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    The Effect of Weld Residual or Mean Stress on Neuber Plasticity Corrections

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    The Effect of Weld Residual or Mean Stress On Neuber Plasticity Corrections

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    Daniel Milosevski
    The Effect of Weld Residual or Mean Stress on Neuber Plasticity Corrections

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    Tissne017 “The Effect of Wald Residual or Mean Stress on Neuber Plasticity Corrctions The Interaction of Mean or Weld Residual Stress with the Neuber Plasticity Correction and the Effects on Fatigue Life Prediction A.Conle Nov. 2 2014, Updates: Dee 6 2014 Copyright (C) 2014 A.Conle and Univ. of Waterloo Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 ‘or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; ‘with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts A.copy of the license is available here: "GNU Free Documentation License”. (“htp:/wawgnu.orglicenses/fa. hima” ) Introductio ‘The presence of mean stress in fatigue tests of metals has been known to affect the subsequent fatigue life, See Refs: [1-5]. Generally «tensile mean stress will reduce the initiation or propagation life when ‘compared to fully reversed (Zero mean) loading. Similarly compressive mean stresses will prolong fatigue test life(S Fatigue design codes for welded structures [6-8] have commonly concluded that a designer of a welded connection may ignore the mean stress in fatigue loading eyeles and simply use the stress range ofa cycle to estimate the fatigue damage. For small stress amplitudes the IIW [8] code appears to allow the use of mean stress compensation in life estimates. ‘The present study examines the underlying reasons for the apparent unimportance ‘of applied mean stress in terms ofthe effets of residual stress, local stress and strains at stress-raisers and cyclic mean stress relaxation. The objective is to determine when the nominal mean stress applied to welded components can safely be ignored and under what conditions one would expect the applied mean siresses to alter the expected fatigue life In most component of full scale fatigue testing the control variable is load ‘translated into a nominal stress near the weld lin of interes. At the weld itself thee are commonly inherent stress raisers caused by weld fillet geometry, porosity, spatter, slag inclusions etc, and these stress risers often ‘magnify the nomial stresses into the plastic region of the material atthe weld fatigue "hot spot". The present article attempts to ‘examine the material eyelic behavior ofthe region al such a fatigue hot spot in terms of the effects of initial residual stresses, the geometric stress ‘concentration factors and the fatigue test loading. Assumptions and Starting Points: 1 There will be residual stresses left behind by the welding process ‘The magnitude of such stresses, in either tension or compression, i limited approximately by material yield strength, 2. There will also be geometrical stress-raisers caused by porosity, slag inclusions, or other weld features. Their effec in terms ofthe stress concentration factor Kt is listed Surface Pit: Kt= 1.3 (iam [9)) © Internal Pore: Kt= 1.5 ( Gurney Table 9.2 (10]) Slag Inclusions: Ké= 2 (Gumey Fig. 9.11 in [10)) © Machined Fille: Kt-2.0-2.8 (Cordes{11], Perovie{12) 3. Somewhere in the structure or component tensile weld residual stresses will be ata stress raiser, 4. Given sufficient plasticity in the local stress-strain hysteresis loops at geometric stress-raiser, the residual stresses due either to welding or prior loading can be "washed out” by cyclic mean stress relaxation (13-19] Figure | shows the phenomenon in the stress-strain response of an un-notched specimen subjected toa strain limit controlled history. Strain limit contro! is thought to be closer to conditions near the stress raiser hpi. uwaterloocalFdeiNotches.now/Weld+ResidualsresidualsinWelds.himt wn Tissne017 “The Effect of Wald Residual or Mean Stress on Neuber Plasticity Corrctions surrounded by an elasti field than load control test conditions. 