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YME04-REN-Z-FD-0009 Yme New Development Generic Basis of Design - 01
YME04-REN-Z-FD-0009 Yme New Development Generic Basis of Design - 01
YME04-REN-Z-FD-0009 Yme New Development Generic Basis of Design - 01
Facility: Yme Area: Text here. System: Text here. AFA: Text here.
Revision:
Document Title: Basis of Design
01
CONTENT
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 Purpose .................................................................................................................................................. 7
1.2 Yme Field and License Information ........................................................................................................ 7
1.3 Project Background ................................................................................................................................ 7
1.3.1 Project Description .................................................................................................................. 8
1.4 Definitions and Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. 9
1.4.1 Units ..................................................................................................................................... 11
1.5 References ........................................................................................................................................... 11
3 HSE ................................................................................................................................ 13
3.1 HSE Goals............................................................................................................................................ 13
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Doc. Title: Basis of Design
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9 Subsea........................................................................................................................... 66
9.1 Subsea Facilities and Document References ....................................................................................... 66
9.2 Subsea Design Codes, Standards and Guidelines............................................................................... 67
9.3 Design Life ........................................................................................................................................... 68
9.4 Location ................................................................................................................................................ 68
9.5 Subsea Infrastructure Overview ........................................................................................................... 69
9.6 Material Selection ................................................................................................................................. 70
9.7 Subsea System Description ................................................................................................................. 70
9.7.1 General Information .............................................................................................................. 70
9.7.2 Design Well Flowrates .......................................................................................................... 70
9.7.3 Well Shut-in Pressures and Maximum Wellhead Flowing Temperature ............................... 70
9.7.4 Drilling Interfaces and Workover Facilities ............................................................................ 71
9.8 Subsea Xmas Tree and Workover System .......................................................................................... 71
9.8.1 Tree Design Overview .......................................................................................................... 71
9.9 Subsea Structures ................................................................................................................................ 72
9.9.1 Subsea Template Beta ......................................................................................................... 72
9.9.2 Subsea Template Beta North................................................................................................ 72
9.9.3 Subsea Production Manifold ................................................................................................. 72
9.10 Flowlines, Risers, Flowline Jumpers and Umbilicals ............................................................................ 72
9.10.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 72
9.10.2 Beta North Flowlines ............................................................................................................. 73
9.10.3 Flow Assurance .................................................................................................................... 73
9.10.4 Erosion.................................................................................................................................. 73
9.10.5 Power System....................................................................................................................... 73
9.11 Risers 74
9.12 Subsea Production Control and Monitoring System ............................................................................. 74
9.12.1 Production Monitoring ........................................................................................................... 74
9.13 Subsea Metering .................................................................................................................................. 74
9.14 Leak Detection from Subsea Facilities ................................................................................................. 74
9.15 Sand Detection from Subsea Facilities ................................................................................................. 75
9.16 Preservation Status of Existing Facilities .............................................................................................. 75
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14 Definitions ..................................................................................................................... 97
14.1 Lifetime 97
14.1.1 Design Life ............................................................................................................................ 97
14.1.2 Integrity Life .......................................................................................................................... 97
14.1.3 Service Life ........................................................................................................................... 97
14.2 Production Availability .......................................................................................................................... 97
14.2.1 Availability ............................................................................................................................. 98
14.2.2 Wells Availability ................................................................................................................... 98
14.2.3 Production Availability ........................................................................................................... 98
14.2.4 Export Availability ................................................................................................................. 99
14.2.5 Turnaround (Shutdown) Availability ...................................................................................... 99
14.3 Vapour Pressures (RVP/ TVP) ............................................................................................................. 99
14.3.1 Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP) ................................................................................................ 99
14.3.2 True Vapour Pressure (TVP) ................................................................................................ 99
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Doc. Title: Basis of Design
Document No.: YME04-REN-Z-FD-0009
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1 Introduction
1.1 Purpose
The objective of this Basis of Design is to provide a basis to be used for design/
adaptation of a new topsides facility for the Yme New Development Project. This
Basis of Design will also control the design development throughout each project
phase and between project phases. Together with a Regulatory Compliance Plan
(ref Error! Reference source not found.), the BoD will form the technical basis
for the project.
All work to be performed in the Yme New Development project shall comply with
the latest revision of Basis of Design (BOD); deviations from the BOD shall be
subject to Management of Change (MOC).
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2001 following low oil prices and significant requirements for investments in the
field.
Paladin Resources was awarded the license as operator from Norwegian
Authorities in 2004 and initiated work for a new Plan for Development and
Operation (PDO) for the Yme field. Paladin was acquired by Talisman in 2005
which was granted permission to re-develop the field in 2007 based on an
estimated 66 mmstb remaining reserves.
The basis for the re-development was the use of a Mobile Offshore Production
Unit with Storage (MOPUstor) at the Gamma location, and tie-back of subsea
templates at the Beta location. All wells were drilled and subsea equipment,
including subsea storage tank and caisson, were installed on the field prior to
arrival of the MOPU. Due to safety reasons the MOPU was evacuated in 2012
and finally removed in 2016.
In 2015 the Joint Venture decided to abandon the PDO and initiate work to
abandon the field.
Changing market conditions in 2016 provided a potential for lease of existing
Jack-Up rig, FPSO and general reduction in rates and costs which represents a
new opportunity for the Yme field.
The existing wells, caisson, pipelines, subsea templates shall be reused and the
existing storage tank and subsea offloading system can be reused based on
proposal.
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1.4.1 Units
The project shall use metric units except for pipe diameters which shall be in
inches. Alternative units can be included in parenthesis where this is considered
to add clarity.
Standard conditions are defined as 15C and 1.01325 bara, normal conditions as
0C and 1.01325 bara, and stock tank conditions as 15C and 1.01325 bara.
Further to NPD regulations: Standard reference conditions for pressure and
temperature shall when metering oil and gas be 101,325 kPa and 15 C.
1.5 References
References for this document are given in section 15.
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2 Regulatory Compliance
Figure 2-1 show the hierarchical relations between acts, regulations, guidelines,
standards and procedures according to Norwegian regulatory framework.
Compliance with this regulatory framework must be demonstrated by the operator
(anyone executing on behalf of the licensee the day to day management of the
petroleum activities) on the Norwegian Continental Shelf.
