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Method of Least Work: University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Method of Least Work: University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Method of Least Work: University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Theory of StructuresII
EEngr. Shahzad
Sh h d Saleem
S l
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
P2L
U =
2 AE
S
10 1 + 0.5 S 1
S
P = 10 + 0.5S
U PL P
= =0
S AE S 4
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Example 1
Determine the force in members of the truss shown. AE
is same for all members.
B
9T C
6 ft
A D
6 ft
5
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
The truss is indeterminate to the first degree.
B
9T C
A D
=
B B
9T C C
S
+
S
A A
9T D D
9T 9T 6
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
B B
9T C C
S
S
A A
9T D D
9T 9T
Solution
S
0
B 2
9T C
0+S
S 9 2 + S S
9 0
2 2
A D
S
9
2
Solution
S
0
B 2
9T C
0+S
S 9 2 + S S
9 0
2 2
A D
S
9
2
1 72
BC 0 S/ 2 2 72
2
S + 36 S
1 72
CD 0 S/ 2 2 72 S + 36 S
2
1 648
72 + 36S
AD 9 S/ 2 2 72 648 S 2
2
BD 9 2 + S +1 72 2 1296 + 72 2 S 1296 + 101.8S
AC S +1 72 2 72 2 S 101.8S
P
PL S = 2214.4 + 347.6S 9
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
1 P
AE
PL
S
=0
P
PL S = 0
2214.4 + 347.6S = 0
S = 6.38 T
Substituting value of S in 2nd Column
PAB = 4.49 T
B
PBC = 4.51 T 9T C
PCD = 4.51 T
PAD = 4.49 T
PBD = 6.35 T A D
PAC = 6.38 T 10
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Example 2
Analyze the truss shown. AE is same for all members.
A
D
3m
B 100 kN
4m
11
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
The truss is externally indeterminate to the first degree.
Let VB be the redundant.
Find the other reactions in terms of redundant VB.
A
HA D
VA
HB C
B
100 kN
VB
12
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
A
HA D
VA
3m
HB C
B
100 kN
VB
4m
M A =0 F x =0 F y =0
100 4 + H B 3 = 0 HA + HB = 0 VA + VB = 100
400 + 3H B = 0 H A = H B = 133.33 VA = 100 VB
400 H A = 133.33 kN
HB = = 133.33 kN
3
13
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
A
133 33 kN
133.33 D
100 VB
3m
133 33 kN
133.33 C
B
100 kN
VB
4m
M A =0 F x =0 F y =0
100 4 + H B 3 = 0 HA + HB = 0 VA + VB = 100
400 + 3H B = 0 H A = H B = 133.33 VA = 100 VB
400 H A = 133.33 kN
HB = = 133.33 kN
3
14
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
A 1
Solution 133.33 kN D
Joint B
100 VB
F y =0 2
4 5
3
VB + F4 = 0
5 133.33 kN C
B 3
5
F4 = VB VB
100 kN
3
Fx = 0
F4
3
B
4 133.33 kN
4
F3
133.33 + F3 + F4 = 0
5
5 4
F3 = 133.33 + VB
3 5 VB
F3 = 133.33 + 1.33VB 15
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
A 1
Solution 133.33 kN D
Joint A
100 VB
F y =0 2
3 4 5
100 VB F5 = 0
5
3 133.33 kN C
F5 = 100 VB B 3
5 100 kN
5 5 VB
F5 = 100 VB
3 3
F x =0
4 A
F1 133.33 + F5 = 0 133.33 kN F1
5
3
4 45 5
F1 = 133.33 F5 = 133.33 100 VB 4
5 53 3 F5
100 VB
F1 = 133.33 133.33 + 1.333VB
F1 = +1.333VB 16
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
A 1
Solution 133.33 kN D
Joint D
100 VB
2
4 5
F y =0 133.33 kN
B 3
C
3
F 2+ F4 =0 VB
100 kN
5
3
F2 = F4
5
5 3 D
F2 = +VB F1 = 1.333VB
3 5
F2 = +VB 4
3
F4 = VB.5/3 F2
17
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
The strain energy of a truss is
F 2L
U =
2 AE
U F FL
=
VB VB AE
18
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
Member F F/VB L (m) FL. F/VB Final Forces
1 +1.33VB +1.333 4 7.1075VB +62.223 kN
2 +VB +1 3 3VB +46.679 kN
3 133.33 +1.333 4 709.315+7.075VB 71.246 kN
+1.33VB
4 V
VB x 5/3 1.667
1.667 5 +13.894V
13.894VB 77.798
77.798 kN
5 5/3(100VB) 1.667 5 1389.44+13.894VB +88.868 kN
F
V FL = 0
B
19
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
A
133.33 kN D
53.321 kN
3m
133.33 kN C
B
100 kN
46.679 kN
4m
20
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
6 Reactions 4 Reactions
21
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
A B
HA 4 Reactions HB
VA i = 1st degree VB
We have 4 unknowns, VA, HA, VB, and HB but only three equations
of equilibrium.