5. Weld material 1s not clear which material should be used for the base” fatigue properties (ic. base metal, weld metal, or HAZ metal ) to compute local stresses and strains and crack initiation fatigue life atthe hot spot. [23-25] 6. The present bridge and offshore structural design codes [6-8] suggest that one can ignore the effets of mean stress when computing fatigue life of welded structures, 17. The Neuber plasticity correction[20-22] can be used to compute the locel stresses and strains ata stress raiser in a welded component subjected te nominal elastic loads. (Click figure to enlarge) Fig. 1: Cyclic mean stress relaxation during strain limit control testing of an axial un-notched specimen, (adapted from Langraf Ref {18]) Relaxation- the Movie: animation vif (Warning: 9.0MB !) Base Metal Fatigue and Cyclic Deformation: Several papers have documented [15,23-24] the base metal, weld metal and HAZ. siress-sttan-life fatigue curves for a numberof stels. Leever [25] suggests that many weld fatigue life predictions can be made by observing "hot-spot" stains and then using a stress concentration factor of 2.0 applied to the unnotched axial specimen fully reversed test results for ASTM A36 structural steel hpi. uwaterloocalFdeiNotches.now/Weld+ResidualsresidualsinWelds.himt ane retot7 500 “mergedA36 html" u 1:(63°6.895) = ‘ited —— 400 2 a0 Poot 2 8 & 20 100 ° © 0002 0008 0006 0008 001 oot ® Strain Amp ‘ “mergedA36.html" u 2:1 . fied —" o4 2 z E oo oot 0001 1 10 100 ~—~1000~—~10000~=—«100000 «= ev06~—~—tevo? 2Nf reversals to failuge ©) Fig. 2 (a)oycic stress-strain cata and fitted curve for nerged #1165 of £36 steel) Go)strain-Life fatigue data and fitted curve for rerged files of 36 steel) Inthe following analysis sections the Neuber plasticity correction and the subsequent local stress-strain and fatigue life estimations utilize the "Fited" curve (black lines) shown in Fig. 2 above, These fitted data points are available inthe file: + tiple uwaterloo ca/Fde/Materials/Steel/owearbon/mergedA36_ fitted bum hpi. uwaterloocalFdeiNotches.now/Weld+ResidualsresidualsinWelds.himt “The Effect of Wald Residual or Mean Stress on Neuber Plasticity Corrctions ‘tet08 anr aesieort “The Effect of Wald Residual or Mean Stress on Neuber Plasticity Corrctions ‘+ The omine fatigue calculator that performs these computations is available here ‘pelle uwaterloo.ca/Fde/Materials‘Stee/Lowearhon/mergedA36_fe,himl + A figure showing a usage example of the ealeulator is avaiable here: How to use Calculator + The computer software program thatthe calculator uses ean be found here ‘tips/ithub compdprop/ndprop /blobvMaster/CleanPdprop/saefeale?.£ (Note: at github.com Click the "Raw" button to download ) plus a "bash" script to process the program's output (For eraphics, ete): ‘tips//ithub com pdprop ndprop blob Master'CleanPdprop PlateSurFlaw/makelnitReport ‘Computing Local Stress-Strain using the Neuber Plasticity Correction Determining the local stess and strain a the fatigue critical location is ‘one of the methods used in computing the fatigue life of « notched component. ‘A notched plate specimen, for example, has a geometric stress concentrator which ‘magnifies the nomisal tess by a computed Kt to estimate the elastic stress atthe ‘edge of the notch, The same method will be used inthis study to compute the local elastic stress at a weld flaw or geometric stress concentrator. These “hotspot” elastic stress estimates are often above the material yield and must then be corrected for material plasticity. ‘The computational method used in this study isthe Neuber Plastictv Correction Briefly; the method translates the elastic energy of estimated stress times strain ito the same value of energy using the cyclic stress-strain curve. When applied ‘sequentially on a half-cyele by half-cyele basis one can estimate the local stress-strain history at a given stress raiser. More details are available at the above link. Similarly inelastic inte element analysis (FEA) the predicted elastic stress at ‘4 geometric stress raiser can