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3 HSE
The Yme New Development will comply with the requirements of Repsols
Health, Safety and Environment Policy and Management System standards for
health, safety and environmental performance. It comprises the following key
principles:
In case of conflict between safety and operational results, all employees
and contractors have the responsibility to choose safety, and the
Directorate will support that choice.
Repsol will systematically establish goals and objectives for continuous
improvement in health, safety and environmental protection.
The company's goal is to carry out all activities without injuries or other
negative effects on people's health, and without any damage to the
external environment.
Repsol will maintain regular communication with stakeholders and will
work with local communities and the society sharing its knowledge and
reporting in a trustworthy and transparent manner.
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4 Field Description
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Figure 4-1 Yme Segments and location of the wells drilled by Statoil (1995 -
2001) and Talisman (2009-2010)
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The existing production wells are open-hole completed with long horizontal
sections located in the high permeable layers in the reservoir; hence there will be
limited or no possibilities to shut-off water production from individual zones.
Therefore, a significant amount of produced water will have to be handled during
the life of field.
If more wells are drilled into the reservoirs on a later stage, sliding sleeves will be
evaluated to enable control of inflow from the individual branches, and to reduce
the water production, but this has not been included in the development plan at
this stage.
High power electrical submerged pumps (ESPs) are installed in both the Gamma
and Beta wells. Gas lift was included as a contingency back-up lift mechanism for
the subsea Beta production wells, for use in the event of dual ESP failure. When
the new Beta East wells were drilled in 2009, the reservoir pressure was 80 bars
higher than expected, proving a significantly higher aquifer support. Gas lift is
now the preferred artificial lift mechanism on Beta. This solution reduces
uncertainty and cost related to the ESP changes on subsea wells, and due to the
higher than anticipated pressure support in Beta, it results in a minimal reserves
reduction. For Platform wells (Gamma East location), existing ESPs will be
attempted started, with immediate change out if start fails.
The field GOR is low, some of the produced gas will be used as fuel for power
generation and the excess associated gas will be injected in WAG cycles in
Gamma West.
WAG in Gamma West is expected to lead to gas breakthrough, omitting the need
for ESPs in these wells. The resulting increase in GOR from these wells is
expected to remove need for artificial lift for start-up in later field life. Gas lift will
be installed to enable optimisation of production.
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Table 4-2 Name and type of wells drilled in 2008 - 2010 campaign
All producers on Yme Gamma and Yme Beta are currently recompleted with a
dual set of ESP pumps. In addition, the Yme Beta subsea wells are also
completed with gas lift as a backup system that can be used if and when the
ESPs fail. On Beta, the current strategy is to use gas lift as the artificial lift
method during field life as it reduces the cost and uncertainty related to the
frequent ESP changes that are not desired on subsea wells.
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In addition to these wells 5 new wells are planned to be drilled into the Yme
reservoirs as part of the base plan. The new wells are:
One new water injector into the Yme Gamma East flank
Two new oil producers on Yme Gamma: one on the South West flank and
one on the North East flank
One oil producer and one water injector drilled into the Yme Beta North
reservoir which is planned to be developed with a new template
connected to the existing subsea system at Yme Beta.
The production profiles include the production from all segments on Yme Gamma
and Beta including the Beta North Area.
Gamma North
West
C-2 A
C-6
C-3
C-4
C-1
C-5
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The reservoir is to produce against an inlet pressure (@ Gamma wing valves and
Beta riser valve) of 13 barg. The first stage separator will operate around 10
barg.
The capacities listed in the table above are subsurface restrictions based on
stream day rates. Individual equipment design rates will differ to achieve the
above rates.
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5 Fluid Profiles
Production profiles are obtained from two reservoir models, one from Gamma
and one from Beta. They are constrained in each model so that combined flow is
in line with total facility capacities: 1/3 for Beta and 2/3 for Gamma.
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9 000
8 000
7 000
Gamma Oil
6 000
Beta Oil
2 000
1 000
-
01.sep.19 02.mar.22 31.aug.24 02.mar.27 01.sep.29 02.mar.32 01.sep.34
HP, Test and Total capacities show the basis for generating the profiles.
Adapting to existing facilities or when designing new these are guidelines.
Maximum oil capacity shall be in the range 6500 9000 Sm3/d.
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12 000
10 000 Gamma PW
Beta PW
8 000 Total PW
HP Capacity
2 000
-
01.sep.19 02.mar.22 31.aug.24 02.mar.27 01.sep.29 02.mar.32 01.sep.34
In the figure, water profiles for Gamma and total production are shown for
simulations using Gas Lift or ESPs on Gamma East. Although use of ESPs is
planned, these are expected to fail at regular intervals, so the figure above show
the range of expected water production rates.
As can be seen from the figure above, the produced water design capacity
requested/ shown is higher than the profiles show (for HP, Test and total
capacity). If significant cost savings can be made by reducing spare capacity,
reduced capacities shall be proposed by contractor.
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18 000
16 000
Gamma Liq
14 000
Beta Liq
12 000
Total Liq
10 000 HP Capacity
Test Capacity
8 000
Total Capacity
6 000 Gamma Liq ESP GE
Total Liq ESP GE
4 000
2 000
-
01.sep.19 02.mar.22 31.aug.24 02.mar.27 01.sep.29 02.mar.32 01.sep.34
In the figure, profiles for Gamma and total production are shown for production
using both Gas Lift and ESPs on Gamma East. Although use of ESPs is
planned, these are expected to fail at regular intervals, so the figure above show
the range of expected water production rates.
As for produced water profiles the capacities quoted are higher than the shown
Yme requirements. The gap will cater for uncertainty in well performance. If
significant cost savings can be made by reducing spare capacity, reduced
capacities shall be proposed by contractor.
