PHN VIII

KHUYT TT HN
V CC PHNG PHP KIM TRA

CC DNG KHUYT TT MI HN

Nhng sai lch v hnh dng, kch thc v t chc kim loi ca kt cu hn so vi
tiu chun thit k v yu cu k thut, lm gim bn v kh nng lm vic ca n,
c gi l nhng khuyt tt hn.

1. NT

NT - L mt trong nhng khuyt tt nghim trng nht ca lin kt

hn, nt c th xut hin trn b mt mi hn, trong mi hn v vng
nh hng nhit.

Vt nt c th xut hin cc nhit khc nhau

Nt nng:
Xut hin trong qu trnh kt tinh ca lin kt hn khi nhit
cn kh cao, trn 10000C.
Nt ngui:
Xut hin sau khi kt thc qu trnh hn v nhit di
10000C, nt ngui c th xut hin sau vi gi hoc sau vi
ngy.

Vt nt c cc kch thc khc nhau, c th l nt t vi hay nt th

di. Cc vt nt th c th gy ph hu kt cu ngay khi lm vic. Cc
vt nt t vi, trong qu trnh lm vic ca kt cu s pht trin rng
dn ra to thnh c vt nt th di

C th pht hin cc vt nt bng mt thng hoc vi knh lp i

vi cc vt nt th di v nm b mt ca lin kt hn. i vi cc
vt nt t vi v nm bn trong mi hn ch c th pht hin c khi
dng cc phng php kim tra nh siu m, kim tra t tnh, chp X
quang, v.v

Khuyt tt v phng php kim tra VTH/Apave 1

 NGUYN NHN V BIN PHP KHC PHC

Dng
Nguyn nhn Khc phc
vt nt

8 S dng vt liu hn cha ng. 8 S dng vt liu hn ph hp

8 Tn ti sc cng ln trong lin 8 Gii phng cc lc kp cht cho
kt hn lin kt hn khi hn, tng kh
nng in y khi hn
Nt dc 8 Tc ngui cao 8 Gia nhit trc cho vt liu hn,
gi nhit cho lin kt hn
gim tc ngui ca vt hn
8 B tr cc lp hn cha hp l 8 B tr so le cc lp hn
8 lin kt hn khng hp l 8 S dng lin kt hn hp l, vt
mp, gim khe h

8 V tr kt thc h quang b lm, 8 S dng thit b hn hp l, c

Nt tn ti nhiu tp cht ch ring cho lc gy h
vng kt quang v kt thc h quang
thc h 8 H quang khng c bo v 8 S dng cc tm hn ni v tr
quang bt u v kt thc h quang,
cc v tr ny nm ngoi lin kt
hn

8 S dng vt liu hn cha ng. 8 S dng vt liu ph hp

Nt
ngang 8 Tc ngui cao 8 Tng dng in v kch thc
8 Mi hn qu nh so vi kt thc in cc hn. Gia nhit
ca phn lin kt

2. R KH

R KH - sinh ra do hin tng kh trong kim loi mi hn khng kp

thot ra ngoi khi kim loi mi hn ng c.

R kh c th sinh ra bn trong hoc trn b mt mi hn, c th tp

trung hoc nm ri rc trong mi hn.

Khuyt tt v phng php kim tra VTH/Apave 2

 S tn ti ca r kh trong mi hn s lm gim tit din lm vic,
gim cng chu lc v kn ca lin kt hn.

NGUYN NHN
Hm lng cc bon trong kim loi c bn hoc trong vt hn
qu cao.
Vt liu hn b m, b mt chi tit hn khi hn b bn, dnh du
m, g, hi nc
Chiu di h quang ln, tc hn qu cao

BIN PHP KHC PHC

Dng vt liu hn c hm lng cc bon thp
Trc khi hn vt liu hn phi c sy kh, b mt phi
c lm sch.
Gi chiu di ct h quang ngn, gim tc hn.
Sau khi hn khng g x hn ngay, ko di thi gian gi nhit
cho mi hn
Ring i vi hn c kh bo v (MIG/MAG) S dng kh
bo v ph hp, c tinh khit cao, lu lng kh cp cho
mi hn khi hn phi

3. LN X

LN X - l loi khuyt tt rt r xut hin trong mi hn, x hn v

tp cht phi kim loi c th tn ti trong mi hn, cng c th trn b
mt mi hn hoc chn mi hn

Mi hn b ln x hn s c nh hng ln n dai va p v tnh

do ca kim loi mi hn, lm gim kh nng lm vic ca lin kt
hn di tc dng ca ti trng ng.