easly be above the material's yield stress, No farther stress concentration factor generally needs to be applied ic. the computed clastic stresses serve as the "nominal stresses” of « component with Kt-I. In order to predict the local stress and local strain behavior one must still apply a correction, ‘or material plasticity tothe elastic nominal FEA stresses. Application of Neuber Plasticity Correction: Kt=I ‘The present study will use the cyclic stress-strain curve for the A36 steel described. ina section above to predict the local stress-strain of a component by applying an oreline calculator to compute the loca stresses and strains and the consequent predicted fatigue life. In this section we will examine the local results for series of simulations that all apply the same cyclic amplitudes of ¢ nominal elastic” input of +-172.5 mpa ((//2S ksi) but vary the mean nominal level in each simulation ‘The first simulation applies @ nominal eyelic stress of Smax=172.5 mpa (25 ksi) and Smin=-172.5 mpa (-25 ksi with a nominal mean stress of So-O. The resulting local ‘stress-strain path and consequent fatigue life result, is shown in figure 3 ‘The path starts atthe origin, rises to the maximum, reverses direction and proceeds to the minimum, reverses again and then closes the hysteresis atthe tensile maximum, ‘Of these the frst halfeycle follows the shape of the eyelic stress-strain curve. The half-cyeles that form the hysteresis loop follow a shape that isa double ofthe cyclic curve (Masing [26)). hpi. uwaterloocalFdeiNotches.now/Weld+ResidualsresidualsinWelds.himt ant Tissne017 “The Effect of Wald Residual or Mean Stress on Neuber Plasticity Corrctions #read_a_line: ##MagFactor 1.0 172.5-172.5 1 Nominal and Local Stress-Strain: #xcale2 Loop smax_—smin N Sigmx Signin Delta Epsmax Epsmin Deltacps Eps sswaT ‘Sts ‘wore fxcale2 1172.5 -172.5 1.0 165. 166. 331. 0.00088 = 00088 0.00176 160.0 100.9 100.9 100. Life Predictions (history repetitions): scale StrainLife Reps SvaT_Life Reps StressLife Peps Morroy_Reps Goodman Regs (Peps= Repetions) xcale3 6956H66.5 ‘e365466..5 8366475.5 8366475.5, 8366475.5, Local Stress and Strain Response: 200 * fp /rauplots7esi" —— 159 100 Steess, tha “100 200 0,001 0.0008 -0,0008 0.0008 0.0029 w.0002 0.0008 | 0.0008 0.000 0.001 strain ig. 3: Local stress-strain and fatigue result ofa */-172.4 mpa nominal elastic input. (Kt=1) Ina similar manner, for a nominal stress ratio R~Smin'Smax-0.1 (a test commonly performed to avoid buckling of samples), for Smax=383.3 (55.5ksi) and Smin=38.3 mpa (5.5ksi) the resulting local stress and strain values ate shown in figure 4. The nominal mean stress for this ease is So=210.8 mpa (30.6ksi). Ina test situation that imposed these siresses on a specimen, the stress would frst be raised to the nominal level of indicated by the blue spot on the figures elastic line. The Neuber plasticity corrected location for the nominal Sa is shown by the orange spot on the cyclic curve, Such an inital loading, or imposed mean stress, is then followed by the cyclic fluctuations that would range ffom 1383.3mpa to 38.3mpa (nominal), and are shown by the hysteresis loop in local stress and strain after correction for plasticity, The local loop has a peak stress of 279 mpa and @ minimum stress at -61 mpa which gives it a tensile mean stress ‘of 105 mpa. Although not used here a similar result would have been achieved if one used the vingin monotonic tensile curve to do the inital excursion. The 0.2% offset yield for A36 is about 265 mpa. hpi. uwaterloocalFdeiNotches.now/Weld+ResidualsresidualsinWelds.himt snr Tissne017 “The Effect of Wald Residual or Mean Stress on Neuber Plasticity Corrctions #read_a_line: # #MagFactor 1.0 383.3 38.33 1 Nominal and Local Stress-Strain: fxcale2 Loop Snax shin NV Signax Sigmin oelta Epsmax Epsmin Deltacps SES “sSWaT ‘Sts store frcale2 1383.3 38,3 1,0 270, 61. 381. 