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1 000 000
Gamma Gas
800 000
Beta Gas
Total Gas
600 000
HP Capacity
Test Capacity
400 000 Total Capacity Max
Total Capacity Min
200 000
-
01.sep.19 02.mar.22 31.aug.24 02.mar.27 01.sep.29 02.mar.32 01.sep.34
Figure 5-4 Gas Rates for Yme including Lift Gas - ESP's used on Gamma
East
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1 000 000
Gamma Gas
800 000
Beta Gas
Total Gas
600 000
HP Capacity
Test Capacity
400 000 Total Capacity Max
Total Capacity Min
200 000
-
01.sep.19 02.mar.22 31.aug.24 02.mar.27 01.sep.29 02.mar.32 01.sep.34
Figure 5-5 Gas Rates for Yme - Gas Lift used to lift all wells (incl. Gamma
East)
The two previous figures show gas Rates for Yme (Associated Gas plus Gas Lift
Gas). The first figure with the lower gas rates are based on ESPs on Gamma
East peaks at 900,000 Sm3/d. The second profile use Gas Lift as artificial lift
method for all wells, including Gamma East, and require a maximum gas rate of
1,100,000 Sm3/d.
The plant shall be designed to enable the higher rate. However, if there are
existing plant capacity restrictions which still allow the lower rate, reducing the
ultimate gas capacity shall be discussed with company.
The gas plant shall allow for all produced gas to be re-injected, using Water
Alternating Gas injection in C-5 and C-6 (WAG).
The gas rates in Figure 5-4 and Figure 5-5 exceeds the stipulated total capacity
figures. This is due to the simulation applying a regularity factor of 0.97 for the
wells that is not included in these stream day rates.
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12 000
10 000
Gamma WI
8 000 Beta WI
Total WI
2 000
-
01.sep.19 02.mar.22 31.aug.24 02.mar.27 01.sep.29 02.mar.32 01.sep.34
In the figure, profiles for Gamma Water Injection are shown for production using
both Gas Lift and ESPs on Gamma East. Although use of ESPs is planned,
these are expected to fail at regular intervals, so the figure above show the range
of expected water production rates.
The capacities quoted are higher than the shown Yme requirements. If significant
cost savings can be made by reducing spare capacity, reduced capacities shall
be proposed by contractor.
Yme has three pre-drilled water injectors, one in Beta East, and two in Gamma
West. The Gamma injectors can also be used to inject gas in a WAG regime. In
2019-2020, two additional water injectors will be drilled: one on the Gamma East
flank and one in Beta North.
For Gamma and Beta fields, simulations indicate that Produced Water
Reinjection gives a satisfactory reservoir sweep. As the rapid pressure decline in
B-3H production history indicates, Beta North is the only segment in Yme that is
not supported by a strong aquifer. The injection strategy on Beta North is
different, with additional water injection for pressure maintenance. The
unproduced Gamma North East segment is also expected to require more water
injection than the other Yme segments.
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500 000
400 000
Gamma C5 GI
300 000
Gamma C6 GI
Total Capacity
200 000
100 000
-
01.sep.19 02.mar.22 31.aug.24 02.mar.27 01.sep.29 02.mar.32 01.sep.34
The figure above show Injection gas rates, alternating in WAG wells C-5 and C-6
in the Gamma West formation.
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A-5 was:
On continuous gas injection Jan 97 Jun 98
On continuous water injection Jul 98- Jan 2001
The gas injection pressure in Statoils A-5 well stayed below 250 bar and water
injection pressure is generally below 200 bar with exception of a few short
periods. Experience from this well has been used in simulating performance of
YND injection wells.
As seen in Figure 5-8 tubing injection pressure in WAG wells C-5 and C-6 is
mostly below 150 bar when injecting water, with an exception of first day after
converting from gas to water in WAG injectors. Injection pressures from Gamma
West well C8 and the two Beta injectors is lower.
Figure 5-8 Water Injection pressure and rates for wells C-5 and C-6
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Figure 5-9 shows tubing head pressure (THP), and gas injection rate in wells C-5
and C-6 which are injectors in Gamma West used for WAG injection. As can be
seen from the figure, the gas injection pressure is mostly below 200 bar (except
first day after converting from water to gas).
Water injection pressures for the remaining wells on Gamma East (C-8), Beta
East (D-3H) and Beta North are lower than for the Gamma West wells.
Figure 5-9 Gas Injection pressure and rate for wells C-5 and C6
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Noted from the table above is that for cases with low water cut or low production
in general will have arrival temperature below the 42C wax appearance
temperature, and will require operational management, typically wax inhibitor
injection.
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Reservoir Pressure
Production Well
(2009)
CITHP (bara)
Beta East 104
Beta North West -
Gamma North
79
West
Gamma South
-
East
Gamma South
79
West
Table 5-3 Preliminary Max CITHP - Natural Drive and Gas Lift
The design tubing pressures are 345 bara (5000 psi). The ESP dead head
pressures were maintained below this limit to prevent overpressure. Gas Lifted
wells will be subject to potential maximum Gas Lift pressure.
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6 Production Chemistry
The following production chemistry data represent the basis for developing
control and mitigation strategies to ensure trouble free flow of fluids in the
production system and secure continuous production of the field.
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Separate compositions were also created for Gamma South East (reference 13),
but will not be used for design, as there are few/ no wells in these areas.
Although main design shall be based on well profiles as given in Appendix 1,
sensitivities to this design should be performed with Gamma W only and Beta E
only composition to ensure process design is robust.
The GOR for these compositions are from 61.3 Sm3/ Sm3 for Gamma West, to
54.4 Sm3/ Sm3 for Beta East. Beta North West has a GOR of about 63 Sm3/
Sm3.
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6.2.1.2 Mercury
No analysis of elemental Mercury has been identified from previous production.
Trace amounts has been measured in scale material retrieved from one of the
production wells, but it is not known in what state this mercury was in (Hg0,
Hg2+, etc.)
6.2.1.3 Naphtalenes
The Yme crude has no Naphthalene issue.
6.2.1.4 NORM
Yme formation water contains about 100 mg/l Barium and 755 mg/l Strontium. In
the event that sulphate scale with these salts form it is likely there would be
NORM associated with this.
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The following table (Table 6-5) has been assembled from the crude oil assay
data in Reference 11.
