Discharge Coefficients for Typicai Orifices and Mouthpieces harp dyed Delimocth Counded) Yond moctiodece of = 0.82 cA = 0.87 somata fell ca = 0.78 Selected Examples 1. A jet of water discharges horizontally into the atmosphere from an orifice in the vertical side of large open-topped tank. If the orifice has an area of 650 mm’ and the jet falls a distance y of 0.5 m in a horizontal distance x of 1.5 m from the vena contracta, calculate the values of the coefficients of velocity, discharge and contraction, given that the volume rate of flow is 0.117 m‘/min and the head H above the orifice is Solution 1. Coefficient of velocity C= VaVr = [Nex nna rE — fm oaF (4 x0.5 x 1.2)} = 0.968, Coefficient of discharge Co = Quermt (Qureretat = Qa’ AV(2gh) = (0.117/60)650 x 10° V2 x 9,81 x 1,2) = 0.618 Coefficient of contraction C. = CyC, = 0.618/0.968 = 0.639 2. A tank has two identical orifices in one of its vertical sides. The upper and lower orifices are 2 mand 4 m respectively below the water surface as shown in the figure below Find the point at which the two jets will intersect if the coefficient of velocity for both orifices is 09. ‘Solution: me Using the = fe relationship C, | 5 eee = Yo" / yh), LLY. jays x4) --- - ceo wi ‘The two orifices are identical, therefore, equating (i) and (ii), Vor /4y, x2)= Vx" /4y2 x 4) Solving equation (iii) and (iv) simultaneously, yr =4m and y: Again using the relationship Cy, = V(x" /4y, x hy), 0.9 = V08/4x4x2) from which, 1m, qu.Pitot Tube A pilot tube is a device used to deiermine velocity of flow ai a point in a pipe or stream. In its simplest form, it consists of a glass tube bent through 90° as shown below. The lower end of the tube faces the direction of flow as shown in the figure on the left. The liquid rises up in tube due to the pressure exerted by flowing liquid. By measuring the rise of liquid in the tube, the velocity of flow can be found out as shown below: h = Height of liquid in the pitot lube above the surface. H = Depth of tube in the liquid, and velocity of the liquid. Applying Bernoulli's equation between sections 1 and 2, H+viag=H+h -(-Z, = 2) v = Veh). or h= Vg It has been found experimentally that, ifthe Pitot tube is placed in the stream of flow with its nose facing sideways, there will be no rise of the liquid in the tube. But ifthe pitot tube is placed with its nose facing downstream, the liquid level in the tube will be depressed by an amount cequal to h, such that: h Vg The actual velocity will be slightly less than the velocity given by the equation and it is modified by introducing 2 coefficient, k. -. W= keh) The Pitot tube has to be calibrated before it can be used to measure the velocity so as to determine the coefficient k. This _ calibration can be carried out by putting the pitot tube in the flow at a point with a known velocity. By measuring h, the coefficient k can be calculated rDischarge through « Large Rectangular Orifice Consider # large rectangular orifice in one side of « tank discharging water as shown in the figure below Water Level , ~ Height of liquid above the soprel the ifn, Heights of Hquid above the bottom of the orifice, b = Breadth of the orifice, 4 = Depth of flow and Cz Coefficient of discharge Consider a horizontal strip of thickness dh at a depth h from the water level as shown in the figure above. ‘Area of the strip (dA) = bdh -- -@ ‘Theoretical velocity of water through the strip v = \2gh - - (ii) and Discharge through the strip dQ= Cd x Area x Theoretical velocity = Cd bdh V2gh-- -> (iii) Total discharge through the entire orifice % © om Q - |CdbdhJ2gh - Cdb y2¢ 2 ea nape = 5 Cab (2g [re] 2 cap, zCab ye Discharge through a Submerged or Drowned Orifice Sometimes an orifice does not discharge the liquid freely into the atmosphere, but discharges into some other vessel containing the liquid. Such