0,00267 0.09091 0.00176 100.9 100.9 100.0 100 Life Predictions (history repetitions): Mrcalc3 StrainLife Regs SwaT_Life Reps StressLife Reps Norrow-Reps Goodman _Reps (Reps= Repetions) wxcales €372612.5 1278925.1 ear2a2.8 2wzaaL.6 59786.1 Local Stress and Strain Response: 150 100 stress, Mpa 100 ° 0.0005 0,001 0.0015 0,002 0.0025 Strain Fig. 4: Local stress-strain and fatigue result of a Smax=383.3, Smin=38.3 mpa nominal elastic input. (R=O.1, Kt=1) ‘When one increases the nominal mean stress to So = 345 mpa and maintains the same cyclic amplitudes around this mean the local stess-stin result is shown in Fig. 5, The local stress-strain for nominal So=345 mpa is shown as a red dot om the cyclic eurve, The resulting local mean stress ofthe hysteresis loop incteases to 140 mpa, which is a 33% increase compared to the nominal mean stress increase of 64% when compared to the R-0.1 result above, hpi. uwaterloocalFdeiNotches.now/Weld+ResidualsresidualsinWelds.himt en7 aesieort “The Effect of Wald Residual or Mean Stress on Neuber Plasticity Corrctions #read_a_line:##MagFactor 1.0 517.5 172.5 1 Nominal and Local Stress-Strain: fxcale2 Loop Snax Snin N Signax Signin DeUts Sosmax Epsmin Deltaéps Eps “SvaT “Sts torr wecale2 1517.5 172.5 1.0 305. -26. 491, 0.00431 0.00254 0.00175 100.0 100. 109.0 100. Life Predictions (history repetitions): fxcole3 StrainLife Reps SwaT_Life Reps StressLife Reps Morrow Reps Goodman Reps (Reps Gxcale3 8366466.5 538465.2 15366475.5 1174272.5, 234011.4 Repetions) Local Stress and Strain Response: 350 * Aang rawplot99i37" —— 300 230 200 50 Strese, ta 100 0 © 0.0005 Goa 0.000.002 0.0025 0.008 0.0035 0.00 0.0081 strain Fig. 5: Local stress-strain and fatigue result of a Smax=379.5, Smin=34.5 mpa ‘nominal elastic input. (R=0.333, Kt=1) Increasing the nominal mean stress again to So = 690 mpa and maintaining the same cyclic amplitudes around this mean level results in a local stress-strain path shown in Fig, 6, ‘The nominal mean stress applied initially results in local stress of 339 mpa (red dot) and the eyclic hysteresis loop's mean stress is computed to be 200mpa. Hence when ‘compared to the R=0.1 computation the nominal mean stress has increased by 230% while the local mean stress only increased by 90% hpi. uwaterloocalFdeiNotches.now/Weld+ResidualsresidualsinWelds.himt amr Tissne017 “The Effect of Wald Residual or Mean Stress on Neuber Plasticity Corrctions #read_a_line:##MagFactor 1.0 862.5 517.5 1 Nominal and Local Stress-Strain: fxcale2 Loop smax_—snin N Signax Signin Delta Epsnax Epsnin Deltaéps “Eps “war sts “Morr facae2—-L 862.5 517.5 LO 365. 34 Life Predictions (history repetitions): Yncale3 StrainLife Reps SwaT_Life Reps StressLife Peps Worrox Reps Goodnan_Reps (Reps= Repetions) fxcalea Eanesee.5 “4619218 356475, 430204.2 29037.2 Local Stress and Strain Response: 400 * femp/rauplots5es6" —— 350 300 250 200 Stress, MPa 150 100 20 ° 0.002 0.008 0.006 0.008) osc Oot Strain Fig. 6: Local stress-strain and fatigue result of a Smax~379,5, Smin-34.5 mpa nominal elastic input. (R=0.6, Kt=1) Itis generally accepted inthe literature that for unnotched specimens loaded axially ‘that one must use a correction parameter to compensate for the effects of mean stress ‘when using fully reversed strain controlled test data. For local hysteresis loops with tensile mean stresses the Smith’ Watson/ Topper (SW) parametcr[4] is believed to give good results[5], and for compressive local mean stesses the Morrow[5] mean stress correction appears to give the best results, When one does not apply a mean stress correction inthe four eases shown in the Figures above, the computed life, based simply on strain amplitudes, is Nf=8.37 million eyctes. ‘The Smith Watson/Topper correction for the means show are also indicated in the figures and summarized as follows Table 1 Signa Sigma SWT a 165-1668, 366,000 hpi. uwaterloocalFdeiNotches.now/Weld+ResidualsresidualsinWelds.himt 11. 9.01001 0.00825 0.00178 109.0 100.0 100.0 109. anr Tissne017 “The Effect of Wald Residual or Mean Stress on Neuber Plasticity Corrctions e1 278-61 1,280,000 0.333 305-26 833,000 2.6 365 34 462,008 SHT parameter is based on sqrt( Sigma_max * StrainAnpl. ) where in present cases Local StrainAnp! 