Fraction C Whole C5-65 65-90 90-150 150-180 180-240 240-320 320-375 375-420 420-525 525-565 375+ 525+ 565+
Crude
Yield on crude mass % 4.50 3.79 10.08 5.10 10.83 15.93 9.66 6.89 16.80 3.31 37.47 13.78 10.47
Yield on crude vol% 5.61 4.23 10.77 5.45 11.16 15.84 9.33 6.50 15.49 2.96 33.78 11.79 8.83
API Gravity at 60/60F API 37.8 88.3 65.2 56.6 49.7 43.0 36.9 32.0 28.1 24.6 20.1 21.0 13.3 11.2
Specific Gravity at 60/60F 0.8357 0.6438 0.7194 0.7523 0.7811 0.8111 0.8404 0.8652 0.8865 0.9066 0.9336 0.9276 0.9771 0.9916
Density at 15C kg/l 0.8353 0.6438 0.7192 0.7521 0.7808 0.8108 0.8400 0.8648 0.8860 0.9061 0.9331 0.9271 0.9765 0.9910
Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) kPa 63.8 122 31.1
Water content mass % 0.53
Sulphur mass % 0.18 <0.001 <0.001 0.002 0.052 0.06 0.19 0.24 0.31 0.44 0.38 0.54 0.59
Mercaptan sulphur mg/kg <2 <2 <2 <2 <2
Nitrogen mg/kg 940 <1 <1 <1 <1 9 198 570 1270 2980 2700
Basic Nitrogen mass % <0.001 0.007 0.018 0.034 0.070 0.065
Hydrogen Sulphide mass % * ND
Viscosity at 20C cSt 6.81 1.12 1.91 4.97 15.4
Viscosity at 50C cSt 3.04 0.80 1.22 2.56 5.83 15.0 44.7 148
Viscosity at 80C cSt 51.7 299
Viscosity at 100C cSt 2.22 4.18 8.48 25.2 17.2 188 487
Viscosity at 135C cSt 96.2
Cloud point C <-51 -15 12
Cold Filter Plugging Point C <-40 -18 9
Freezing point C <-60 -49.5
Pour point C 3 -51 -15 12 30 42 NES * 39 >45 33
Flash point C <10 <10 27.5
Wax content mass % 6.7
Smoke point mm 27.0 23.3
Aniline point C 54.2 59.6 71.1 79.7 87.8 94.2 98.8 93.8 96.8 97.2
Total Acid Number mg KOH/g 0.35 0.03 0.05 0.10 0.13 0.03 0.14 0.31 0.22
Cetane index (D-976) 32.5 42.9 51.7 52.5
Calculated Cetane Index (CCI) (D-4737) 37.2 43.8 55.7 64.7
Cetane number 46.3 52.8 58.6
Watson K-factor 11.9 12.0 11.9 11.9 11.7 11.7 11.6
Research Octane Number(RON) 74.8 66.0
Motor Octane Number(MON) 73.0 64.8
n-Paraffins mass % 49.5 25.3 20.4 19.3
i-Paraffins mass % 42.0 24.6 23.3 26.0
Naphthenes mass % 7.3 45.8 45.5 37.8
Aromatics (incl. benzene) mass % 1.3 4.3 10.8 16.9
Aromatics - FIA vol % 14.4 16.9
Aromatics - HPLC mass % 28.2 30.8
Benzene mass % 3.4 0.1
Naphtalenes vol % 0.01 2.24
Asphaltenes mass % 1.00 2.60 3.50
n-Pentane insolubles mass % 3.1 7.7 9.2
Conradson Carbon Residue(CCR) mass % <0.1 <0.1 0.1 2.0 5.0 13.5 17.4
Ash mass % 0.040 0.090 0.110
Vanadium mg/kg 0.9 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 2.2 6.2 8.4
Nickel mg/kg 0.6 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 2.4 6.7 8.9
Sodium mg/kg 190
Salt as NaCl mg/l > 300
Refractive index at 67C 1.463 1.474 1.486 1.503 1.503
Distillation D-86(50%) C 161 207 273 333
Copper Corrosion 1A 1A
Penetration at 25C 0.1mm 280 177
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Shock dosing and continuous injection of Biocide should be planned for in the
process and/or water treatment system.
Reservoir souring is possible during field life as a result of seawater injection if
the option for future installation is exercised. The process plant should be
designed for sour service in the event that earlier seawater injection and possible
sea water injection in the future lead to higher H2S levels.
CO2 content of reservoir fluid is given in section 6.2. CO2 flashing from saturated
Produced Water may lead to high CO2 concentration in degassing lines, and
elevated CO2 concentrations in gas plant towards end of field life when oil
production is low and water production high.
6.6 Wax
Wax content and associated properties have been measured on oil from 3
exploration wells by Statoil; 9/2 1, 9/2 3 and 9/2 4S. The wax properties are
based on an evaluation of these samples (reference 32)
6.7 Asphaltenes
It is not expected that asphaltene flocculation will occur as a function of pressure
depletion at the reservoir temperature of 103 C. Asphaltene flocculation has
been observed in laboratory tests with the addition of lift gas, and is therefore a
risk for Beta production. Asphaltene inhibitor injection quills are located in gas lift
supply subsea, upstream x-mas tree, and dedicated injection facilities shall be
available for use during gas lift operation.
With Gas Lift now being chosen lift strategy for Gamma West, and optional for
Gamma East wells, Asphaltene injection and distribution facilities shall reflect
this. Optimal injection point is downhole, upstream of gas lift valve.
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6.8 Scale
There is a high potential for scaling at Yme, in the wells, in the reservoir and in
the production facilities;
Barium and strontium Sulphate forms when mixed with seawater,
Carbonate scale forms with changing pressure and temperature,
Iron scale deposits may also occur in the well.
Scale control will be a combination of continuous scale inhibitor injection, scale
squeezes and acid treatments.
Continuous scale inhibitor injection is required upstream of ESPs, upstream of
the production chokes and in the processing facilities where (produced and fresh)
water of different compositions are mixed and subjected to pressure and
temperature changes. Details can be found in reference 1.
Scale prediction results suggest that the injection of produced water gives the
lowest barite (BaSO4) scale saturation index.
Under seawater only injection, moderate barite and anhydrite (CaSO4) scaling is
expected when the injected seawater reaches the producers. The scale
deposition near the wellbore formation can be prevented by scale inhibitor
squeeze treatments. If relevant, Produced Water shall be kept physically
separate from Seawater in the topsides injection plant
Regular scale inhibitor squeezes are required for Yme to control both calcite and
barite scale deposition in the near wellbore formation (Ref 51). Scale inhibitor
should also be added into the produced water to prevent scale deposition on the
surface facilities.
