Heating, Ventilating , and Air Conditioning: Analysis and Design by MeQuiston, Parker, Spitler Chapter [Page — | Current wording CHANGE TO | Whatis who number changed 5 130 | qdoii=q dot_w= @ dot i¥q dot w=q dot | First =" a dot_r+q_dot_o dot_o changed to oe a 132 | Table 5-25 | “Effective Emittance E of Air Space” heading should only span over the last two columns | of data, not all three. 3 132 | In Table 5-26, “Reflectance | “Emittance of Various...” Reflectance and Fiittance of and” should Various...” I be omitted. 3 132 [In Equation 5-11, “/E- 17 | Should read, “17 = 17 First (epsilon_1) ~ 1 Aepsilon_2) | (epsilon_1)+ 1 Hepsilon_2)- | changed to Se i bri | 3 137 | Equation 5-16 Upper-case I is used instead of a lower-case L for the | natural log operator eel ei 3 137 | “The film coefficients may | “The film coefficients may be | “5-3a" be read from Table 5-32...” | read ftom Table 5-22..." changed to “5 | one |130 Chapters Heat Transmission in Building Structures radiation can occur in a perfect vacuum and is actually impeded by an interveng medium, The diect net transfer of enesgy by radiation between two surfaces tha ge 1 are separated by a nonabsorbing medium is given by ort (ayy at Rhy tee = Boltzmann constant, 0.1713 x 10 Biu/(hr-f2-R4) = 5.673 x 108 W/ (mR T= absolute temperature, R or K q emittance of surface | or surface 2 surface area, for m? configuration factor, « function of geometry only (Chapter 6) In Eg, 5-10 it is assumed that both surfaces are “gray” (where the emittance € equi the absorptance a), This assumption often can be justified. The student is refered ty textbooks on heat transfer for a more complete discussion of thermal radiation. Fig. | ure 5-3 shows situations where radiation is considered to be a significant factor. Fy | the wall a 4 Bay = 4, + 40 and for the air space G7 4,44. 4% The resistances can be combined to obtain an equivalent overall resistance R’ with which the heat transfer rate can be computed using Eq, 5-2b: a ly computed, however, because of the fourth power temperature relationship of Eq, 5-10. For this reason and because of the inherent uncertainty in describing the physical situation, theory and experiment have been combined to develop combined or effective unit thermal resistances and unit, thermal conductances for many typical surfaces and air spaces, Table 5-20 gives igure 5.3 Wall and air space, illustrating thermal radiation effects132 Chapter Heat Tansnssion in Building Stuerres sorface film coeficients and unit thermal resistances as a function of wall postion, | aaa a heat Row ir velocity, and surface emittance fr exposed surfaces such as j secon alls, Table §-2) gives representative values of emittance «for some bulling aon lating materials, For example, ¢ vertical brick wal in sill ls has an emitence ans pout 0. In stl air the average film coefficient, from Table S-2a, js abou! 16 Seiapet2-F) ot 829 WiCn?.C), and the unit thermal resistance is 0.68 (e--Hy Bau or 0.12 (o-C)W. TEtke surface were highly reflective, ¢= 0.05, the film coefficient would bs 035 Brw/(hr-f02-F) [3.4 W/(m?-C)] and the unit thermal resistance ‘would be 1,7 (hr-ft?-Fy Fins [0298 (mi-C)/W}, Tis evident that thenzal radiation i large factor When ms arseeepvecton occurs. Ifthe air velocity were 10 increase to 15,mph (show 7m), ae cerage film eooficient would increase to about 6 Brohr-f@-F) (54 Whex?-C}, With ugherait velocities the relative effect of radiation dimlnisbes. Radon apps to be very imaportant in the heat gains through ceiling spaces. “Tobie #3 and 5-3b give conductances and resistances for ar spaces as a fan tion ct orientation, direction of heat flow, ar temperature, and the effective emitanes of the space. The effective emittance F is given by Table 5-2 With One Average Sucface Having With Bos mittance Enittance € and Surfaces Surface « Other 0.90 ‘of ral ‘Aluminum Foil, 005 005 008 bright Atuinum foi, with 030" 029 condensate cleat visible (> 0.7 exit) tumninumn fol, witb ost 05 ‘condensate clear visible & 2.9 efit) Regular glass 77 Asminum sheet 0.2 ‘Aiumminum-coated 020 paper, polished Steel, galvanized, 024 bright ‘Atuminam paint oat Building materials-— 082 ‘wood, paper, masonry, nonmetallic paints These values apply in the 440 um range of the electromagnetic spectrum. PLlnas ate based on data presented by Bassett and Trethowen (1984), Spuice: ASHRAE Handbook-Fuidamentals © American Society of Heating, Relieesng and Air Conditioning Engineers, In. 2001Seca eeecas 20mm Ai Spase__ 0.05 02 as 082 “ps2 035 021 014 052 038 052 oat ost 00 049 5 060 » 04s 4 060 1 049 1 059 0 048 9 058 5 0.16 2 058 3 077 7 Oot 31 0.76 56 0.64 19 0.76 Tt 144 69 1.48 96 68 2 168 18? 05 185 282.03 029 037 033 039 035 oat 028 033 oat 038 oad 040 oa? 044 040 og 087 083 osl 058 060 068 07 0.86 ose 1.06 42, 020 024 024 027 027 oa 022 025 027 028 0.30 034 024 025 028 031 033 0.36 040 0.28 033 034 043 048 037 059 ous 017 019 0.20 022 024 oas 036 ous, 020 022 024 026 0.16 ous og 022 024 028 030 os oi 022 029 029 038, 039 ‘ances of horizontal sir axe difference. 's Volume, 1997) 51 Basic Heat-Transfor Modes 137 Each of the resistances may be exp! yssetin em of indent varie ing Eg 5-3a and 5-9a: maaan Bae ow BA, RA Ay yds gy The film coefficients may be read from Table 5-Ker The thermal conductivities from ‘Tables 5-1a and 5-16, and the thermal resistance for the air space from Tables 5-3 and 5-3. For this ease, a plane wall, the area in Eq, 514 arcall eq In the more general case the area normal 10 the heat flow that propery a part of the resistance may vary and unit thermal resistances may have to be adjusted. Con- sider the insutated pipe shown in Fig. 5-3 Convection occurs on the inside and outside surfaces while heat is conducted through the pipe wall and insulation, The overall thermal resistance forthe pipe of Fig. 5Sis +R ER RY 6-15) of, using Eqs. 5-6 and 5.9a, «TA, nyt * Brel ha, ce) Equation 5-16 has a form quite similar to Bq. 5-14; however, the areas are all unequal ‘The thermal resistance on the outside surface is reduced by the increasingly large area, Where area changes occur in the direction of heat flow, unit resistances or conduc. tances can be used only with appropriate area weighting factors. ‘Thermal resistances may also occur in parallel. In theory the parallel resistances can be combined into an equivalent thermal resistance in the same way as electrical resistances: oan) nla) 7 6-17) In most heat-transfer situations with apparent parallel heat flow paths, however, lat- «eral heat flow also occurs, which may invalidate Eq. 5-17. The effect of lateral heat ‘wansfer between two thermal conductors is to lower the equivalent resistance in the ‘major heat flow direction. However, when the ratio of the larger to the smaller of the