Khuyt tt v phng php kim tra VTH/Apave 3

 NGUYN NHN
Dng in hn qu nh, khng nhit lng cung cp cho
kim loi nng chy v x kh thot ra khi vng hn.
Mp hn cha c lm sch hoc khi hn nh hay hn nhiu
lp cha g sch x.
Gc hn cha hp l v tc hn qu cao.
Tc lm ngui qu nhanh, x khng kp thot ra ngoi.

BIN PHP KHC PHC

Tng dng in hn cho thch hp, hn bng h quang ngn v
tng thi gian dng li ca h quang
Lm sch vt hn trc khi hn, g sch x mi hn nh v
cc lp hn.
Thay i gc v phng php di chuyn que hn cho hp
l, gim tc hn trnh x trn ln vo trong vng hn hoc
chy v pha trc vng hn.

4. KHNG NGU

HN KHNG NGU - l khuyt tt nghim trng trong lin kt hn,

n c th dn n nt.

Hn khng ngu sinh ra gc mi hn, mp hn hoc gia cc lp

hn. Phn ln kt cu b ph hu u do hn khng ngu.

NGUYN NHN
Mp hn chun b cha hp l, gc vt qu nh
Dng in hn qu nh hoc tc hn qu nhanh
Gc que hn cha hp l v cch a in cc khng hp
l.
Chiu di ct h quang qu ln

BIN PHP KHC PHC

Lm sch lin kt trc khi hn, tng gc vt v khe h hn
Tng dng in hn v gim tc hn

Khuyt tt v phng php kim tra VTH/Apave 4

 5. CHY CHN

CHY CHN - l phn b lm thnh rnh dc theo ranh gii gia

kim loi c bn v kim loi p. Bao gm c chn mi hn mt
trc v chn mi hn ngu.

Chy chn lm gim tit din ca lin kt hn, to s tp chung ng

sut cao v dn n s ph hu ca kt cu trong qu trnh s dng.

NGUYN NHN
Dng in hn qu ln
Chiu di ct h quang qu ln
Gc que hn v cch a que hn cha hp l
S dng cha ng kch thc in cc hn

BIN PHP KHC PHC

Khi dao ng m sang hai bn mi hn c thi gian dng
cho kim loi ph in y vo hai bn.
m bo ng gc chuyn ng ca que hn
iu chnh li ch dng in, in p.
iu chnh li khong cch ct h quang, t u m xung ti
vt hn l 10 - 15mm.
iu chnh li vn tc hn, v gc m cho ph hp
Hn ch s thi tt h quang bng cch che chn gi.

6. HIN TNG BN TO

Khuyt tt ny l hin tng bn to kim loi ln vt hn, do vt hn

khng m bo cht lng, thiu kh bo v hoc s dng khng ng
loi kh, gy mt thm m lin kt hn.

NGUYN NHN
Chiu di ct h quang qu cao
B mt mi hn b bn hoc du m.
Tc ra dy ln qu chy khng ht
H quang b thi tt
Gc m hn nghing qu.

BIN PHP KHC PHC

iu chnh li khong cch ct h quang cho thch hp

Khuyt tt v phng php kim tra VTH/Apave 5

 V sinh b mt mi hn cho sch s trc khi hn
iu chnh li ch ra dy ph hp vi in p h quang
Che chn gi khng c hin tng gi thi lch h quang
Chnh li gc m hn cho ph hp, thng t 90 - 1050 so
vi hng han v vung gc vi hai bn.

7. S BIN DNG

S bin dng l nhng khuyt tt lm sai lch hnh dng mt ngoi

ca lin kt hn, lm n khng tho mn vi cc yu cu k thut v
thit k.
Chiu cao phn nh hoc chiu rng ca mi hn khng ng
u.
ng hn vn vo khng phng
B mt mi hn nhp nh

NGUYN NHN
G lp v chun b mp hn cha hp l
Trnh t hn khng ng
Vt liu hn khng m bo cht lng
Tc hn v dng in hn ln.

BIN PHP KHC PHC

p dng quy trnh hn th t ph hp
Hn g tng phn v vng chng s bin dng
Vt mp hn ng gc v g mu hn theo ng yu cu
iu chnh li ch dng in, in p.

CC PHNG PHP KIM TRA

Mc ch ca phng php kim tra cht lng lin kt hn l xc nh kh nng
p ng cc iu kin lm vic ca lin kt hn, c th xc nh cc tnh cht c
hc, ho hc, kim loi hc v xc nh cc khuyt tt,

Ngoi ra vic kim tra cht lng mi hn cn c dng phn loi cc quy trnh
hn v trnh tay ngh th hn.