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Hydrate temperature for pure water and reservoir fluid from Gamma West,
Sandnes formation, at bubble-point is approximately 13 C. The effect of
the salt concentration brings the hydrate equilibrium temperature down to
1 C,
For the Beta East, Sandnes formation, the hydrate temperature formation
is uncertain (suggest 23 C). But the study concludes the formation water
could bring the hydrate equilibrium temperature down to below 6 C,
Hydrate risk in a gas-lift situation shall be considered.
Hydrate mitigation procedures associated with Scale squeezes in Beta
wells must be developed
120
Beta Fluid
10% Water Cut
100
100%
Formation
80
Water
50%
Pressure, bara
formation
60
Water; 50%
Sea Water
40 100% Sea
Water
20
0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0
Temperature, C
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6.10.1 Salinity
The salinity of the formation water is high. The chloride content is in the order of
120,000 ppm.
Good water/oil separation is necessary to avoid reduced sales prices of the crude
due to the salinity of the residual formation water in the export crude. Due to this
high salinity of the formation water, the quality of the oil is sensitive to BS&W.
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For a future seawater treatment plant to facilitate water injection, the following
chemicals shall be allowed for.
Chemical Injection Dosage Viscosity Specific Material Comments
Type Location (Mixing Fluid) cP Gravity Incompatibility
Upstream 500 - 1000ppm of 5-30 1.0 1.1 C steel, Nitrile,
Biocide de-aerator Qwater (batch) @ 16C Neoprene,
Nalco 1.4 cSt EPDM, Viton
EC6633A (40C) 1.06 @
20C
Oxygen Downstream 1 100 ppm 5-20 1.3 1.4 Do not use Al,
scavenger de-aerator of Qwater. 2.5 cSt @ 16C C-steel, brass
Nalco (21C) 1.28 @ C steel,
EC6351A 15C
Seawater
Chlorination
Lift Pumps
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Methanol All Gamma 1 30% of Qwater 21 @ 20C 0.8 1.1 Injection rate of 1m3/h
well heads 35 @ 5C @ 20C for start-up, WAG
change-over and
valve equalisation.
To lift gas 100 ppm of Qoil 1-50 0.91 @ Nitrile, No fluids so
Asphaltene
at well 20-100 ppm of Qoil 16C Neoprene, recommendation
Inhibitor
heads, or 32 cSt EPDM, Viton, based on knowledge
Nalco
downhole (40C) TFE, MDPE, of similar systems.
FX1507
injection HDPE
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Figure 7-2 Yme Gamma Caisson with x-mas trees on upper deck
Figure 7-3 Yme Gamma wellbore trajectories for the existing wells
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Notes 1. MDBRT Measured Depth Below Rotary Table (Actual drilling distance)
2. TVDSS True Vertical Depth SubSea (Vertical well depth below seabed)
Detailed well information can be obtained from the RNAS Drilling & Completion
group, where updated information is stored on the sharepoint site TIP in the form
of end of well reports or well data handover package for the individual well.
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Figure 7-5 Yme Beta wellbore trajectories for the existing wells
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Notes 1. MDBRT Measured Depth Below Rotary Table (Actual drilling distance)
2. TVDSS True Vertical Depth SubSea (Vertical well depth below seabed)
Detailed well information can be obtained from the RNAS Drilling & Completion
group, where updated information is stored on TIP in the form of end of well
reports or well data handover package for the individual well.
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will not be suited for ESP as too high gas content in the well stream will lead to
gas locking the pumps.
C1 already has dual ESP installed, while C7 is to be drilled in the first campaign
on Yme.
C1 & C7 ESP:
In C1 a dual ESP system consisting of 900 HP/900 HP upper P110
centrifugal pumps is installed. These pumps will be attempted to start.
The pump curves for the two ESP pumps could be overlapping if required.
For new ESP wells on Gamma. Gaslift will be backup.
Detailed specification of ESP equipment installed see Figure 7-6 and
Table 7-3
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Well System Installed Monitoring Motor Lower and Upper Seal Pump Main Cable
513SXU BB/B MCV FER M/C CUW EHL
Dual 3 1/2" Upper 08.01.2010 562 KMHX-VC 900/4100/132 44R FER EHL CL6 H19 SB 2PFSA CL6 DSP 44/40/60 Stg 562P110LSMXXSD
Bypass with Y- Production 513SXU BB/B MCV FER M/C CUW EHL 2/0SOLBC/7KV/DL90/HTFB/EP
C1 Check Lower 08.01.2010 Quest 562 KMHX-VC 900/4100/132 44R FER EHL CL6 H19 SB 2PFSA CL6 DSP 44/40/60 Stg 562P110LSMXXSD DM/GALV/RND
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2 VSDs will be required to run the 2 ESP wells on Gamma. Maximum expected
power output requirements from VSD is 4800/ 173 A for the 1200 HP system,
and 4500 v/ 132 A for the 900 HP system to be able to run the ESPs at 100%
load.
The maximum total ESP system power requirement to design for is 1.4 MW for
the two ESP wells if using 900 HP ESP, and 1.6 MW if 1200 HP ESP is required.
The actual power requirement will be revised later in FEED after final ESP sizing/
selection has been performed.
ESPs shall be monitored and controlled from the platform. All the ESP data shall
be transferred to shore for real-time online monitoring of the ESP operations and
performance. This shall be done through the control system on the platform and
PI.
EMS (enhanced monitoring system) shall be a standalone control system
interfaced to the ICSS of the platform. The Enhanced Control and Monitoring
Philosophy will be developed by Repsol, and programmed by ABB/ESP supplier.
Interfacing towards the ICSS will be done by TopsidesContractor/ ESP supplier.
All intervention work and workovers will be conducted from drill floor.
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Since the original project, an updated Scale Review is available (Ref. 50).
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8 Production Technology
8.1 Introduction
The completion strategy was to build a robust and reliable completion.
Completions cater for monitoring capabilities of installed equipment, reservoir
and well performance. The important drivers with respect to the completion
functionality were;
Sand face completion architecture,
Inflow control and management,
Artificial lift requirements,
Production optimisation and reservoir monitoring requirements,
Flow assurance requirements: Down hole scale inhibitor injection
requirements including the ability to perform frequent scale inhibition
treatments to prevent scaling in the reservoir and wellbore,
Lifecycle management requirements: Interventions, reservoir
management and formation damage management.