0.00088 ‘What has not been addressed in thes computations isthe effet ofeyelie mean ss relaxation. When the loca stress-strain loop has sufficient plasticity the local mean stress will decrease towards the zero stress axis with repeated cycling [13-19]. An on-line version of Ref [14] is available here Im figure 3 from this reference one ean deduce thatthe local loops shown in the above figures, that have only a strain range of 0.00176 (0.176%), will not substantially relax their mean stresses with cycling, The predictions of Table I therefore do n ned further adjustments Welded Specimens with a Kt [As described inthe earlier sections ofthis report the geometric stress raiser effects ‘of welded metal tend to cause a stress concentration of approximately Kt~2.0 ‘The following examines the effects onthe local stress-strain loops of introducing such a magnification factor on the elastic analysis... a Kt-2.0 is the same as ‘multiplying the clastic nominal stresses ofthe previous section by a factor of 2 ‘Note thatthe original eyelic stresses at Rv-1 K1~.0 create a fatigue prediction of NF8.3 million cycles, which could be considered the fatigue limit for this material The factor of Kt=2.0 will be applied to both the intial mean nominal stress, So, and the following eyelic nominal stress amplitudes or limits Smax and Smin. As in the previous figures the nominal So when corrected for plasticity is indicated by a red dot in the local stress-strain co-ordinates, hpi. uwaterloocalFdeiNotches.now/Weld+ResidualsresidualsinWelds.himt on7 Tissne017 “The Effect of Wald Residual or Mean Stress on Neuber Plasticity Corrctions #read_e_line:##MagFactor 2.0 1725-1725 1 Nominal and Local Stress-Strain: ‘txcale2 Loop sax sin N Signax Signin Delta Epsnax Epsmin Deltaeps Eps “SWaT “sts frcale2 1 -345,0 -345.0 1,0 257, -257, 515. 0.00227 -.00227 0.00454 100.0 100.0 100. Life Predictions (history repetitions): calc StrainLife Reps SvaT_Life Reps StressLite Reps Morrow_Reps Gaodman_Reps (Fey fxcalea 6368.5 608.6 5368.3 938.3 688.2 Local Stress and Strain Response: 300 * /enp/rauplotseaze” —— 200 00 Stress, Pa 100 -200 =300 “0.0025 0,002 -0.015 0.001 0.0008 0 «0,000 0.01 0.00. 0,0024 strain Fig. 7: Local stress-strain and fatigue re nominal elastic input. (R=-1, Kt=2) hpi. uwaterloocalFdeiNotches.now/Weld+ResidualsresidualsinWelds.himt son7 Tissne017 “The Effect of Wald Residual or Mean Stress on Neuber Plasticity Corrctions #read_a_line: # #MagFactor 2.0 383.3 38.33 1 Nominal and Local Stress-Strain: #xcalc2 Loop Snax Sin N signax signin Delta Epsnax Epsmin Deltaéps Yep so#aT “Sts Horr #xcalc2 1 (766.6 76.7 1.0 351. -163. 515, 0.00821 0.00367 0.00454 100.0 109.0 100.0 100 Life Predictions (history repetitions): #xcale3 StrainLafe Reps SWaT_Life Reps StressLife Reps Vorron Reps Goodman Reps (Rep: wxcalca——B6A.3 1088.0, 6425.3 Z2392.0 0.0 Repetions) Local Stress and Strain Response: 400 ‘300 w= a 100 Stress, MPa 200 © 8,001 8,002 0.003 0,004 0,005 0.00 0.007 0,008 9,008 Strain Fig. 8: Local stress-strain and fatigue result of Smax=383.1, Smin=38.3 mpa nominal elastic input. (R=0.1, Kt=2) hpi. uwaterloocalFdeiNotches.now/Weld+ResidualsresidualsinWelds.himt air Tissne017 “The Effect of Wald Residual or Mean Stress on Neuber Plasticity Corrctions #read_a_line:##MagFactor 2.0 517.5 172.5 1 Nominal and Local Stress-Strain: fxcale2 Loop Snax Sin N Sigmax Signin DeLts Epsmax Epsmin DeltaEps Eps *SWaT Sts Morr fxcele2 1 1035.0 345.0 1.0. 385. -129, 515. 0.01366 0.00912 0.00454 100.0 100.0 100.0 109 Life Predictions (history repetitions): Yycale3 StrainLife Reps SwaT_Life Reps StressLife Reps Morrox Reps Goodman Reps (Reps= Repetions) facale3 6368.6 324.0 6388.3. 