EE650A-Basics of Modern

Control Systems
Instructor Soumya Ranjan Sahoo
srsahoo@iitk.ac.in
WL-216A, Western Labs
Field
Set of Elements.
To every pair of scalars, and , there corresponds a scalar +
called the sum of the scalars such that
+ = + .
+ + = + + .
a unique scalar 0 such that + 0 = for every scalar .
To every scalar , there corresponds a unique scalar () such that +
= 0.
Field
To every pair of scalars, and , there corresponds a scalar called
the product of the scalars such that
= .
= .
a unique nonzero scalar 1 such that 1 = for every scalar .
To every nonzero scalar , there corresponds a unique scalar 1 such that
1 = 1.
+ = + .
Field
Examples
Vector Spaces
---- set of vectors e.g. matrices, polynomials
Satisfy the following axioms:
, , + (Closure)
, , + = + (Commutative)
, , , + + = + + , (Associative)
in a unique vector 0 such that + 0 = 0 + = . (Additive
Identity)
To every vector , there corresponds a unique vector () such that +
= 0. (Additive Inverse)
Vector Spaces
Satisfy the following axioms with respect to a field :
and , . (Closure under scalar multiplication)
, and , = .
1 = for every vector . (Multiplicative Identity)
+ = + , , and . (Distributive w.r.t. vectors)
+ = + , and , . (Distributive w.r.t. scalars)
Vector spaces
Examples
Linear Combination
Every vector can be expressed as a linear combination of the other
vectors in vector space with field as
= ,
where , , and , .
Example
Linear Independence/Dependence
A set of nonzero vectors is said to be linearly independent if and
only if
= 0 = 0 ,
where .
Examples