H = 0, HA = HB = H, when no external horizontal force is acting on
the arch.
arch
If the supports are unyielding U/ H = 0, which gives the fourth
equation for solving it.
22
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
A B
HA HB
VA VB
L M2 L V
2
L F2
U = ds + ds + ds
0 2 EI 0 2GAs 0 2GAE
23
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
A B
HA HB
VA VB
y
HA A x B HB
VA VB
M = V A .x H A . y
if VA .x =
M = H A.y 25
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
y
HA A x B HB
VA VB
For an Arch the shear force, S is
S = VA cos H A sin
y
HA A x B HB
VA VB
Equation (1) becomes,
U L M ( H . y )
= A
ds = 0
H 0 H EI
If HA = HB = H then
U L M ( H . y )
= ds = 0
H 0 H EI 27
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
y
HA A x B HB
VA VB
Partial derivative of M with respect to H is
M
= y
H
Equation (1) becomes
U
U 1
( H . y )( y )ds = 0
L
=
H EI 0
28
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
U 1 L H L
H
=
EI
0
yds +
EI
0
y 2 ds = 0
1 L H L
EI 0
yds =
EI 0
y 2 ds
L y
0 EI
ds
H= 2
L y
0 EI ds
L
H=
0
yds
L
0
y 2 ds
29
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
I c sec 0
ydx
d sec
L
ydx
H= = 0
1 L
L
y dx sec y 2 dx
2
I c sec 0 0
30
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
31
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Equation of Parabola VA VB
kL LkL
4 yc
y = 2 x (L x ) L
L
w(L kL )
VA = w
B
L A C
wkL
VB = kL LkL
L VA VB
L
32
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
w(L kL )
= x w( x kL ) w
L A C B
kL LkL
w(L kL ) 4 yc
( ) L2 x(L x )dx
L L
kL ydx = kL L x w x kL
VA VB
L
33
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
w(L kL )
= x w( x kL )
L
w(L kL ) 4 yc
( ) ( )
L L
kL ydx = kL L x w x kL L2
x L x dx
34
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
H=
0
ydx
L
0
y 2 dx
w(L kL ) 4 yc L w(L kL ) 4 y
x 2 x(L x )dx + x w( x kL ) 2c x(L x ) dx
kL
0 L L kL
L L
H= 2
4 yc
( )
L
0 L2 x L x dx
H=
5 wL
8 yc
k 2k 3 + k 4 ( )
35
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Example 3
Find the horizontal thrust in the arch shown.
8T 8T
6 ft
f
A B
20 ft 10 ft
10 ft 20 ft
36
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution 8T 8T
1
6 ft
A B
H H
20 ft 10 ft
VA 10 ft 20 ft VB
Considering Load 1
20 1
k= =
60 3
H=
5 wL
8 yc
(
k 2k 3 + k 4 )
5 8 60 1 1 1
3 4
= 2 +
8 6 3 3 3 37
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution 8T 8T
1
6 ft
A B
H = 27.16 T H = 27.16 T
20 ft 10 ft
VA 10 ft 20 ft VB
1 2 1
= 50 +
3 27
2 81
H = 13.58 T
H = 2 13.58 = 27.16 T
38
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution 8T 8T
1
6 ft
A B
H = 27.16 T H = 27.16 T
20 ft 10 ft
VA = 8 T 10 ft 20 ft VB = 8 T
F =0
M B =0
y
VA + VB 8 8 = 0
VA 60 8 40 8 20 = 0
8 + VB 8 8 = 0
VA = 8 T
VB = 8 T
39
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Example 3
Find the horizontal thrust in the arch shown.