Cc phng php kim tra c chia thnh hai phng php chnh

KIM TRA PH HU
&
KIM TRA KHNG PH HU

Khuyt tt v phng php kim tra VTH/Apave 6

1 KIM TRA BNG PHNG PHP PH HU

1.1 KIM TRA C TNH CA MI HN

Mc ch ca vic kim tra ny l xc nh c tnh c hc ca lin kt

hn so snh vi c tnh ca kim loi c bn. Qua , cng c c s
nh gi trnh tay ngh ca ngi th hn mt cch chnh xc hn.

Cn c vo yu cu k thut, kh nng thit b kim tra, quy trnh hn

c p dng, m tin hnh th ko, th un, th cng v dai va
p ca lin kt di tc dng ca ti trng tnh hoc ti trng ng.

Cc phng php kim tra.

Kim tra th ko
Kim tra th un
Kim tra dai va p

th ko, th un hoc cc phng php th dai va p cc mu

c ct ra t phn kim loi p ca lin kt hn v c gia cng c kh
t c hnh dng v kch thc theo cc tiu chun c p dng

1.2 KIM TRA CU TRC CA LIN KT HN

Gm c hai dng l: Kim tra th v kim tra t vi

KIM TRA TH - c tin hnh trc tip vi cc mu th

kim loi hoc cc mt gy ca chng. Cc mu th c ct ra
t lin kt hn, mi bng v ty sch bng dung dch axit nitric
25% ri dng knh lp hoc mt thng pht hin khuyt tt
ca lin kt hn, c th khoan ly mu ngay trn kim loi p
nghin cu.

Thng dng cc mi khoan c ng knh rng hn chiu

rng ca mi hn 3mm ly c phn kim loi c bn v kim
loi mi hn.

KIM TRA CU TRC T VI - c tin hnh di loi

knh lp c phng i ln (100-500 ln), nh vy c th xc
nh c d dng v chnh xc cht lng kim loi ca lin
kt hn.

Khuyt tt v phng php kim tra VTH/Apave 7

2 KIM TRA BNG PHNG PHP KHNG PH HU

y l phng phng php kim tra c thc hin trc tip vi lin kt
hn v trn sn phm hn c th m khng gy nn bin i c tnh ca
sn phm.

2.1 KIM TRA BNG MT THNG

y l phng php c s dng thng dng kim tra ton b

qu trnh hn, c th l kim tra trc khi hn, trong khi v sau khi
hn.

Phng php ny d thc hin, c th gip trnh c cc khuyt tt

hoc pht hin sm cc khuyt tt trong khi hn.

Kim tra trc khi hn

Kim tra bn v, cc tiu chun t ra cho lin kt hn
Kim tra chng ch vt liu c s dng c v ph hp vi
yu cu khng
Kim tra gia cng g lp, khe h v mp vt c ng vi thit
k khng
Kim tra sch ca lin kt hn

Kim tra trong khi hn

Kim tra cc thng s ca quy trnh hn.
Loi vt liu hn tiu hao.
Nhit nung nng trc khi hn (nu c yu cu)
V tr hn v cht lng b mt vt hn
Trnh t hn
S l cc mi hn nh v v sinh gia cc lp hn.
Kch thc lin kt hn
Nhit v thi gian s l nhit sau khi hn.

Kim tra sau khi hn

Lm sch b mt lin kt hn (b mt mi hn v vng kim
loi c bn)
Quan st k bng mt thng hoc bng knh lp
Kim tra kch thc ca mi hn so vi bn v thit k.

Khuyt tt v phng php kim tra VTH/Apave 8

 2.2 KIM TRA BNG DUNG DCH CH TH MU

y l phng php s dng cc dung dch thm thu vo cc vt

nt, r kh nh ca lin kt hn m khng th quan st c bng mt
thng, sau dng cc cht hin th mu pht hin ra v tr m dung
dch thm thu cn nm li cc vt nt cng nh r kh.

Ch : Phng php ny ch pht hin c cc khuyt tt m ra trn b

mt vt liu cn kim tra.

Thng thng s dng 3 loi dung dch v c tin hnh theo cc bc

sau:
Dng dung dch lm sch ty sch b mt mi hn
Phun dung dch thm thu ln b mt mi hn
Sau khi thi gian dung dch thm thu vo cc vt nt, r
kh, th lau sch b mt mi hn.
Dng dung dch hin th mu phun ln vng mi hn va thc
hin cc bc trn pht hin khuyt tt.

Phng php ny c tnh u vit l n gin, d thc hin, pht hin

c c cc khuyt tt nh khng quan st c bng mt thng mt
cch nhanh chng, tuy nhin n khng pht hin c nhng khuyt tt
nm bn trong ca lin kt hn v chiu su ca khuyt tt.