an orifice is known as submerged or drowned orifice. : The following are two types of submerged orifice:= 4 PHT — 4 (a) Wholly drowned orifice ee oy {|__WaterLoet hy — height of water above the top of fe | the orifice Height of water above the bottom t of the orifice. poe Fel] 4” ester te tote levels on either side of the orifice. b= Width of the orifice ‘Area of the orifice (A) = bi Theoretical velocity of water through the orifice v = ¥: ‘Actual discharge through the orifice Q = C, x Area of orifice x Actual velocity Q = Ceb (hz- hy) V2gh) ~hy) Note: ‘Sometimes, the depth of the drowned orifice (d) is given instead of h, and h3. In such a case, discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by the relationship: Q = Cybd Vegh) (b) Partially Drowned Orifice If the outlet side of an orifice is partly under water, it is known as a partially drowned or partially submerged orifice as shown in the figure below:b; Z Discharge through a partially drowned orifice is obtained by treating the lower portion as a — drowned orifice and the upper portion as an o orifice running free; and then adding the two discharges thus obtained. Discharge through the drowned portion, Qu = Cyb(hz-h)V2gh and, Discharge through the free portion, x2 Q, = 28 Cab Veh - hy Total discharge @ = Qe +Qr Selected Examples 1, A rectangular orifice 2 m wide and 0.6 m deep is fitted on one side of a reservoir. If the ‘water level on the upstream side is 1.2 m above the top of the opening, calculate the discharge through the orifice. ‘Assume the discharge coefficient Cy = 0.62 and the orifice discharges free on the upstream side. Solution: Vwi Q= 23Cdb v2e[h2?- by] m/s = 23x0.62x2x V(2x9.81)x (1.8 13 m° /s.2. A rectangular gate is provided on the side of reservoir. The gate has @ width of 1.5m. Ifthe water level is. 1.5 m above the floor level of the gate, calculate to what height the gate has to be lifted so that the discharge through the gate will be 3.5 m/s (Assume Cy ~ 0.62.) Solution Q = 23 Cdb Vg [hy 3.5 =2/3 x 0.62 x 1.5x V2gx i 1s". hy") le = 2.746 x[ 1.5%? - hy Me i; by 61.5%? n3) - 1.274 from which hy = 0.682 m Height to be lifted d = b;~h; = 15-0681 18 m. ‘A drowned orifice 1 m wide has heights of water from the bottom and top of the orifice as 2.25 m and 2.0 m respectively. Find the discharge through the orifice if the difference in water levels on both sides of the orifice is 37.5 em. (Coefficient of discharge = 0.62), Q=Cdb (he-hy\2¢h =0,62x 1(2.25-2) x V(2x9.81 x 0.375) m’is4, An ofifice in one side of large tank is rectangular in shape, water level on one side of the orifice is 4 m above its vp edge. The water level on the other side of the orifice is 0.5 m_ below its top edge. Calculate the discharge through the orifice when the coefficient of discharg B Cub Y2g(h™ 23x 0.625 = 5.706 miss. 1 Qa = Cabd2gh 2x V19.62 x [4.5747] 0,625 x2x0.5xV19.62x45 = 5.873 m/s. Qr = 5:706 + 5.873 m broad and | m deep. The e 18 0.625. Solution: hy=4m b)=4+1 = 5m, Difference of water levels on both sides, h=4+0,5=45m 11.58 m/s7.8 Flow under varying head Time of emptying 2 tank 7 ae Referring to the figure shown, al time / let the . head causing flow be h, the rate of discharge through the orifice Q and the area of the free surface in the tank A. At time (td!) suppose n that the level has fallen by an amount dit as | | shown, ‘Change in volume of tank = volume at time (dt) - volume at time ¢ = A(hedh)-Ah =-Adh Amount discharged through the outlet = volume at time (df) - volume at time / = Qed) -Q =Qu For continuity of ow, change in volume of tank = Amount discharged through the outlet. -Adh= Qi @ Note: This equation applies to all emptying problems, whatever the means of emptying may be, and the time of emptying is found by integration after Q, and also if A is not constant then it must be expressed in terms of h. For an orifice. Q= Cyav(2eh) where Substituting this value in (i), cross-sectional area of the orifice. d= - nl dh "Cra \2g If, and Hy are the initial and final values of h, then: Time of emptying tankWe? dh T= = Taking minus sign out of the bracket (as Hy is | T- [x/" - Cia 2g i Alternative Method Volume of water that has passed through the orifice in T seconds = AHH) Initial theoretical velocity = _2¢H, ; ©. Initial rate of flow = Cd a \2gH, and final ratc of flow = Cd a ¥: (Cd a V2gth + Cd a \2gH.)