For future sidetracks and infill wells, the same principles will be applied, although
the design will reflect technology development.
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The previous YME experience and learnings were reviewed and incorporated
into the well and completion design.
Further experience from Statoil can be found in references 6, 7, 24, 25 and 26.
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5 A2 0.5 67.8 72.3 4.5 Very clean sample. A few silica apparent
particles.
7 DEG 0.5 61.1 85.5 24.4 Similar to #4 but without the fibre particles.
10 A1+A4 0.5 60.1 63.7 3.6 Varying sizes of silica apparent particles +
some metal particles 20 40 m.
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mg/l
Well A1 + A4 7.2
Well A2 36
Degasser 28
Sea Water 9
Mixed Water 17
Based on above information, the following parameters shall be used for design of
new equipment for the topsides plant:
25 mg Sand/ Solids production per litre of produced water
Average particle size of 20 m
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Well testing for Individual well needs to Access to test facilities, good Monthly or
allocation, WC- be tested regularly on test measurement when
determination, separator, or main required.
Subsea wells to be tested
gas breakthrough separator
after scale squeeze Subsea
detection
Calculated within the interventions wells 6
ESP software monthly
Testing wells without ESP
interruption
Sand production Sand probe at main - and Determination of the sand Continuous
monitoring test separator mass/volumes.
Sampling for analysis Identification of the
offending well(s)
ESP surveillance Via the downhole Data to shore for surveillance Continuous
monitoring system Interfaces and integration
deployed with the ESP into Repsol system
Via Xmas tree gauges for
the wellhead data
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9 Subsea
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9.30 YME-23056-E-6114 rev Z issued 28.01.2009 Electrical Test Unit Functional Design
Specification (Vetco Gray)
9.31 YME-21389-U-0004-001 rev Z2 issued Field Layout (Technip)
04.06.2010
The ESPs and submerged loading system are not a part of the subsea
production facilities but are mentioned for reference. The power umbilical for
actuating the ESPs is included herein.
Standards:
ISO 13628 series
ISO 10423 Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment
ISO 13623 Pipeline Transportation Systems
ISO 14313 Pipeline Valves
ISO 15589-2 Cathodic Protection of Pipeline Transportation Systems
ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons
ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping System
ASME B31.3 Process Piping
NORSOK Standard J-003 Marine Operations
NORSOK Standard M-001 Material Selection
NORSOK Standard M-501 Surface preparation and surface coating
NORSOK Standard M-503 Cathodic Protection
NORSOK Standard M-601 Welding and inspection of piping
NORSOK Standard M-630 Material datasheets for piping
NORSOK Standard M-650 Qualification of manufacturers of special
materials
NORSOK Standard M-710 Qualification of non-metallic sealing materials
and manufacturers
NORSOK Standard N-001 Structural design
NORSOK Standard Z-010 Electrical, instruments and
telecommunications
NORSOK Standard Z-015 Temporary Equipment
NORSOK U-009 Life Extension for subsea systems
NORSOK Y-002 Life Extension for Transportation Systems
NORSOK N-006 Assessment of structural integrity of offshore load-
bearing structures
API 5L Specification for Line Pipe, 42nd Edition, 2000
EN ISO 14723 Subsea Pipeline Valves
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9.4 Location
The Yme positions are given in table below using UTM, zone 31, 3 East,
International spheroid, Datum European 50.
Locations of the Beta and Gamma drill centres are specified in Table 9-2. Data
are extracted from Ref 9.31. These are subject to satisfactory survey. The
acceptable uncertainty radii around these targets are 50m. Beta North template
location is yet to be decided.
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Gamma Caisson Location - Production and 239.35 591 222.5 6 409 412.8
WI
o
SLS Export to Tanker (GBS coordinates) 210.6 592 420.9 6 410 133.9
The location for the Yme Storage tank, caisson and topsides facility is at the
Gamma drill centre.
The original Yme development top-hole locations are presented in Table 9-3.
Item East North
The former Statoil Beta template was located at approx: 6402400 N 580700 E.
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For a floating concept, the WHP shall be designed to allow access to all wells
from a standard North Sea Jack-Up rig.
The trees require the facility for gas lift though annulus. Adjustable chokes are
required on both production and annulus bores.
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9.10.1.4 Umbilical
The umbilical provide hydraulic fluid for valve operation, chemicals, as well as low
voltage power and instrument connections for the subsea template.
The chemicals distributed in the umbilical are:
Scale Inhibitor (Downhole)
Asphaltene Inhibitor (Into Gas lift gas)
Methanol (to x-mas tree)
Corrosion Inhibitor (Manifold Injection)
Wax Inhibitor (Manifold injection
9.10.4 Erosion
The Yme New Development will keep flow/ drawdown within the envelope of
existing erosion calculations for subsea equipment (manifolds, chokes, and
bends), jumpers, flowlines and risers.
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9.11 Risers
Risers are installed for the services that are identified as Beta dedicated in
addition to an oil export riser to route product to the oil export pipeline and SLS.
In addition, umbilical risers are installed for the Beta controls & chemicals
umbilical and Beta ESP power umbilical.
Additional provisions for a future subsea tieback have been installed in the
caisson on the Gamma location. Additional tie-in points are available on the riser
balcony on the storage tank as well as on the Beta Production Manifold.
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10 Production Facilities
Already installed are a caisson containing wells and surface trees located at the
Gamma drilling centre. Existing storage tank can be reused if applicable.
One wellhead template has been installed at Beta location, and is tied back with
a 12 km pipeline.
Existing separate offloading point has been installed (SLS) and can be used for
Yme New Development Project if applicable.
10.2 Storage
Topsides production facilities shall deliver crude of the following quality to the
storage tank and on to the export tanker (reference 18):
Item Design Value Comment
Notes 1. If cooled further than 60C before entering caisson (down to a minimum of
50C), a TVP=0.95 bara at this lower temperature can be accepted.
2. If salt specification is not fulfilled with other means than basic separation, a
BS&W of 0.15% is required to meet 200 mg/l mg/l salt content.