1347.4 3119.2 Local Stress and Strain Response: 400 300 200 100 Stress, Pa -100 -200 ° 9.002 9.004 0.008 0.088 0.0 0.02 S014 Strain Fig. 9: Local stress-strain and fatigue result of a Smax~517.5, Smin=172.5 mpa nominal elastic input. (R=0.333, Kt=2) hpi. uwaterloocalFdeiNotches.now/Weld+ResidualsresidualsinWelds.himt snr Tissne017 “The Effect of Wald Residual or Mean Stress on Neuber Plasticity Corrctions #read_a_line: ##MagFactor 2.0 862.5 517.5 1 Nominal and Local Stress-Strain: #xcalc2 Loop sax smin N Signax signin Delta Epsnax Epsmin Deltaéps “Eps *WaT “sts Morr xcalc2 1 1725.0 1035.0 1.0 445. -66, 515, 0.03262 0,02807 0.00454 100.0 100.0 199.0 100 Life Predictions (history repetitions): ixcalc3 StrainLife Reps SwaT_Life Peps StressLife Reps Worrox_Reps Goodnan_Reps (Peps wucalca 588.6 Ze. 3 688.3 4588.0 367.7 Pepetions) Local Stress and Strain Response: 500 * fewprawplot3ss3a" —— 400 300 20 Stress, tha 109 100 ° 9,008 0.08 oo 0.02 0.028 0.08 0.038 strain ig. 10: Local stress-strain and fatigue result of a Smax-862.5, Smin-S17.5 mpa nominal clastic input. (R=0.6, Kt=2) Due to the magnification ofthe stresses by the assumed Kt=2 the local stress caused by the nominal mean So, varies between 281 and 419 mpa, The stain range of the local loop however has now increased to 0.00454 (0.45%) which based on the cyclic stress relaxation data predicts that the local mean stress would relax to zero within about 100 fatigue cycles. ‘This implies that for components with a stress raiser of KE~2, within the first 100 eyeles all mean stress, or residual stress, due either to the imposed load history or the welding. induced residuals would diseppear Large Cycle + Small Cycle Effect Fatigue simulations for vehicles or structures often assume thatthe characteristic design load history will repeat. A vehicle for example may be driven a few hundred times aver the same proving grounds, or structure may be assumed to be subjected to several similar severe storms. The largest loading event in such a repeated sequence ‘will created an overall large local stress-strain hysteresis loop. All smaller load eycles, duc to material memory, will be constrained to be inside this largest loop. The smaller loops must be attached to the largest foop in some way by the stress-strain path fone places a simplified two event history into the fatigue calculator: hpi. uwaterloocalFdeiNotches.now/Weld+ResidualsresidualsinWelds.himt snr aeny20t7 “The Effect of Weld Residual or Mean Stress on Nauber Plastcly Corrections then the returned simulation of local stress-strain and fatigue damage will show a large overall hysteresis loop, in this ease one with zero mean stress, and a ‘smaller loop that is attached to the top half-cyele ofthe larger loop: hpi. uwaterloocalFdeiNotches.now/Weld+ResidualsresidualsinWelds.himt san7 Tissne017 “The Effect of Wald Residual or Mean Stress on Neuber Plasticity Corrctions #MagF actor 2.0 350 -350 1 275-70 50 #read_a_lin Nominal and Local Stress-Strain: fxcale2 Loop Snax Shin N Signax Sigmin Delta Epsnax Epsmin DeLtaGps “Eps “SvaT "Sts ‘Morr Good fxcale2 1700.0 700.0 1.0 34L. -361. G81. 0.00706 -.00705 0.01413 28.3 19.5 28.9 15.3 9.4 frcale2 2550.0 -140.0 50.0 314, -201, 515. 0.00466 0.00912 0.6054 71.7 80.5 71.7 84.7 90.6 Life Predictions (history repetitions): frcale3 StrainLife Reps SvaT_Life_Reps Stressl axcales 1239.2 555.5, 1 Goodman Peps (Reps= Repetions) 413.2 Local Stress and Strain Respons: eae stress, nPa 100 ra 200 300 400 "6.008 0.008 0,004 @ 0.002 0.004 0.008 strain Fig 11; Local stress-strain and fatigue result of a two cycle set nominal elastic input history, Even though the smaller loop has enough plasticity to wash out any mean stress in about 100 cycles, after only 50 repetitions of the smaller loop, the larger Joop will again occur and re-instate the smaller loop's mean stress, Thus effectively ‘one should ignore mean stress effects for damage computation for the larger loop, but compensate for the tensile mean stress of the smaller loops fatigue damage summation. Note that inthe percent damage line (under "Nominal and Local Stress-Strain") thatthe damage of the 50 smaller loops are doing 70% to 80% ‘of the total damage: %Eps=71.7_%SWT=80.. ALthis time most ofthe software, ether commercial or public, does not differentiate for mean stress relaxation in such cases, and simply assumes thatthe mean stress is fully effective for the fatigue life calculation. It should also be pointed ‘out here thal the Rainflow or Reservoir Cycle counting methods in common usage do not really keep track of whether the smaller loop should be atached to the top half-

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