sequential order)
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Flowcharts and Outline - these are the most used graphic organizer available in order to breakdown
chronological text by events.
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Flowcharts - shapes connected by arrows
Outlines - bullet-type or numbering type of organizer.
 Descriptive Text

Description is one of the main rhetorical patterns. It creates a mental image of a thing, a person
or character or an event.
Descriptive writing creates an impression in the readers mind of an event, a place, a person, or
thing.
REMEMBER: Utilize the 5 Senses.
o Sight (shiny, colorful, distant)
o Touch (sharp, smooth, scalding)
o Taste (distasteful, sweet, spicy)
o Smell (fragrant, aromatic, pungent)
o Hearing (deafening, raspy, melodious)
DESCRIPTIVE WORDS & PHRASES
o ADJECTIVES (for nouns/pronouns)
o ADVERBS (for verbs/adjectives/adverbs)
Note: Carefully choose the words you will use in order to evoke the proper feeling you want in
your reader.
Objective
Writing plainly about something without passing on judgement
Using words that are considered neutral or denotative.
Conveying information while avoiding emotion and sensationalism
Focusing on facts, statistics and empirical details or data.

Subjective

Injecting ones personal attitude towards the subject.

Using words that are connotative words that convey a good or bad impression (of the subject)
Conveying emotions and opinions about the subject.
Reflecting thoughts, feelings and mood (of the writer).
 Classification Text

Classification - It is the action or process of classifying something according to shared qualities or

characteristics.
Classification Paragraph - presents information in categories, allowing a great deal of information
to be presented logically and clearly.
Purpose - The purpose of a classification paragraph is to clearly define something and place it in
a group according to some basis or rule so that it only fits in one group.
Transitional expressions:
can be divided
can be classified
can be categorized
the first type
the second kind
the last category
 Problem Solution Text

What are problem-solution essays?

Problem-solution essays consider the problems of a particular situation, and give solutions to
those problems. They are in some ways similar to cause and effect essays, especially in terms
of structure (see below). Problem-solution essays are actually a sub-type of another type of
essay, which has the following four components:
Situation

Problem

Solution

Evaluation

The 'situation' may be included in the essay prompt, in which case it will not be needed in the
main body. If it is needed, it can often be included in the introduction, especially for short
essays, as with the example essay below. The 'evaluation' may be included as part of the
conclusion (also as in the example below), or omitted altogether, especially for short essays.
For these reasons, problem-solution essays are more common than situation-problem-
solution-evaluation essays (or SPSE essays).

Structure
There are two main ways to structure a problem-solution essay. These are similar to the ways
to structure cause and effect essays, namely using a block or a chain structure. For the block
structure, all of the problems are listed first, and all of the solutions are listed afterwards. For
the chain structure, each problem is followed immediately by the solution to that problem.
Both types of structure have their merits. The former is generally clearer, especially for shorter
essays, while the latter ensures that any solutions you present relate directly to the problems
you have given.
The two types of structure, block and chain, are shown in the diagram below. This is for a
short essay, which includes the 'situation' in the introduction and 'evaluation' in the conclusion.
A longer essay, for example one of around 1,000 words, with citations, would probably have
these two sections as separate paragraphs in the main body.

Signal words
PROBLEM/SOLUTION
Problem
the question is
a solution
one answer is
Dilemma is
The puzzle is
To solve this
One reason for the problem is
 Compare and Contrast

Compare and Contrast is a text structure or pattern of organization where the similarities and differences
of two or more things are explored. It is important to remember that with the compare and contrast text
structure the text should be discussing similarities and differences. If the text only discusses similarities, it
is only comparing. Likewise, if it only discusses ways that the things are different, it is only contrasting.
The text must do both to be considered compare and contrast.

Compare and Contrast Graphic Organizer

Identifying when the writer is comparing and contrasting is usually not difficult because the speaker will
bounce back and forth between two subjects and this pattern is generally pretty easy to
recognize. However, here are some signal words that may indicate that the text is written using the
compare and contrast organizational pattern: like, unlike, both, neither, similar, and different.

What is Narrative Text?

Narrative text is a kind of text to retell the story that past tense. The purpose of the text is to entertain or
to amuse the readers or listeners about the story.
The generic structure of Narrative text :
1 . O r i e n t a t i o n : It set the scene and introduce the participants (it answers the question :
who,when, what, and where).
2 . C o m p l i c a t i o n : Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them.
3 . R e s o l u t i o n : The crisis is revolved, for better or worse.
4 . R e - o r i e n t a t i o n : The ending of the story. Maybe, happy ending or sad ending.
5 . E v a l u a t i o n : The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story
Linguistic features :
1. Use active verbs.2. Use past tense.
3. Use conjunction (and, then, after that, next, etc)
Also Temporal conjunction
, like: once upon a time, one day, long time ago, 4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He,
She, or They).5. Use specific nouns.6. Use adjective and adverbs