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The Subsea tank have sufficient storage to accommodate Repsols desired crude
export parcel size plus an extra buffer to provide a margin for adverse weather or
tanker scheduling delays. Repsol desires to export 40,000 m3 (250,000 bbl)
parcels at standard temperature and pressure.
The storage tank system ensure that the space not occupied by crude never
contain an explosive mixture of hydrocarbon vapours and air, by storing over
seawater. The pump caissons shall be purged with nitrogen.
The system has been designed to minimise overboard discharges and
atmospheric emissions:
Item Design Value Comment
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10.4.1 General
An offshore production topsides facility is proposed featuring:
Production reception / inlet facilities
Production separation train and crude oil stabilisation
Gas compression to meet lift gas, gas re-injection and fuel gas
requirements
Gas conditioning
Produced water treatment and injection/ disposal
Power distribution and integration with existing power generation if
relevant
Essential utilities (flare, drains, instrument/plant air, nitrogen, seawater,
diesel, deluge and foam systems, chemical injection)
Process, well control and process shutdown systems, emergency
shutdown systems and fire and gas detection systems,
Support facilities for stabilised crude oil storage (including heating
facilities for fluid in subsea storage tank) unless other facilities are
available
Stabilised crude oil off-loading facility for shuttle tanker crude oil export
unless other facilities are available
Electric submersible pumps have been chosen as the preferred artificial lift
mechanism for Gamma East wells, with gas lift as the lift mechanism for the
Gamma West and Beta subsea wells. Compressed gas molecular weight
variations for different operating cases shall be considered in the compressor
design.
Existing Beta subsea production well design incorporate both ESPs and gas lift
valves, but new subsea wells and recompletion will be gas lift completion only.
The service line will be utilised for gas lift supply.
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Although there is no history of H2S on Yme, the process systems materials shall
accommodate sour service, and be designed according to ISO 15156 (NACE
MR0175).
Identified risers for remote field tie-backs are presented in Table 10-6 (Reference
14).
Riser Slot Riser Riser Designation
Diameter
10 10 inch Beta Oil Production
11 8 inch Beta Water Injection (Note 2)
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The last stage of separation and the coalescer operate at low pressure to
achieve the required vapour pressure specification for the oil going to storage.
The gas from the LP separator will be compressed by a LP compressor, which
discharges to the suction of the main compressors.
Note 1. Due to lack of information, the limit chosen is the Maximum legal daily average
figure. Statoil experiences indicate that higher OIW levels may be acceptable for
the wells.
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There is a risk of barium sulphate scaling when injecting a mixture of sea water
and produced water. As far as possible only produced water shall be injected in
Beta wells. For Gamma wells, produced water shall be favoured to minimize
emissions to sea. Produced water and seawater shall not be mixed topsides prior
to injection. Allowance for future Seawater injection routing and manifolds shall
be made in accordance with the above restrictions.
Significant sand production is not expected, and was not experienced when Yme
was produced previously. Filtration for Produced Water is not required other than
for injection pump protection.
The maximum produced water injection temperature is 60C, limited by the 8
riser/ 6" water injection line from Gamma to Beta. The produced water discharge
to sea do not have a specific temperature restriction, but temperature effect on
environmental impact (including risk of exposure to HC gases; benzene, VOC) of
PW discharge to sea shall be assessed.
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10.4.10 Measurement
The crude oil and gas shall be measured to a standard acceptable to the
Norwegian authorities. The following NORSOK standards can be used as guide
for measurement and manual sampling facilities for the produced oil, fuel gas and
flare gas metering:
I-106, Fiscal metering systems for hydrocarbon liquid and gas
NPD Regulations
It is desired to measure many streams on the installation. The practicality of
introducing this shall be discussed and agreed during FEED.
10.4.10.1 Allocation
The operator will perform allocation and reconcile fluid volumes from individual
wells (producers and injectors) on a monthly basis from daily figures. Daily
figures are either directly monitored and transferred or calculated from 15-minute
intervals. As a backup calculation based on well performance (P, T) is required.
An online system to collect, calculate, present, transfer data to the operator that
will perform the final reporting and reconcile production figures is required.
Typical values are:
Valve status,
Pressure/ Temperature measurements from wells and process,
Rates and consumptions.
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SLS
o Oil Export Line
o Freshwater makeup
The existing SLS will require major modifications. An alternative offloading option
shall be proposed as an option.
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Allowance for Future Inlet Heater for production line (Section 10.4.4)
Allowance for future tie-in of support to such a development (Tie in to
Service Line/ Umbilical on WHM)
Seawater injection will not be installed, but design shall ensure this is available
for future installation by
Space allowance for main equipment (deaerator, vacuum package, pipe
routings etc.)
Ensure implementation of system can be performed in line with
requirements set in this BoD (10.4.7).
Future weight allowance of 500 tonne has been specified in section 10.4.
Flaring To be minimised.
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11 Metocean Data
DNVGL has prepared a document which includes a comprehensive set of
metocean criteria and premises which can be used for the design and
reassessment of offshore structures, subsea installations and marine operations.
The above mentioned DNVGL document does not include updated data for
current and temperature. Therefore current temperature data shall be taken from
Fugro Oceanor report Updated Metocean Criteria for the Yme Platform
(reference 42).
Data for marine growth, seismic actions, snow and ice shall be taken form
NORSOK N-003.
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Reference 5 presents Soils parameters for design and Geotechnical data for
block 9/2, derived in 2007.
Further information and data can be found in references 47 and 48.
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12.5 Subsidence
Subsidence is not expected at Yme. The Yme reservoirs consist of strongly
consolidated sandstone that should not collapse. None of the original Yme wells
collapsed after five years of production, even if the reservoirs were depleted by
approximately 200 bars at the end of the first production period in 2001.
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structural integrity regime will be maintained for the remaining service life
including the removal phase.
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14 Definitions
14.1 Lifetime
For the Yme Project, the definition of Lifetime adopted is the same as defined in
NORSOK Y-002. The following terms will be used:
Design Life
Integrity Life
Service Life
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14.2.1 Availability
Ability of an item to be in a state to perform a required function under given
conditions at a given instant of time, or in average over a given time interval,
assuming that the required external resources are provided.