8T 8T
6 ft
f
A D
20 ft 10 ft
10 ft 20 ft
40
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution 8T 8T
B C
6 ft
A D
H H
20 ft 10 ft
VA 10 ft 20 ft VD
8T 8T
A B C D
L
H=
0
ydx
L
0
y 2 dx
4 yc 4 6 x
y = 2 x (L x ) = 2
.x.(60 x ) = (60 x )
L 60 150
41
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution 8T 8T
B C
6 ft
A D
H H
20 ft 10 ft
VA 10 ft 20 ft VD
8T 8T
A B C D
42
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution 8T 8T
H=
0
ydx B
6 ft
C
L A D
2
y dx H H
0
20 ft 10 ft
VA 10 ft 20 ft VD
8T 8T
A B C D
x x
(60 x )dx + 0 (8 x 8(x 20)). (60 x )dx
L 20 20
0
. ydx = 2 8 x.
0 150 150
= 31288.7 T-ft 3
2
x
(60 x ) dx
L 60
0
d =
y 2 dx
0
150
d = 1152 ft
f3
43
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution 8T 8T
B C
6 ft
A D
H = 27.16 T H = 27.16 T
20 ft 10 ft
VA = 8 T 10 ft 20 ft VB = 8 T
8T 8T
A B C D
H=
0
ydx
=
31288.7
= 27.16 T
L
1152
2
y dx
0
44
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
+14.9 +14.9
10.67 10.67
45
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Example 4
Analyze the arch shown.
4 T/ft
15 ft
f
A D
20 ft
10 ft 20 ft
46
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution 4 T/ft
H=
0
ydx
L 15 ft
2
y dx A D
0 H H
20 ft
4 yc
y = 2 x (L x ) VA
10 ft 20 ft
VD
L
4 15 A D
x(50 x )
B C
y= 2 VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
50
20 ft
43
y= x(50 x ) 10 ft 20 ft
500
12
y= x(50 x ) = bending moment while considering
500 simply supported beam
y = equation
ti off parabola
b l
47
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution 4 T/ft
H=
0
ydx
L 15 ft
2
y dx A D
0 H H
20 ft
= bending moment while considering
10 ft 20 ft
simply
l supporteddbbeam VA VD
y = equation of parabola
A B C D
VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
20 ft
Portion Origin Limits 10 ft 20 ft
AB A 0 10 48x
BC A 10 30 48x 4(x10)2/2
DC D 0 20 32x
48
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
4 T/ft
Solution
L
H=
0
ydx
y=
12
x(50 x )
L 15 ft
500
2
y dx A D
0 H H
20 ft
Portion Origin Limits 10 ft 20 ft
VA VD
AB A 0 10 48x
BC A 10 30 48x 4(x10)2/2
DC D 0 20 32x
L 10 12
. ydx = (48 x )
(
x(50 x )dx + 48 x 2(x 10 )
30 2 12
x(50 x )dx )
0 0
500 10 500
12
+ (32 x ) x(50 x )dx
20
0
500
= 16320 + 190720 + 71680
= 278720 T-ft 3 49
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
4 T/ft
Solution
L
H=
0
ydx
y=
12
x(50 x )
L 15 ft
500
2
y dx A D
0 H H
20 ft
Portion Origin Limits 10 ft 20 ft
VA VD
AB A 0 10 48x
BC A 10 30 48x 4(x10)2/2
DC D 0 20 32x
2
12
x(50 x ) dx
L 50
d =
2
y dx d
0 0
500
= 6000 fft 3
50
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
put these values into the
following equation 4 T/ft
L
H=
0
ydx
L
0
y 2 dx
46.45 T
A D
46.45 T
278720
H= = 46.45 T 48 T 32 T
6000
51
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Method of Summation
The arch rib is divided into a number of equal parts of
length s.
The values of M and y are found at mid points of each of
these lengths and the evaluation of numerator and
denominator of expression for H is carried out by
addition
H=
y s
y
2
s
52
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Example 4
Analyze the arch shown by the method of summation.
