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Host pointtopoint link Host


or or
Router Router

 
     

Data Flow
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Data Flow
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BUS H H

Switch Repeater
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Physical topology
Site 1

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Logical topology

virtual circuits R

Site 3
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ISP Internet Service Provider
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browser Server

HTTP HTTP

TCP Router TCP

IP IP IP

PPP PPP Network


Network
Access
Serial Port Serial Access
Port

Modem Modem

Public
Network Internet
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3 Network
2 Data - Link Network Dependent
1 Physical

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end end
system system
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upper layers packet upper layers

Data - Link frame Data - Link

Physical Physical


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upper layers end-to-end virtual communications upper layers
T T

N Network N Network N Network N

D Data - Link D Data - Link D Data - Link D

Physical Physical Physical

to other destinations
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A.P. Data A.P.

Application H Data Application

Presentation Presentation
H Data
Session Session
H Data
Transport Transport
H Data
Network Network
H Data
Data Link Data Link
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Physical Physical
Bits

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frame received correctly/
trans. request/ send frame send Ack.

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for Idle for
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incorrcectly/
send Nack.
time out/ retrans

Sender Receiver

1 send data frame


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Data - Link Data - Link
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soh len seq type data bcc cr
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System A System B
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peer protocol
Users (N+1) (N+1)
SAP

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PDU
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time
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PDU
C

R = request; I = indication; Re = response; C = confirm .

52(   9  .



Web Client HTTP Web Server

get_request
(URL)
get PDU
indication
(path name)
response
(Web page)
resp. PDU
confirm
(Web page)

URL == protocol://domain_name/path_name
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Web Client HTTP TCP HTTP Web Server
get_request passive
c. req open
c.req
conf
open
ack
send c. ind
data
receive
ack indication

response
send
data close
data
receive
ack
confirm
close
close
close
ack
close
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Application User Space

Kernel Space

TCP

Queues IP Kernel Modules

Device Driver

Ethernet Card
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