Overall availability for an installation can be expressed as
Aoverall = Awells * Aproduction * Aexport * Aturnaround
The different components are treated differently, and are described in the
chapters below.
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Provide a vehicle for HSE Management within all levels and phases of the
project
An HSE Activity Plan which further details the HSE activities will be developed
(reference 43).
15 References
1. Zhang, Y. & Hellings, G.; Yme Well Scale Review, Helix-RDS, Project
No.: PAL0115, Final Report, Revision 000, 26th May 2005.
2. Oilphase; 9/2-7S (9/2-B-3H), PVT Report; Bottom Hole Samples, Report
No. STAT798, 28/10/1999.
3. Mator; Particle analysis on Yme produced water and sea water, Final
report, revision 00, 13/02/98.
4. Statoil Report; "Environmental Design Basis Block 9/2 Conceptual
Phase", Doc No INGA-NOG-93034, dated 07/06/93.(See also reference
21)
5. NGI; Talisman Energy Yme Gamma Soil Investigation Phase 3. Soil
Parameter Report, 20071219-3 December 2007.
6. Statoil report; Yme Hydrat Manual, Paladin ObjectID: 17644.
7. Statoil report; Material Evaluation of Yme Wells, Paladin ObjectID:
17618.
8. PROLAB; Well 9/2-1 DST 3, TBP Distillation, Wax and Hydrocarbon
Analysis, PROLAB report no. 87.53, 19/06/1987
9. Fugro Oceanor; Metocean Conditions for Yme YME-TEN-Z-0001,
Revision R4
10. NGI Report; GBS Foundation Yme MOPUstor 20061682-2
11. Statoil; Crude Oil Assay.pdf YME3KV97
12. Talisman Energy; PVT Input for HYSYS Simulation on Yme YME-TEN-
P-0036 Rev.01
13. DewPoint AS; Yme HYSYS EOS and Compositional Input YME-TEN-P-
0037 Rev.02
14. GustoMSC; Substructure Caisson Internal Layout Arrangement Plan
YME-11208-N-3202-001 Rev.Z2
15. Scandpower; Yme Beta Production Line Transient Analysis Phase 1
YME-300492-P-0030
16. Talisman Energy; PJT-REP-YME-011 Yme Redevelopment Project
Basis of Design Revision 02, 15/11/2006
17. Fugro C50871/6813/RO; YME Field Metocean measurements YME-
TEN-Z-0108 Rev. B
18. Repsol; Crude Oil Specification YME New Development YND04-REN-Z-
RA-0002
19. Talisman Energy; Floyd & Associates Ltd for Talisman Energy NORGE
AS Gamma to Beta Pipeline route Survey Report NCS 9/2 YME-TEN-Z-
0002 Rev A
20. GustoMSC; Substructure Caisson Construction Plan YME-11208-N-
3098-001 Rev06
21. GustoMSC; Substructure Caisson Cellar Deck Construction Plan YME-
11208-N-3098-001 Rev06
22. KLIF; Nullutslipp fra Petroleumsvirksomheten offshore Klif memo
190410
23. Oil Plus Ltd.; "Review of reservoir souring potential in the Yme field
offshore Norway" 611A-REP-01Rev1
24. Statoil; Evaluering av de emulsjonsdannende egenskapene til
formasjonsvann og fraktureringsske med olje fra Yme Beta st (brnn
9/2-1H).
25. Statoil MOM- Emulsion Problems Yme Oil F&U-UoD/96032 19/11/97
26. Statoil; Yme 2001 Petroleum Engineering Experience Report Vol1-3
01/3286-1
27. Deleted
28. DewPoint AS; PVT characterization of the Yme Reservoir Fluids July
2008 (Stored in CIMAGE)
29. Talisman Energy; Flow Assurance: Yme Beta Gamma Pipeline
comparison of HYSYS and Subsurface simulation preliminary results
YME01-TEN-P-RA-0002 Rev. 02
30. GustoMSC; Volume 6 MOPUStor Crude Oil Storage & SLS Export
Operations Manual YME-11208-Z-1050 Rev A
31. Deleted
32. N/A
33. Talisman Energy; Yme Future Evaluation of Wax Properties YME01-
TEN-Z-RA-0031
34. GustoMSC; MOPUStor SLS Pressure Drop, Surge & Heat Loss
Calculation YME-11208-Z-1004 rev03
35. Repsol; Flow Assurance Assessment and Plan YME04-REN-P-TA-0001
36. Baker Hughes; VSD Recommendations for Yme YME01-13948-E-RA-
0001
37. Deleted
38. Xodus; Yme Future Flow Assurance for Beta Pipelines YME01-27338-P-
RA-0001
39. Deleted
40. Xodus; Yme Future Flow Assurance Impact on slugging by using Gas
Lift on Beta YME01-27338-P-RA-0004
41. Talisman; Well Design Summary YME01-TEN-D-RA-0003
42. Fugro; Updated Metocean Criteria for the Yme Platform YME01-25961-
N-RA-0001
43. Repsol; HSE Plan YME04-REN-S-TA-0002
44. DNV GL; Yme Metocean Data Metocean design basis for wind, waves
and water level YME04-19259-N-RA-0001
45. Repsol; Basis of Design Drilling and Completion YME04-REN-D-FD-
0001
46. KANFA; Phoenix Intermediate Phase Technical Report, Appendix G Flow
Assurance Study (Genesis) 40157-KA-00-Z-RA-00001
47. NGI; Talisman Energy - Yme Gamma Soil Investigation. Laboratory
Testing. Phase 2. Factual Report. 20071219-2
48. Fugro; Geotechnical Report. Laboratory and In-Situ Data. Gamma site
investigation. Block 9/2, Norwegian Sector, North Sea 71507-5 (02)
49. Repsol, Yme: Subsurface input to Basis of Design optimization, January
2017, YME04-REN-X-RA-0003
50. Repsol; Scale Review Yme04-REN-X-CA-0005
51. Repsol; Chemical treatment of production wells YME04-REN-D-RA-
0006
52. Repsol; CPS Basis of Design (Design Premise) YME04-11624-N-FD-
0001
53. Repsol; WHM Design Premise YME04-11624-N-RA-0033
54. Repsol; Preliminary Subsea Basis of Design YME04-25647-Y-RA-0001