4 T/ft
15 ft
f
A D
20 ft
10 ft 20 ft
53
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
H=
y x 4 T/ft
y 2
x
x1 = 2.5 ft
A D
x1 B C
VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
4 yc 4 15
y1 = 2 x(L x ) = x (L x )
L 2500
50 ft
60
= 2.5 (50 2.5) = 2.85 ft
2500
1 = VA x1 = 48 2.5 = 120 T ft 54
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
Portion x (ft) y (ft) (Tft) y2 y
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
A D
y1
x1
50 ft
A D
x1 B C
VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
50 ft
55
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
Portion x (ft) y (ft) (Tft) y2 y
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
2 75
7.5 7 65
7.65 360 58 5
58.5 2750
A y2 D
x2
50 ft
x2
A D
B C
VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
50 ft
56
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
Portion x (ft) y (ft) (Tft) y2 y
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
2 75
7.5 7 65
7.65 360 58 5
58.5 2750
3 12.5 11.25 587 126.7 6600
A y3 D
x3
50 ft
x3
A D
B C
VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
50 ft
57
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
Portion x (ft) y (ft) (Tft) y2 y
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
2 75
7.5 7 65
7.65 360 58 5
58.5 2750
3 12.5 11.25 587 126.7 6600
4 17.5 13.65 727 186.3 9930 A y4 D
x4
50 ft
A D
B C
VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
50 ft
58
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
Portion x (ft) y (ft) (Tft) y2 y
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
2 75
7.5 7 65
7.65 360 58 5
58.5 2750
3 12.5 11.25 587 126.7 6600 y5
4 17.5 13.65 727 186.3 9930 A D
50 ft
A D
B C
VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
50 ft
59
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
Portion x (ft) y (ft) (Tft) y2 y
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
2 75
7.5 7 65
7.65 360 58 5
58.5 2750
3 12.5 11.25 587 126.7 6600 y6
4 17.5 13.65 727 186.3 9930 A D
A D
B C
VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
50 ft
60
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
Portion x (ft) y (ft) (Tft) y2 y
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
2 75
7.5 7 65
7.65 360 58 5
58.5 2750
3 12.5 11.25 587 126.7 6600 y7
4 17.5 13.65 727 186.3 9930 A D
50 ft
61
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
Portion x (ft) y (ft) (Tft) y2 y
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
2 75
7.5 7 65
7.65 360 58 5
58.5 2750
3 12.5 11.25 587 126.7 6600 y8
4 17.5 13.65 727 186.3 9930 A D
50 ft
62
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
Portion x (ft) y (ft) (Tft) y2 y
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
2 75
7.5 7 65
7.65 360 58 5
58.5 2750
3 12.5 11.25 587 126.7 6600
A y9 D
4 17.5 13.65 727 186.3 9930
5 22.5 14.85 767 220.6 11400 x9
50 ft
63
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
Portion x (ft) y (ft) (Tft) y2 y
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
2 75
7.5 7 65
7.65 360 58 5
58.5 2750
3 12.5 11.25 587 126.7 6600
4 17.5 13.65 727 186.3 9930 A D
y10
5 22.5 14.85 767 220.6 11400 x10
6 27.5 14.85 707 220.6 10500 50 ft
7 17.5 13.65 560 186.3 7650
8 12.5 11.25 400 126.7 4500 A D
B C
9 7.5 7.65 240 58.5 1835 VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
10 25
2.5 2 85
2.85 80 81
8.1 228
1200.4 55737 50 ft
H=
y x
=
55,737
= 46.3 T
y 2
x 1200.4 64
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Circular Arch
The circular arches are a portion of circle.
Usually span & central rise are given.
Consider the arch shown in Figure below
x
yc
R R y
y = R 2 x 2 (R yc )
R R
65
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
SemiCircular Arch
w
n.2R ds
R y
H H
VA VB
2R
2
M 4 wn
(1 n )
L
U = dx y = R sin H=
0 2 EI
H=
yds
ds = Rd For UDL H=
4wR
3
y ds
2
66
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Example 5
Two hinged circular arch carries a concentrated load of
50 kN at the crown. The span and rise are 60m and 10m
respecti el Find the horizontal
respectively. hori ontal thrust
thr st at the abutment.
ab tment
50 kN
yc = 10 m
R y
A 30 m D 30 m B
R R
O
67
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution 50 kN
H=
yds
y ds
2
68
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution 50 kN
H=
yds
E
y ds
2 x
y yc = 10 m
R R y
= 25(30 x ) A D 30 m B
30 m
OE = R cos R
R
x = R sin O
y = OE OD x
A D
OD = 40 m 25 kN 25 kN
y = R cos 40
ds = Rd
69
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution 50 kN
H=
yds
E
y ds
2 x
y yc = 10 m
R R y
A D 30 m B
30 m
R R
O
70
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution 50 kN
H=
yds
E
y ds
2 x
y yc = 10 m
R R y
A D 30 m B
30 m
R R
2
(R cos 40) Rd
L 0.6437
0
y 2 ds = 2
0
O
= 3397.5 m 3
194.5 103
H= = 57.2 kN
3397.5
71
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Thank You
72