2.3 KIM TRA BNG T TNH

Dng bt st t rc trong trng ca nam chm t nhin hay in t th

n s phn b theo quy lut ca cc ng sc t. Quy lut ny trc
tin ph thuc vo s ng nht ca cu trc st t, nu nh trn ng
i cc ng sc t gp phi cc vt nt, khe h th quy lut phn b
ca cc ng sc t thay i so vi nhng khu vc khc do c s khc
nhau v thm t. Khi gp cc khuyt tt cc ng sc t tn ra bao
xung quanh ly cc khuyt tt .

Da vo nguyn l ngi ta tin hnh kim tra bng cch rc bt st

ln b mt mi hn, sau t kt cu hn vo trong mt t trng ri
nhn vo s phn b cc ng sc t c th pht hin v phn bit
c khuyt tt
Phng php ny ch p dng i vi cc vt liu t tinh, n cho php
pht hin cc khuyt tt nt b mt c kch thc rt nh, cc khuyt tt
pha di b mt lin kt hn nh:
Nt vng nh hng nhit
Hn khng ngu
Nt pha di b mt
R kh, ln x

Khuyt tt v phng php kim tra VTH/Apave 9

 2.4 KIM TRA BNG TIA PHNG X (RNGHEN V GAMMA)

Tia X v tia Gamma l sng in t c bc sng rt ngn, tn s dao

ng v nng lng rt cao c th i xuyn qua khi kim loi dy. Mt
phn bc x tia X v tia gamma b hp th, mt phn s i qua mu kim
tra, lng hp th v lng i qua c xc nh theo chiu dy ca
mu.

Khi c khuyt tt bn trong, chiu dy hp thc bc x s gim, iu ny

to phn khc bit trong phn hp th, c ghi li trn phim dng
hnh nh bng gi l nh bc x.

Gii on phim s cho php pht hin cc khuyt tt bn trong vt hn

mt cch chnh xc.

Phng php ny cho php pht hin c tt c cc loi khuyt tt tr

cc vt nt vi nh.

2.5 KIM TRA BNG SIU M

Sng siu m l dng sng m thanh dao ng n hi trong mi trng

vt cht nht nh, khi truyn qua bin gii gia cc mi trng vt cht
khc nhau sng siu m s b khc x hay phn tr li. Da vo c tnh
, ngi ta ch to c cc loi my d siu m pht hin cc
khuyt tt nm su trong lng kim loi.

Phng php ny cho php pht hin cc vt nt, hn khng ngu, r

kh, kt x,v c nhng thay i rt nh vng nh hng nht ca
lin kt hn.

Quan st trn mn nh ca my bng nhng xung hin th, c th cho

php bit c chnh xc v tr ca cc khuyt tt.

2.6 PHNG PHP KIM TRA KN CA LIN KT HN

Kim tra kn bng p lc kh

Trc lc kim tra cn bt kn, sau bm kh vo (khng kh

hoc kh tr) n mt p sut nht nh no , sau bi
nc x phng ln mt ngoi mi hn v quan st (100 gam x
phng trn mt lt nc).

Nhng ch b r r s c pht hin theo cc v tr m bong

bng x phng ni ln.

Khuyt tt v phng php kim tra VTH/Apave 10

 Kim tra bng p lc nc

kim tra ngi ta bm nc vo kt cu cn kim tra, to

mt p sut d cao hn p sut lm vic 1,5 n 2 ln v gi p
sut trong vng 5 - 6 pht.

Giai on tip theo l h p xung n p sut lm vic ri

dng ba g nh vng xung quanh mi hn (rng 15 - 20mm)
v quan st xem nc c r r ra khng.

i vi nhng kt cu h nh bn cha, thng,ch cn th

bng cch bm nc vo v gi trong vng 2 - 24 gi v quan
st xem nc c b r r ra khng.

Kim tra bng phng php to chn khng

Ch p dng trong iu kin khng tin hnh c bng cc

phng php th kn trn (v d nh: y bn, b)

Trc tin bi nc x phng ln mi hn cn kim tra. t

bung chn khng trc tip ln vng mi hn cn kim tra, ti
cc vin xung quanh bung chn khng c rong cao su to
kn cn thit vi vt liu kim tra, chn khng c to
ra nh c bm chn khng t pha ngoi.

Do c s chnh lch ln v p sut, khng kh s chui vo

bung chn khng qua cc khuyt tt, np y c thit k
trong sut qua ta c th quan st v tr cc khuyt tt theo
cc bong bng x phng.

Khuyt tt v phng php kim tra VTH/Apave 11