/2 12. Cd av2g (VE + VEE) ~. Average rate of flow ; ‘Now the total time of flow, F Volume of water _ Al Hi ‘Average rate of flow 1/2Cda 2g [ Hi" + H! Note: Ifthe tank is to be completely emptied, then H, = Examples 1. Aswimming pool 10 m long and 6 m wide holds water to a depth of 1.25 m. If the water is discharged through an opening at the bottom of the pool of an area of 0.23 m’, find the time taken to completely empty it (Take coefficient of discharge for the opening as 0.62)Solution AC HY H! Cada J2g = (2x 60x V1.25) / (0,62 x 0.23 Y(2 x 9.81) = 212 sec min 32 sec. 2. A cistem of cross-sectional area of 1m? contains water up to a depth of 4 m, an orifice ‘of 60 mm diameter is provided at its bottom. Find the fall in the water level after 2 min. (Yake coefficient of discharge as 0.6), Solution x 0.0674 = 0.0028 m* 120 =2 x 14" - Hy!) / [0.6 x 0.0028 x \(2 x 9.81)] from which, H)-24m. .* fall in the water level H= (H)-F)=4-24 = 1.6 m. 3. A rectangular tank 20 m x 12 mat the top and 10 m x 6 m at the bottom is deep as shown in the figure below ‘There is an orifice of 45 cm diameter at the bottom of the tank. Determine the time taken to ‘empty the tank completely, if the coefficient of discharge for the orifice is 0.64 . Solution Area of orifice, a= 2x 0457/4 = 0,59 m* Consider a small strip of water of thickness (dh) at a height (h) from the bottom of the tank From the geometry of the tank, the length of the strip of water, I= 10+ 10hv3 and breadth 6=6+6h3 = 6+2hA = 6.67h°~ 40h+60 @ Using the general equation for the time of emptying a tank, dt = - ——~— i"? dh Cua 2g ‘The total time required to empty the tank may be found by integrating the above equation between the limits 3 and 0 because initial head of water is 3 m and final head of water is 0m. yl? 1 Tae - so JAn” th al Legit peane 3 tae rz J(667H +40h+-60)i"? dh days ore z= (6.67h*? +40h'? +60h-¥ Chasfag {8TH ) On integration and substitution, T= 860 sec j : 4min 20 sec. 4. A tank in the form ofa frustum of a cone is 3m high and filled with water. It has a diameter of 2.4m at the bottom. There is an orifice at the bottom of the tank whose coefficient of discharge is 0.6. Find the size of the orifice which can empty the tank in 6min. \24m ———+ Let d= diameter of the orifice Consider a small strip of water of thickness (dh) at @ height (h) from the bottom of the tank. ‘From the geometry of the tank. the diameter of the strip of water, = 1.2+ 1.23 =(1.2+04h)m Area of the strip (A) = (1.2 + 0.4hy m? Using the general equation for the time of emptying a tank, a - -—4 pan Ca a 2g The total time required to empty the tank may be found by integrating the above equation between the limits 3 and 0 because initial head of water is 3 m and final head of water is 0m On integration and substitution, a = 0.077m2 from which, the diameter of the orifice, d= 99mm,‘Time of emptying » Circular Horizontal Tank (Orifice at its bottom) Let, R = Radius of the tank, H, = Initial height of the liquid, Final height of the liquid. ‘Area of the orifice, Length of the tank and, 1: = ‘Time in seconds required to bring the liquid level from Hy to He ‘At some instant, let the height of the liquid be h above the orifice. Then the theoretical velocity of the liquid at this instant, Yeh At this instant, let b be the breath of the liquid in the tank, Then surface area of the liquid in the tank, AzZIxb ‘After a small interval of time dt, Iet the liquid level fall down by an amount dh. Therefore, volume of liquid that has passed in time dt, dy = -Adh =-Ixbxdh --------- @ Volume of liquid that has passed through the orifice in a small interval of time dt, dy = Cdav2gh dt -- ‘Equating (i) and (ii),=1b.dh = CdaV2gh dt From the geometry of the tank, b2 = VR*-(R-h)* from which, b = 2VQORh-h’) Substituting the value of b in equation (ii) -1x2N2Rh-h'dh = CdaV2gh dt or dt = -2xf2Rh-h? dh /Cdav2gh = -2x/-VbQR-h)dh / Cdav2gh Dividing numerator and denominator by Vb, x /(2R -h) dh | CdaV2g Total time required to bring the liquid level from H; to Hs, 1. 21/2R-h Cda \2g % : | PR-hP dh 4a sty = -AR 3Cda (ie /(QR-h i 3 3CdaJ Tf the tank is to be completely emptied, then putting H: = 0 in the above equation, a [ers QR mi | 3.GdaL) ze eee ie d Example A horizontal boiler of 3 m diameter and 10 m long contains water to a height of 2.5 m. Find the time taken for emptying the boiler through an orifice 150 mm diameter located at its bottom. Take Ca= 0.8). Solution Radius of the boiler R= Diameter/2 = 1.5 m, Diameter Area of orifice (a) = = x 0.1574 = 0.0177 m*(RP - QR - Hy a 2g L [ 3 -@-25) 3x 0.8 0.0177 J2x9.81 = 1030 sec = 17 min 10 sec. ‘Time of Emptying a Tank through Two Orifices ‘When both the orifices are at the same level, they will be discharging water under the same head, In such a case, both the orifices will behave as a single orifice of area equal to the sum of the two orifices. But when the two orifices are at different levels, the water will flow through both the orifices (under their respective heads) so long as the water level reaches the upper orifice. ‘After this, the water will flow through the lower orifice only. In such cascs, it is convenient to divide the problem into two pans i.c. first up to the upper orifice and then up to the lower orifice. Example ‘A vertical tank of 600 mm diameter and 2.5 m high is full of water. It contains two orifices each of 13 cm? area, one at the bottom of the tank and the other at a height of 125 m above the bottom as shown in the figure below Determine the time required to empty the tank. Take coefficient of discharge for both the orifices as 0.62. Solution 0.283 m* Area of orifice free surface (A) = x x 0. For the sake of simplicity, let us divide the problem into \) parts ie. first up to the centre of the top orifice, and then up to the lower orifice. ¥ Now consider an instant where the height of above the centre of the top orifice be (h) m. At that instant, the height of water above the lower orifice will be (h + 1.25 ym.Using the general equation for the time of emptying a tank. The total time required to empty the tank may be found by integrating the above equation between the limits 1.25 and 0, Therefore, TY Ca a 2g 4 (VR+125)> va If this expression is rationalised, integrated and substituted, Ty, = 134.9 sec. @ Now consider the flow of water below the centre of the top of the orifice. In this case the water will be flowing through the lower orifice only Now using the relation, 0.62 X 0.00134)19.62 = 177.1 sec (i) Total time T =T,+T; = 3 5 ec = 5 min 12 sec,Flow of Liquid from one vessel to Another Under Pressure a ir Consider two vessels A and B connected t Pa through an orifice. Let the liquid flow from vessel A to B as shown above, Let, h = Difference in liquid levels, P,= Intensity of pressure over the liquid in vessel A, Pp = Intensity of pressure over the liquid in vessel B, -y = Specific weight of the liquid, and a = Area of the orifice. Pressure head at any depth B= Py Pressure head over vessel A = Hy = P,/, similarly, Pressure head over vessel B = Hy = Py/y The head causing flow II = h+H,-Hs, :, Theoretical velocity of water, v= \2gH and, Discharge through the orifice, Q = Cda V2gH. 134